water loss control in effective utility...

Water Loss Control inEffective Utility Management

M. Steve Cavanaugh, Jr., PE

[email protected]

Feb 22, 2017

Be Financially Viable/Fiscally Prudent

Optimize Financial Resources for Operational Support of Existing Assets from “Source to Tap”

Provide Quality Service

Prioritize Asset Management to Support Effective CIP

Report Online, Near Real-Time KPIs via Dashboard to Support Management Decision Making

Encourage Team Ownership

Source: Arcadis

Strategic Planning/Core Values include

Relevant Goals and Objectives for NRW Management

Quiz

According to the AWWA M36 Water AuditMethod, an acceptable level of Unaccounted ForWater is:

A. 15%B. 10%C. 5%D. 0%

Water Loss Control Drivers

Drought is Real January 19, 2016

Drought is RealFebruary 16, 2016

Drought is RealMarch 22, 2016

Drought is RealApril 26, 2016

Drought is RealMay 24, 2016

Drought is RealJune 28, 2016

Drought is RealJuly 26, 2016

Drought is RealAugust 23, 2016

Drought is Real Sept 27, 2016

Drought is RealOctober 27, 2016

Drought is Real Nov 22, 2016

Drought is Real Dec 20, 2016

Drought is Real Jan 24, 2017

Political Driver-Trust

Economic Driver

#48 Enterprise Risk Profile Assessment Factors (Table 10)

Impact on Bond Ratings

* final review, expected publication – December 2015

Regulatory Driver

States are moving very quickly

A little closer to home…

33 States are reviewing their

Water Loss Control reporting

Requirements. Most are

reconsidering failed % based

performance targets

https://www.nrdc.org/resources/cutting-our-losses

No water loss

reportingRudimentary

water loss

reporting

AWWA M36

terminology &

metrics

AWWA

M36

software

AWWA M36 software

with validation

(Level 1)

WA

OR

TX

WI

MN

IL INWV

MDPA

NH

TN

GA

FL

CA

NM

MOKY

VA

NC

SC

NY

OH

ID

NVUT

AZ

MT

OK

WY

CO

ND

SD

NE

KS

IA

MI

ME

MA

ALMS

AR

LA

AK

HI

DENJ

CTRI

DRBC

27

Phase 1

Establish Annual M36 Water Auditing

Achieve Minimum Standard of Audit

Reliability

Manage Water Loss Performance for Long-

Term Reduction

Phase 2 Phase 3

Auditing

Outreach

Training &Tech Asst

DataManage-

ment

Validation

Certification

Benchmarking

Improvement

Statewide Data Validity

Statewide Water Loss

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7

Resource Management Grade C Resource Management Grade B Resource Management Grade A

Establish annual M36 Water

Auditing for all utilities

Educate Regulatory

Community on M36 Method

and appropriate use of

performance indicators

Establish Statewide Water

Loss Control Committee

Develop State Manual and

Training Framework

Provide extended, progressive

training to utilities (funded)

Develop and implement data management system

Establish posting system and communication protocols

Establish minimum standards of validation for quality assurance

Determine by Agency or 3rd Party

Establish validation program until certification program is in place

Design and implement a Certified Water Audit program for sustained quality control

Statewide Water Loss Control Committee provides support

Suite of Performance and Process Measures

System specific improvement over time in a cost-effective manner

No universal targets

Excessive thresholds established

Annual audit submission threshold exceedances

System specific progress review at designated regulatory touchpoints

Statewide Water Loss Management Program – Model Implementation

28

Phase 1



Reliability


Term Reduction

Phase 2 Phase 3

Auditing

Outreach

Training &Tech Asst

DataManage-

ment

Validation

Certification

Benchmarking

Improvement







Educate Regulatory







Training Framework

















Research Team:

VALIDATION LEVEL

DEFINITION

self-reported• Water audits have not been validated

• Water audit accuracy/reliability is not well understood

1• Validated water audits have been examined for errors evident in summary

data and application of methodology

• The data validity grades assigned to inputs accurately reflect utility practices

2

• Validated water audits have been corroborated with investigations of raw

data and archived reports of instrument accuracy

• The best sources of data to inform the water audit have been identified

3

• Validated water audits have been bolstered by field tests of instrument

accuracy

• Minimum night flow analysis and/or pilot leak detection supplement the

water audit

focus: accurate assignment of data validity grades

correct application of audit methodology

GOALS: confirm interpretation of methodology

identify evident errors

assign correct data validity grades

OUTCOMES: correct data validity grades

recommendations for higher-level validation activity

LIMITATIONS: does not correct errors in raw data

does not study instrument performance

32

Phase 1



Reliability


Term Reduction

Phase 2 Phase 3

Auditing

Outreach

Training &Tech Asst

DataManage-

ment

Validation

Certification

Benchmarking

Improvement







Educate Regulatory







Training Framework

















Are We Healthy

Wisconsin Pilot 6 systems, 6 months

Colorado Pilot 50 systems, 3 months

New Mexico Full Scale 134 systems, 11 months

Georgia Full Scale 230 systems, 5 years (and counting)

California Full Scale 460 systems, 2 years

Utah Pilot20 systems, 6 months

North & South Carolina Pilot 18 systems, 12 months

Water Loss Control

Industry Best Practices

And Available Tools

Part 2 – Digging in

AWWA M36 Methodology – State of the Art Water

Auditing & Loss Control

Water Audit Report for:

Reporting Year:

All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR

WATER SUPPLIED

Volume from own sources: Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)

Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value):

Water imported: MG/Yr

Water exported: MG/Yr

WATER SUPPLIED: 0.000 MG/Yr

.

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION

Billed metered: MG/Yr

Billed unmetered: MG/Yr

Unbilled metered: MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 0.000 MG/Yr 1.25% 24061

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 0.000 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 0.000 MG/Yr

Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:

Unauthorized consumption: 0.000 MG/Yr 0.25%

Customer metering inaccuracies: 0.000 MG/Yr

Systematic data handling errors: MG/Yr

Apparent Losses: 0.000

Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)

Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 0.000 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES: 0.000 MG/Yr

NON-REVENUE WATER

NON-REVENUE WATER: 0.000 MG/Yr

= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered

SYSTEM DATA

Length of mains: miles

Number of active AND inactive service connections:

Connection density: conn./mile main

Average length of customer service line: ft

Average operating pressure: psi

COST DATA

Total annual cost of operating water system: $/Year

Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses):

Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): $/Million gallons

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Financial Indicators

Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied:

Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system:

Annual cost of Apparent Losses:

Annual cost of Real Losses:

Operational Efficiency Indicators

Apparent Losses per service connection per day: gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per service connection per day*: gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per length of main per day*: gallons/mile/day

Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: gallons/connection/day/psi

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): Not Valid

From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 0.00

* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated

WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:

PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:

1: Billed metered

2: Customer metering inaccuracies

3: Total annual cost of operating water system

*** UARL cannot be calculated as either average pressure, number of connecions or length of mains is too small: SEE UARL DEFINITION ***

Enter a percentage less

than 10% in the red cell

(J42), or select 'Value'

option

Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:

Add a grading value for 9 parameter(s) to enable an audit score to be calculated

Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:

Default option selected for unauthorized consumption - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed

Default option selected for Unbilled unmetered - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed

AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet

<< Enter grading in column 'E'

MG/Yr

?

?

?

?

?

? Click to access definition

?

?

?

?

?

?

Back to Instructions

Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

(pipe length between curbstop and

customer meter or property boundary)

Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied

ORvalue

?Click here:

for help using option buttons below

For more information, click here to see the Grading Matrix worksheet

?

Copyright © 2010, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

?

?

?

?

WAS v4.2

1991 1999 2006 2009 2014 20172010 20162003 2015

Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department

Reporting Year:

ALL VOLUMES TO BE ENTERED AS ANNUAL QUANTITIES

WATER SUPPLIED

Volume from own sources: M 95,526.0 million gallons (US) per year

Master meter error adjustment: M 695.4 million gallons (US) per year

Water Imported: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year

Water Exported: M 7,210.2 million gallons (US) per year.

WATER SUPPLIED: . 89,011.2 million gallons (US) per year..

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION .

Billed metered: M 57,535.2 million gallons (US) per year

Billed unmetered: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year

Unbilled metered: M 179.3 million gallons (US) per year

Unbilled unmetered: E 693.6 million gallons (US) per year.

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: . 58,408.1 million gallons (US) per year

.

.

WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year.

Apparent Losses .

Unauthorized consumption: E 1,145.2 million gallons (US) per year

Customer metering inaccuracies: E 162.5 million gallons (US) per year

Data handling errors: E 2,751.2 million gallons (US) per year

Apparent Losses: . 4,058.9 million gallons (US) per year

Real Losses .

Real Losses (Water Losses - Apparent Losses): . 26,544.2 million gallons (US) per year.

WATER LOSSES: . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year..

NON_REVENUE WATER .

NON-REVENUE WATER: . 31,476.0 million gallons (US) per year

.

SYSTEM DATA ..

Length of mains: M 3,160.0 miles

Number of active AND inactive service connections: M 548,289

Connection density: . 174 conn./mile main

Average length of private pipe: E 12.0 ft

.

Average operating pressure: E 55.0 psi

.

COST DATA ..

Total annual cost of operating water system: M $167,604,000 $/Year

Customer retail unit cost (applied to apparent losses): M $3.95

Variable production cost (applied to real losses): M $133.58 $/million gallons (US)

DATA REVIEW - Please review the following information and make changes above if necessary:

- Input values should be indicated as either measured or estimated. You have entered:

12 as measured values

6 as estimated values

0 without specifying measured or estimated

- It is important to accurately measure the master meter - you have entered the measurement type as: measured

- Cost Data: No problems identified

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Financial Indicators

Non-revenue water as percent by volume: 35.4%

Non-revenue water as percent by cost: 11.7%

Annual cost of Apparent losses: $16,012,518

Annual cost of Real Losses: $3,545,768

Operational Efficiency Indicators

Apparent losses per service connection per day: 20.28 gallons/connection/day

Real losses per service connection per day*: 132.64 gallons/connection/day

Real losses per length of main per day*: N/A

Real losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 2.41 gallons/connection/day/psi

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 5.98 million gallons/day

12.17

* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated

AWWA WLCC Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet

Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:

2004

under-registered

$/1000 gallons (US)

?

?

?

?

?


?

?

?

?

?

?

Back to Instructions

Please enter data in the white cells below. Where possible, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value.

Indicate this by selecting a choice from the gray box to the left, where M = measured (or accurately known value) and E = estimated.

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

(pipe length between curbstop

and customer meter or property

Copyright © 2006, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

M36

1st Ed.


Reporting Year:

PLEASE CHOOSE REPORTING UNITS FROM THE INSTRUCTIONS SHEET BEFORE ENTERING DATA

Master Meter Error Adjustments

WATER SUPPLIED Pcnt: Value:

Volume from own sources:

Water imported:

Water exported:

Enter negative % or value for under-registration

WATER SUPPLIED: 0.000 Enter positive % or value for over-registration.


Billed metered:

Billed unmetered:

Unbilled metered: Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 0.000 1.25% 24061

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 0.000

WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 0.000


Unauthorized consumption: 8 0.000 0.25%

Customer metering inaccuracies: 5 0.000 1.00%

Systematic data handling errors: 4 0.000 0.25%

Apparent Losses: 0.000


Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 0.000

WATER LOSSES: 0.000

NON-REVENUE WATER

NON-REVENUE WATER: 0.000

= Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered

SYSTEM DATA

Length of mains:

Number of active AND inactive service connections:

Service connection density:

Select...

Average length of customer service line:

Average operating pressure:

COST DATA

Total annual cost of operating water system: $/Year

Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses):

Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): $/



Are customer meters typically located at the curbstop or property line?

AWWA Free Water Audit Software:

Reporting Worksheet


<< Please enter system details and contact information on the Instructions tab >>


<----------- Enter grading in column 'E' and 'J' ---------->

Default option selected for unauthorized consumption - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed

?

?

?

?

?


?

?

?

?

?

?

Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades

?

?

?

?

?

?

(length of service line, beyond the property boundary, that is the responsibility of the utility)

Use buttons to selectpercentage of water

suppliedOR

?Click here:


?

?

?

?

+

+ Click to add a comment

WAS v5.0

+

+

+

+

+

+

American Water Works Association.Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.

?

?

?

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ Use Customer Retail Unit Cost to value real losses

?

BETA TEST v1


Reporting Year:

System Attributes:

Apparent Losses:

+ Real Losses:

= Water Losses:

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL):

Annual cost of Apparent Losses:

Annual cost of Real Losses: Valued at Variable Production Cost

Performance Indicators:

Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied:

Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost

Apparent Losses per service connection per day:

Real Losses per service connection per day:

Real Losses per length of main per day*:

Real Losses per service connection per day per meter (head) pressure:

From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL):

* This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline


Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumpiton


System Attributes and Performance Indicators

********** REPORTING UNITS MUST BE SELECTED ON THE INSTRUCTIONS WORKSHEET BEFORE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS CAN BE DISPLAYED **********

?

?


WAS v5.0

Financial:

Operational Efficiency:

BETA TEST v1

AWWA Audit Software v1


AWWA Compiler for large audit sets WRF Real Loss

Component Analysis

Model

~7,000 downloads to date of



M36

2nd Ed.

M36

3rd Ed.

M36

4th Ed.

AWWA Free Water Audit Software


Reporting Year:

All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR

Master Meter Error Adjustments

WATER SUPPLIED Pcnt: Value:

Volume from own sources: 5 1,000.000 MG/Yr 1 MG/Yr

Water imported: MG/Yr MG/Yr

Water exported: 1 100.000 MG/Yr 9 MG/Yr

Enter negative % or value for under-registration

WATER SUPPLIED: 825.000 MG/Yr Enter positive % or value for over-registration.


Billed metered: 8 700.000 MG/Yr

Billed unmetered: 9 50.000 MG/Yr

Unbilled metered: MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 9 10.313 MG/Yr 1.25% MG/Yr24061

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 760.313 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 64.688 MG/Yr


Unauthorized consumption: 10 3.000 MG/Yr 0.25% MG/Yr

Customer metering inaccuracies: 5 7.071 MG/Yr 1.00% MG/Yr

Systematic data handling errors: 4 5.000 MG/Yr 0.25% MG/Yr

Apparent Losses: 15.071 MG/Yr


Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 49.617 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES: 64.688 MG/Yr

NON-REVENUE WATER

NON-REVENUE WATER: 75.000 MG/Yr

= Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered

SYSTEM DATA

Length of mains: 7 100.0 miles

Number of active AND inactive service connections: 6 1,000

Service connection density: 10 conn./mile main

Yes

Average length of customer service line: ft

Average operating pressure: 6 60.0 psi

COST DATA

Total annual cost of operating water system: 5 $1,000,000 $/Year

Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 7 $3.50

Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 7 $3,000.00 $/Million gallons



1: Volume from own sources

2: Customer metering inaccuracies

3: Total annual cost of operating water system


$/1000 gallons (US)

100.000

<----------- Enter grading in column 'E' and 'J' ---------->

Unauthorized consumption volume entered is greater than the recommended default value

5.000

*** YOUR SCORE IS: 60 out of 100 ***

A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score

100.000

3.000

25.000

Average length of customer service line has been set to zero and a data grading score of 10 has been applied

Are customer meters typically located at the curbstop or property line?


Reporting Worksheet


1.000

2013 1/2013 - 12/2013

Northern San Leandro Combined Water Sewer Storm Utility District (0007900)

?

?

?

?

?


?

?

?

?

?

?

Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (n/a or 1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades

?

?

?

?

?

?

(length of service line, beyond the property boundary, that is the responsibility of the utility)

Use buttons to selectpercentage of water

suppliedOR

value

?Click here:


?

?

?

?

+

+ Click to add a comment

WAS v5.0

+

+

+

+

+

+


?

?

?

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ Use Customer Retail Unit Cost to value real losses

?

To select the correct data grading for each input, determine the highest grade where the utility meets or exceeds all criteria for that grade and all grades below it.

Defaults provided

Free

awwa.org/waterlosscontrol

Industry Standard

(M36)

~10 Volume Inputs

~7 System Data Inputs

IWA/AWWA Standard Water Balance

RealLosses

ApparentLosses

UnbilledAuthorized

Consumption

BilledAuthorized

Consumption

Non-Revenue

Water

RevenueWater

Leakage & Overflows at Storage

Billed Unmetered Consumption

Billed Metered Consumption

Billed Water Exported

Leakage on Service Lines

Leakage on Mains

Systematic Data Handling Errors

Customer Metering Inaccuracies

Unauthorized Consumption

Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

Unbilled Metered Consumption

WaterImported

OwnSources

TotalSystemInput

( allowfor

knownerrors )

WaterLosses

AuthorizedConsumption

WaterExported

WaterSupplied

AuthorizedConsumption

WaterLosses

RealLosses

ApparentLosses

UnbilledAuthorized

Consumption

BilledAuthorized

Consumption

Non-Revenue

Water

RevenueWater

Leakage & Overflows at Storage

Billed Unmetered Consumption

Billed Metered Consumption

Billed Water Exported

Leakage on Service Lines

Leakage on Mains

Systematic Data Handling Errors

Customer Metering Inaccuracies

Unauthorized Consumption

Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

Unbilled Metered Consumption

WaterImported

OwnSources

TotalSystemInput

( allowfor

knownerrors )

WaterExported

WaterSupplied

Physical loss - leakage

Cost impacts at ‘wholesale’ rate

Tools for control include leakage and

pressure management

Non-physical / revenue loss - slow meters,

billing issues and theft

Cost impacts at ‘retail’ rate.

Tools for control include data management,

quality control policies/practices, & meter

testing & repair

Fire Dept Usage

Operational Flushing

Tools for control include efficient flushing

practices and awareness campaigns

Management of NRW

Audience Poll

According to the AWWA M36 Water AuditMethod, an acceptable level of Unaccounted ForWater is:

A. 15%B. 10%C. 5%D. 0%

According to the AWWA Water Audit Method, an acceptable level of Unaccounted For Water is:

A.15%B. 10%C. 5%D.0%

Audience Poll

42

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

MG

DWater Loss as a Percentage of Supply is not an Indicator of Performance

Water Supplied (MGD)

Authorized Consumption (MGD)

Water Loss (MGD)

Development BoomGreat Recession,

Rate Increases,

Conservation

New Normal

43

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

22%

24%

26%

28%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

MG

DWater Loss as a Percentage of Supply is not an Indicator of Performance

Water Supplied (MGD)

Authorized Consumption (MGD)

Water Loss (MGD)

Water Loss (Percent of Supply)

45

Unaccounted

For Water

Unaccounted

For Water

Percentage

46

2003

Inconsistent use and

interpretation

Unreliable indicator of

performance

Fails to segregate loss into

its components for effective

management

3-V’s

Validity

Value

Volume

MG per Year

Gal/connection/day

Leakage Index

$ per Year

Economic Loss Index

Water Audit Data Validity Score

95% Confidence Limits

Key Data Input Grades

10,097

2,824

Total Non-Revenue WaterVolume (MG)

Level 1

Billed Consumption

NRW

Data Validity Score: 75 out of 100

$2,341,420

per year

Volume Value

Real Loss

Apparent Loss

Unbilled Consumption

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

NRW Components - By Volume (MG) - Level 2

Real Loss

Apparent Loss

Unbilled Consumption

$-

$200,000

$400,000

$600,000

$800,000

$1,000,000

$1,200,000

$1,400,000

$1,600,000

$1,800,000

NRW Components - By ValueLevel 2

Volume Value

Unbilled Unmetered

Unbilled Metered

Meter Inaccuracy

Theft

Data Handling

Unreported Leakage

Background Leakage

Reported Leakage

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Real Loss Apparent Loss UnbilledConsumption

NRW Components - By Volume (MG)

Level 3

Unbilled Unmetered

Unbilled Metered

Meter Inaccuracy

Theft

Data Handling

Unreported Leakage

Background Leakage

Reported Leakage

$0

$200,000

$400,000

$600,000

$800,000

$1,000,000

$1,200,000

$1,400,000

$1,600,000

$1,800,000

Real Loss ApparentLoss

UnbilledConsumption

NRW Components - By ValueLevel 3

Volume Value

Current2,824

Economic Target1,146

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

NRW Volume (MG/year)

Current$2,341,42

0

Economic Target

$839,130

$0

$500,000

$1,000,000

$1,500,000

$2,000,000

$2,500,000

NRW Value ($/year)

1.7 BG 1.5 M$

Four Pillars of Managing Apparent Loss

Unavoidable

Apparent

Losses

TheftData

Transfer / Archive

Errors

Data

Billing

Errors

Existing Apparent Losses

Economic Level

As each component receives

more or less attention, the

losses will increase or

decrease

Customer

Meter

Accuracy

Source: AWWA Water Loss Control Committee

Cost of Revenue Protection

LOSSES (MG)

Un

avo

idab

le A

ppar

ent

Lo

ss

CO

ST

Economic Level of Loss

Where the total cost is at a minimum

Validated Target Setting

Four Pillars of Managing Leakage

Unavoidable

Real Losses

Speed & Quality

of Repairs

Pressure

Management

Maintenance

Rehab

Repair

Existing Real Losses

Economic Level

As each component receives

more or less attention, the

losses will increase or

decrease

Active

Leakage

Control

Source: AWWA Water Loss Control Committee

Cost of Leakage Control

LOSSES (MG)

Bac

kg

rou

nd

Lea

kag

e

and

Rep

ort

ed B

reak

s

CO

ST

Economic Level of Loss

Where the total cost is at a minimum

Validated Target Setting

Cost of Intervention

NRW (Volume)

CO

ST (

$M

)

Cost of NRW

Total NRW Cost

Reactive Intervention is Over-SpendingExample: fixing only leaks that surface, replacing meters only when they stop

Economic Optimum NRW & Intervention Economic target from benefit-cost design (M36)

Aggressive Intervention is Over-SpendingExample: replacement of pipes and meters before their optimal useful life

New Supply

New $M

The GAP

1. Create a water balance: separate Non-Revenue Water into Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss.

2. Test the validity: Data Validity Score & Metrics screening, gremlin hunting

3. Analyze the components of Unbilled Consumption, Apparent Loss and Real Loss. Use volumes & values.

4. Prioritize the components to make a plan of attack.

Basic Concepts


Functions of the AWWA

Software:

• Complete a water balance

• Document data validity

grades

• Calculate performance

indicators

• Identify areas for

improvement


VOLUMESDATA

VALIDITY

GRADES

DEFINITIONSCOMMENTS

for each input into the audit software…

Data Validity Grades

• qualitative but

specific

• 1 through 10

• capture utility

practices

Filling out the Software

1. Gather data and supporting documents

2. Review data for each input:

complete? consistent? accurate?

3. Enter the input.

4. Comment on source of data, quality of data, etc.

5. Select a data validity grade for each input

Performance Indicators

Results Dashboard





Basic Concepts

1. Assemble supporting documents

2. Develop the data inputs

3. Check the metrics

Must-have docs

Good-to-get docs

Build it from supporting docs

Look for gremlins

Inside typical ranges

Metrics versus practices

Sanity check

Validation of Inputs – A Simple Approach

67

Small Water System Technical Assistance –

Finished Water Meter Flow Verification (FWM)

39

7

19

2

11

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

FWM Global Statistics Summary

total # meters

Pass

Fail

Inconclusive

total # meters not tested

18% PASS

49% FAIL

33% UNTESTABLE

Finished Water Meter Flow Verification

Pass Fail Inconclusive or Untestable

Gremlin Hunting

Gremlin Hunting

8” Propeller

Meter

Check Valve

Well Pump

Accuracy results from MFR test bench: 99.5%

Accuracy results from in-

situ test: 142.2%

Courtesy MESCO

Production flow data should be reviewed every business

day for data gaps

Gaps occur due to:Unplanned interruption: lightning strike, power

failure

Planned interruption: instrumentation calibration

Gaps in water flow data should be quantified and

added back to the daily total

(Source: AWWA M36 Publication, 4th

Ed.)

8/15/2012,

hrs

High Service

Pumping Rate, mgd

actual flow

High Service

Pumping Rate, mgd

raw recorded data

High Service

Pumping Rate, mgd

adjusted data

0:00 8.69 8.69 8.69

1:00 8.65 8.65 8.65

2:00 8.32 8.32 8.32

3:00 8.11 8.11 8.11

4:00 7.94 0 8

5:00 8.02 0 8

6:00 8.44 0 8

7:00 8.98 0 9

8:00 9.34 0 9.3

9:00 9.25 0 9.3

10:00 9.17 0 9.3

11:00 9.12 9.12 9.12

12:00 9.27 9.27 9.27

13:00 9.22 9.22 9.22

14:00 9.08 9.08 9.08

15:00 8.99 8.99 8.99

16:00 9.14 9.14 9.14

17:00 9.18 9.18 9.18

18:00 9.25 9.25 9.25

19:00 9.22 9.22 9.22

20:00 8.82 8.82 8.82

21:00 8.78 8.78 8.78

22:00 8.75 8.75 8.75

23:00 8.71 8.71 8.71

0:00 8.68 8.68 8.68

Total 212.43 151.29 212.19

Average 8.85 6.30 8.84

Difference 2.55 0.01

Example of Water Pumping Data Gaps and Adjustments

“Checking the Meter”

Flow Testing vs. Calibration

• Flow (Accuracy) Testing confirms the accuracy of the primary device – the element that measures the flow of water

• Signal Calibration confirms the functions of the secondary device –which is a data transfer device, typically a differential pressure cell, chart recorder, or similar device

• Many water utilities regularly calibrate their secondary devices, but do not regularly verify the primary device by regular flow accuracy testing. Thus, inaccuracies can be carried through to reports

Bank of Differential Pressure Cells connected to

flowmeters

(Courtesy of Louisville Water Company)

Orifice Plate Flowmeter components

(Source: AWWA M36 Publication, 4th

Ed.)

Step 3 – Check the Metrics

Metrics versus PracticesInside the range – are they high, mid, or low?

How does that compare to the water loss management practices?

Water Audit Report for: County Water Company

Reporting Year:

System Attributes:


+ Real Losses: 736.495 MG/Yr

= Water Losses: 944.720 MG/Yr

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 83.69 MG/Yr

Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $821,449

Annual cost of Real Losses: $139,934 Valued at Variable Production Cost


Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 26.0%

Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 10.4% Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost

Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 46.78 gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per service connection per day: 165.45 gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A

Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 2.55 gallons/connection/day/psi

From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 736.49 million gallons/year

8.80



System Attributes and Performance Indicators

*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 62 out of 100 ***


2013 1/2013 - 12/2013

Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumpiton

?

?

American Water Works Association.

Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.

WAS v5.0

Financial:


Typical Ranges*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 51 out of 100 ***

20 – 2004 – 40

400 – 4000

2 – 10





Basic Concepts

Unreported ReportedBackground

Customer Meter Accuracy Testing• Routine or periodic meter accuracy testing will

quantify the accuracy level of the meter population

• Meter testing can be performed by testing

companies or in-house by utilities with a test

bench or portable test equipment

Only skilled personnel should do testing;

meter testing is a precision activity

Make sure procedures are followed – always

test at the low flowrate first

• Set clear meter testing goals, such as:

Test for high bill complaints

Meters serving high water using customers

Test a sample of meters retired from service

Test high through-put meters (longevity)

Test samples of newly purchased meters

Suspect meters

Utility Test Bench for testing water

meters of size less than 3-inch

Sample Testing for Small Meters

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100M

ete

r A

ccura

cy (

%)

250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000

Total Flow Through Meter

Graphic Courtesy WRF

From a formula. Need

to provide the ICF.From your repair

records.

• Pressure Management • Pressure Management • Pressure Management

The Life of a Leak:

Awareness, Location & Repair Times

This is the basis for Leakage Component Analysis

Basic Data Needed for Component Analysis

1. Break type: reported or unreported2. Main or service3. Location4. Line size5. Date/time the break became known6. Date/time the break was fixed

7. Storage tank volume (total)8. Average age of pipe network (approx.)9. Data from your AWWA water audit

Failure Data

Other Data

Real Loss Component Analysis Results

System ComponentBackground

LeakageReported Failures

Unreported Failures

(Hidden Losses)Total

(MG) (MG) (MG) (MG)

Reservoirs 3 - - 3

Mains and Appurtenances 77 574 - 651

Service Connections 144 11 - 154

Total Annual Real Loss 224 584 - 808

1,612

804

REAL LOSS COMPONENT ANALYSIS RESULTS

Real Losses as Calculated by Water Audit

Hidden Losses/Unreported Leakage Currently Running Undetected


Which Tools to Choose?







Basic Concepts

The Toolbox (Basic) Helps to Address Level of Cost

1 - Validation of supply & consumption volumes

Low Data Validity Score, Gremlins

Low-Mid

2 - Estimating and tracking unmetered use

Validity, Unmetered Use None-Low

3 - Installing meters on unmetered connections

Unmetered Use Mid

4 - Billing system audit Systematic Data Handling Errors

Low-Mid

5 - Meter testing & replacement Customer metering inaccuracy Mid-High

6 - Unidirectional flushing program Unbilled unmetered Low

7 - Acoustic leak survey Unreported leakage Mid

8 - Improve speed/quality of repairs Unreported, Reported leakage Low

9 - Locate & eliminate pressure transients (surges, hammers)

All 3 types of leakage Low-Mid

10 - Reduce peak and overall pressure All 3 types of leakage Mid-High

Water Audit Report for: EXAMPLE - Tallapoosa (1430002)

Reporting Year:

System Attributes:




Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): See limits in definition MG/Yr







Real Losses per service connection per day: 75.66 gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A

Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 0.95 gallons/connection/day/psi





2014 1/2014 - 12/2014

Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumption

?

?

Financial:



The Toolbox (Basic) Helps to Address Level of Cost

1 - Validation of supply & consumption volumes

Low Data Validity Score, Gremlins

Low-Mid

2 - Estimating and tracking unmetered use

Validity, Unmetered Use

3 - Installing meters on unmetered connections

Unmetered Use Mid

4 - Billing system audit Systematic Data Handling Errors

Low-Mid

5 - Meter testing & replacement Customer metering inaccuracy Mid-High

6 - Unidirectional flushing program Unbilled unmetered Low

7 - Acoustic leak survey Unreported leakage Mid

8 - Improve speed/quality of repairs Unreported, Reported leakage Low

9 - Locate & eliminate pressure transients (surges, hammers)

All 3 types of leakage Low-Mid

10 - Reduce peak and overall pressure All 3 types of leakage Mid-High


Water Audit Report for: #2 - City of Cave Spring (GA 150000)

Reporting Year:

System Attributes:




Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 28.55 MG/Yr







Real Losses per service connection per day: N/A gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per length of main per day*: 944.67 gallons/mile/day

Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: N/A gallons/connection/day/psi


1.05



2014 1/2014 - 12/2014

Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumption


?

?

Financial:


water loss control in effective utility...

Documents