usn - the submarine search & rescue manual

7/13/2019 Usn - The Submarine Search & Rescue Manual

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ATP-57(B)THE SUBMARINE

SEARCH AND

RESCUE MANUAL


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ATP-57(B)THE SUBMARINE

SEARCH ANDRESCUE MANUAL

MARCH 2009


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Record of Reservations

Chapter Record of Reservations by Nations

1-6 TURKEY


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Record of Reservations

Nation Specific Reservations

TURKEY ATP-57(B) and ATP-10(D) are agreed in principle. Nevertheless, dueto changes will be made when an agreement is reached in accordancewith the 1979 Hamburg convention on Maritime Search and Rescuebetween parties concerned. Having the means and capabilities, Turkeywill continue to conduct SAR operations in her maritime Search andRescue as declared to the IMO and included in IMOs Globar SARPlan.


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THIS PAGE IS RESERVED FOR NATIONAL LETTER OF PROMULGATION


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RECORD OF CHANGES

Identification ofChange, Reg No. (if

Any), and DateDate Entered

NATO Effecti ve

Date

By Whom Entered(Signature; Rank, Grade orRate; Name of Command)


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RECORD OF CHANGES

Identification ofChange, Reg No. (if

Any), and DateDate Entered

NATO Effecti ve

Date

By Whom Entered(Signature; Rank, Grade orRate; Name of Command)


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Table of Contents

page

No.Preface

0001 Purpose 10002 Scope 1

PART I

CHAPTER 1- Introduction to SUBSAR Operations

0101 Overall Philosophy of SUBSAR Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1-10102 SUBSAR Operations Guidance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1-10103 Concept of Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1-20104 DISSUB Liaison Team (DLT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1-30105 Recovery of Escapees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1-30106 Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1-30107 Rescue of DISSUB personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1-4

ANNEX 1A Summary o f SMER appl icable STANAGs

1A01 Summary of SMER applicable STANAGs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1-A-1

CHAPTER 2- The DISSUB

0201 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-10202 General Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-10203 Possible scenario on board of DISSUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-20204 SMER facilities on board the DISSUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-30205 Ways used by the DISSUB to report on her position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-40206 Egress of DISSUB personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-60207 Options for the Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-70208 Advantages of Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-7

0209 Disadvantages of Rescue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2-7

CHAPTER 3- Search and Localization of a DistressedSubmarine


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0301 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-10302 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-20303 International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office (ISMERLO) . . I-3-40304 Terminology for SUBSAR Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-40305 Responsibilities for SUBSAR Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-70306 Submarine safety signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-9

0307 Sublook/Submiss/Subsunk/Comcheck procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-100308 General instruction to the OSC and Units of the Search Force . . . . . . . . . I-3-120309 Provision of SMER experts advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-140310 Ability of the DISSUB to signal her position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-140311 Conduct of the search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-150312 Communication and signals to be used during the search . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-170313 Conduct when contacting with the DISSUB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-190314 Action when DISSUB has been located . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-200315 Situation Reports . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-200316 Management of Search Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-200317 Use of Surface Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-210318 Search Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-21

0319 Line Abreast Search . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-210320 Area Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-220321 Guidance on Speed, the Use of Medium range Sonar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-220322 Guidance on Distance Apart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-220323 Employment of Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-230324 Employment of Mine Countermeasures Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-230325 Marking the Submarine Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-24

ANNEX 3A Check Off Lists dur ing Search and Localisat ion phase

3A01 Check off list ALFA: SSRA, Operation SUBLOOK Search phase . . . . . . I-3-A-1

3A02 Check off list BRAVO: SSRA, Operation SUBMISS Search phase . . . . . I-3-A-33A03 Check off list CHARLIE: OSC, Search phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-A-53A04 Check off list DELTA: Individual Units of the Search Force . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-A-7

ANNEX 3B Formats for SUBSAR signals

3B01 DIVING SIGNAL I-3-B-13B02 COMCHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-B-23B03 SUBLOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-B-33B04 SUBMISS/SUBSUNK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-B-53B05 DISSUB LOCATED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-B-73B06 REQUEST FOR SMER ASSISTANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-B-8

3B07 NATIONAL SMER ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3-B-9

CHAPTER 4 - Mobil ization of SMER Elements

0401 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4-10402 SMER Elements composition and tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4-2


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0403 Other SMER experts and Elements available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4-30404 Priority for Assembly of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4-4

ANNEX 4A - Check Of f Lists during Mobil izat ion o f SMER Elements

4A01 Check off list ECHO: SSRA, Operation SUBLOOK/SUBMISS, Mobilization of

Submarine Escape and Rescue Elements . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . I-4-A-14A02 Check off list FOXTROT: SSRA, Operation SUBSUNK, Mobilization of

Submarine Escape and Rescue Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4-A-34A03 Check off list GOLF: Escape Gear Ships, Mobilization of Submarine Escape

and Rescue Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4-A-5

CHAPTER 5 The Escape and Rescue Phase

SECTION I COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS

0501 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-10502 Command and Control (C2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-10503 Command relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-20504 Communications during Rescue Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-3

SECTION II Recovery and Rescue of DISSUB Personnel

0505 Recovery of personnel on the surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-50506 Intervention prior to rescue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-50507 Conduct of the rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-5

ANNEX 5A - Check Of f Lists dur ing Escape and Rescue Phase

5A01 Check off list INDIA: OSC, Handover to CRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-A-1

ANNEX 5B Communicat ion Sc ripts

5B01 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-B-15B02 SRV/SRC Script Mating/Demating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-B-55B03 Pod Posting Script Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-B-75B04 Ventilation Script Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-B-9

CHAPTER 6 - Medical issues and Organization duringSUBSAR Operations

SECTION I Introduction to SUBSAR Medical Doctrine

0601 NATO Medical doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-10602 General medical guidance for SUBSAR operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-2


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SECTION II SUBSAR Medical Organization

0603 The medical component of the Submarine Escape and Rescue Assistance Team(SMERAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-3

0604 Senior Medical Officer to SMERAT (SMO(S)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-4

0605 The senior casualty clinician (SCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-40606 Medical Headquarters (MHQ) and the Medical Administration Officer (MAO) I-6-5

SECTION III Medical Mobil ization and Response action lists

0607 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-70608 Senior Medical Officer to SMERAT (SMO(S)) action lists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-70609 Senior Casualty Clinician action lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-90610 Medical Administration Officer (MAO) action list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-11

SECTION IV Medical Communication and Logist ics

0611 Internal communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-130612 External communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-130613 Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-14

SECTION V Submarine Disaster Survival

0614 Factors affecting crew survival time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-150615 Other factors affecting survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-16

SECTION VI Escape

0616 Risks associated with the Escape procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-19

0617 Decompression Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-210618 Barotrauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-210619 Treatment of escapees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-23

SECTION VII Survival hazards on the surface after Surface Abandonment or Escape

0620 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-270621 Underlying medical issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-270622 Environmental considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-270623 Marine animal hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-280624 Physiological/physiological consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-280625 Medical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-29

SECTION VIII Rescue

0626 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-310627 Potential problems during rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-310628 Rescue mission planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-320629 Co-ordination of rescue assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-320630 Equipment supply to the DISSUB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-32


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0631 Re-supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-320632 Casualties transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-32

SECTION IX The management of Radiological and other Contamination

0633 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-33

0634 Chemical contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-340635 Biological contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-340636 Radiological contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-34

SECTION X Triage

0637 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-370638 Conduct of Triage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-370639 Triage categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-390640 Recompression treatment categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-390641 Radiation casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-400642 Allocating survivors to the appropriate treatment areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-40

SECTION XI Casualty Recording Process

0643 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-430644 Casualty identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-430645 Information handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-440646 Casualty identification when using multiple vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-44

SECTION XII Transfer of casualties from escape and rescue ships to further medicalcare

0647 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-47

0648 Specific requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-47

ANNEX 6A OSC Briefing Points

6A01 OSC briefing points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-A-1

ANNEX 6B Medical Check Off List HOTEL

6B01 Check off list Hotel: Medical brief for recovery boats crews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-B-1

ANNEX 6C Treatment Areas, Equ ipment and Personnel

6C01 Medical management areas for escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-C-16C02 Medical management areas for rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-C-5

ANNEX 6D DISSUB Medical Triage Team Selec tion, Deployment and Equipment

6D01 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-D-16D02 Manpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-D-16D03 Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-D-1


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6D04 Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-D-26D05 Equipment and supplies for DMTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-D-2

ANNEX 6E Triage Algori thm for Escape

6E01 Triage algorithm for Escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-E-1

ANNEX 6F Casual ty handl ing A lgor ithms

6F01 Casualty handling algorithm for surface abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-F-16F02 Casualty handling algorithm for Escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-F-26F03 Casualty handling algorithm for rescuees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-F-3

ANNEX 6G Select ion o f Decompression tab les

6G01 Tables for Escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-G-1

6G02 Tables for Rescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-G-1

ANNEX 6H Master Casual ty State Board

6H01 Master casualty state board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-H-1

ANNEX 6I Area Casualty State Board

6I01 Area casualty state board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-I-1

ANNEX 6J SUBSUNK Casualty Report ing (CASEREP)

6J01 Signal format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-J-1

ANNEX 6K SUBSUNK Casual ty Evacuation (CASEVAC)

6K01 Signal format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-K-1

ANNEX 6L SMERAT medical emergency case and contents

6L01 SMERAT medical emergency case contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-L-1

ANNEX 6M Reference values and conversion factors

6M01 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6-M-1

GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-Glossary-1

ANNEX A-Abbreviations/Acronyms used in SUBSAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-A-1


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PART II - NATIONAL SMER DATAGeneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1

CHAPTER 1- Details of National Facil ities ashore and

afloat to support SUBSAR Operation

General Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-1AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-AUS-1BELGIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-BEL-1BULGARIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-BGR-1CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-CAN-1FRANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-FRA-1GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-DEU-1GREECE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-GRC-1ISRAEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-ISR-1

ITALY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-ITA-1NORWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-NOR-1NSRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-NSRS-1POLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-POL-1PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-PRT-1SPAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-ESP-1SWEDEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-SWE-1THE NETHERLANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-NLD-1TURKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1-TUR-1UNITED KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-1-GBR-1UNITED STATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-1-USA-1

CHAPTER 2 Submarine Specif ic Data

General Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-1AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-AUS-1BULGARIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-BGR-1CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-CAN-1FRANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-FRA-1GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-DEU-1GREECE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-GRC-1ISRAEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-ISR-1ITALY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-ITA-1

NORWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-NOR-1POLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-POL-1PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-PRT-1SPAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-ESP-1SWEDEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-SWE-1THE NETHERLANDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-NLD-1TURKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2-TUR-1UNITED KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-2-GBR-1


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UNITED STATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-2-USA-1

CHAPTER 3- Medical Supplement

SECTION I SUBMARINE CONDITIONS

0301 Toxic atmosphere control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-10302 Carbon dioxide level control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-20303 Oxygen level control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-30304 Atmospheric pressure considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-5

SECTION II SUBMARINE PARACHUTE ASSISTANCE GROUP

0305 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-70306 The team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-70307 The insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-70308 The treatment of escapees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-7

SECTION III SPECIFIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS0309 Hypothermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-90310 Cold injures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-120311 Hyperthermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-130312 Heat injures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-140313 Radiation injures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-16

SECTION IV TABLES FOR DECOMPRESSION OF RESCUEES

0314 US Navy operational guidance on accelerated oxygen decompression . . . . . . . II-3-190315 Basic procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-200316 Modifications to the basic procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-210317 Decompression of system operators and tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-23

0318 Treatment of decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism in submarine rescueoperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-24

0319 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-260320 UK accelerated decompression schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-260321 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-280322 Equivalent air depth principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-280323 Decompression procedures - Survivors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-280324 Decompression procedures Recompression chamber operators . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-320325 Oxygen requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-330326 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-35

SECTION V PROPOSED NATO SUBMARINE RESCUE SYSTEM TUP DECOMPRESSION

SCHEDULES FROM 5 BAR0327 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-370328 Procedure characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-370329 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-380330 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-380331 Detailed NSRS decompression procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-380332 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-3-43


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List of Illustrations

Page

No.

PART I

CHAPTER 5 The Escape and Rescue Phase

Figure 5-1 SMER Phase - Authorities relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-5-2

CHAPTER 6 - Medical Issues And Organization DuringSubsar Operations

Figure 6-1 Organization of the medical component of the SMERAT for escape . . . . . I-63Figure 6-2 Generic C2 diagram for Rescue Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-64Figure 6-3 Simulated escape pressure profile for a 180 meter escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-620Figure 6-4 Safe to escape curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-620Figure 6-5 Medical Incident, Medical Management and Support Triage Sieve . . . . . I-638


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INTENTIONALLY BLANK


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List of Table

Page

No.

Part I

CHAPTER 1

ANNEX ATable 1A-1 Summary of SMER applicable STANAGs. .....................................................I-1-A-1

CHAPTER 3

Table 3-1 Submarine SAR terminology. ...............................................................................I-3-4Table 3-2 List of distinguishing signals used during SUBSAR Operations. ......................I-3-17Table 3-3 Pyrotechnic Light Signals ...................................................................................I-3-24

CHAPTER 4

Table 4-1 SSRA decision making flowchart. ........................................................................ I-4-1

CHAPTER 6

Table 6-1 Life expectancy times for immersion temperatures without SEIE. .................... I-6-27Table 6-2 Allocation of treatment area by triage category. ................................................ I-6-40

Table 6-3 Medical and recompression triage and treatment grid. .......................................I-6-41

ANNEX HTable 6H-1 Master casualty state board. .............................................................................I-6-H-1

ANNEX ITable 6I-1 Area casualty state board. .................................................................................. I-6-I-1

ANNEX MTable 6M-1 Pressure unit conversion table. ........................................................................ I-6-M-1

PART II

CHAPTER 3

Table II-3-1 Effects of high carbon dioxide concentrations. .................................................. II-3-2Table II-3-2 Effect of low oxygen concentration. ................................................................... II-3-3Table II-3-3 Submarine Rescue Oxygen Decompression Table .. II-3-20


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Table II-3-4 System Operator/Tender Oxygen Breathing Times (minutes) . II-3-24Table II-3-5 Required Oxygen Time . II-3-25


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PREFACE

1. ATP-57, The Submarine Search and Rescue Manual, contains principles and procedures that haveevolved as a result of experience and exercises and is used to implement Submarine Search and Rescue(SUBSAR) Operations based on commonality and interoperability of Rescue Elements and Submarines allaround the world.

2. The Publication supplements the general principles and procedures set forth in the ATP-10(SEARCH AND RESCUE), and in the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue(IAMSAR) Manual, published jointly by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and theInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

ATP-57 and above mentioned documents, form the basic library for SUBSAR Operations1.

3. The procedures and information for the Search, the coordination of Multinational SubmarineRescue Elements during their mobilization to the scene of action, the Escape and Rescue phase of aSUBSAR Operation, and the medical aspects for SUBSAR Operations are explained in separate chapters.

0001 Purpose

The purpose of the Submarine Search and Rescue Manual (ATP-57) is to provide guidance,instructions, information and procedures governing the different phases of a SUBSAR Operation and thecommand, control and manoeuvring of units during their mobilization to the scene of action, throughoutthe Escape, Intervention and Rescue stages.

0002 Scope

This manual deals with information related to Submarine Escape and Rescue (SMER) andaddresses the techniques and procedures for SUBSAR Operations, on which further expansion of thedoctrine may be based. It also provides specialized information needed by authorities engaged in savinglives at sea from a Distressed Submarine (DISSUB).

The manual provides the instructions and procedures required by Headquarters and/orCommanders to issue orders to fulfil their responsibilities and enables subordinates to understand andcomply with them.. It also gives details of specific duties associated with the Mobilization of SMERResources, and with the execution of associated tasks.

This manual is intended to serve as a guide to worldwide Operational Commands and Commandersthat may be assigned responsibility during SUBSAR Operations, and in particular to the On SceneCommander (OSC) and to the Coordinator of Rescue Forces (CRF).

1See Note at page 2


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The International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office (ISMERLO) is the coordinationhub which, from the very beginning of a SUBSAR Operation, is responsible for facilitating the rescueresponse to such an event (www.ismerlo.org).

This manual does not deal with the onboard aspects of submarine escape, but does deal with the recoveryof escapees once on the surface.

Note:As indicated in footnote of ATP-10 (D), Page 3-B-1 Turkey does not accept relative zones in the map, until anagreement is reached. Turkey recognizes her maritime SAR areas as declared in IMO.


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PART I

CHAPTER 1

Introduction toSUBSAR operations

0101 Overall Philosophy of a SUBSAR Operation

The general philosophy for Submarine Search and Rescue (SUBSAR) Operations is to provide areasonable level of assurance for the more likely Submarine accident situations and some, at least, for theless likely, using those elements which are considered the most appropriate in response to the incident

worldwide.

While rescue is the preferred method of saving lives after a submarine accident, escape is alsopossible even though it presents greater risks to the individual. Salvage of the whole submarine isunlikely to be used as a means of saving life as it would probably take too long to accomplish even underfavourable circumstances. Some salvage related activities may, however, contribute towards escape orrescue.

0102 SUBSAR Operations Guidance

The following Documents record the principles, techniques and procedures for SUBSAR

Operations on which further expansion of the guidance may be based:

1. The International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual,published jointly by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO).The primary focus of the three volumes of this Manual is to assist nations in meeting their own search andrescue (SAR) needs, and the obligations they accepted under the Convention on International CivilAviation, the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (Hamburg 1979) and theInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).

2. ATP-10 SEARCH AND RESCUE, which provides doctrine, instructions, and proceduresgoverning the command, control, and manoeuvring of NATO units in Search and Rescue Operations

during peace time. The SAR Panel of the NATO MC Air Standardization Board (MCASB) Air SupportOperations Working Group has the overall responsibility for this Publication, which includes a specificchapter dedicated to the Search and Localization of a Submarine in distress.2

3. ATP-57 (The Submarine Search and Rescue Manual) provides guidance, instructions,information and procedures governing the command, control, mobilization and employment of SMER

2See Note at page 2.


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Resources during the SUBSAR Operations. This manual is also under the MCMSB SMERWGresponsibility.

0103 Concept of Operations

1. General.

This article briefly describes the different concepts, Authorities, phases and guidance used duringSUBSAR Operations.

It is a SAR principle that the appropriate authority may call upon one or more Rescue CoordinationCentre (RCC) to assist the operation. A SUBSAR operation does not normally come under theresponsibility of a RCC, due to the specific characteristics of a DISSUB, but the relevant RCC must beduly informed of all activities that will be taking place during any phases of a SUBSAR Operation.

Annex 1A contains a summary of applicable NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAGs)related to SMER issues, which may be named through this document.

2. The Alert.

Indication that a submarine has sunk or is in distress may come from a variety of sources, rangingfrom merchant ships observing an untoward incident, through warships operating with the submarine, tothe Submarine Operating Authority (SUBOPAUTH) realising that the submarine has failed to report asdetailed in her orders, or any unit receiving distress signals from the submarine.

3. SUBSAR Operations phases.

A Submarine Search and Rescue (SUBSAR) Operation can be divided into a number of phases thefirst of which begins when the alert of a DISSUB is raised. The principal phases are:

- Search and Localization of the DISSUB

- Search, Escape and Rescue

Chapter 5 describes instructions and procedures for the Escape and Rescue phase. This phase maylast a number of days dependent upon DISSUB status, weather and sea-state conditions and rescueelement capabilities. Although the preference is to rescue the Submarines crew, an escape may beconducted before or during the rescue, depending on the evolvement of the conditions in the DISSUB.The CRF should only advise escape if waiting to be rescued would increase the hazard to the DISSUBpersonnel.

Transition between the phases is rarely well defined, and because of the change of operational

focus, OSC must provide a comprehensive brief to the CRF. During the Escape and Rescue phase, theOSC will provide the appropriate support to the CRF, utilizing those Forces and resources at his disposal.

4. Activation/Mobilization of Submarine Rescue Elements.

Once the Alert is established, activation of SMER resources should start as soon as possible. Allmobilization will take place in accordance with either the requests of the DISSUBs NA, or the initiative


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of those Nations intending to support. This could involve the mobilization of more than one rescueelement.

While the search is proceeding, the Submarine Search and Rescue Authority (SSRA) will normallycoordinate the call-out, embarkation and deployment of the Recovery and Rescue Forces in accordancewith the wishes of the NA. The SSRA should alert ISMERLO in order to obtain information about the

availability of Rescue Elements across the world.Detailed information about the Search and Localization phase can be found at chapter 3.

ISMERLO is capable of providing a worldwide coordination capability during the mobilization, bymonitoring the availability of those elements which can assist a nation facing a DISSUB incident.ISMERLO can also provide advice to the SSRA if required or as the situation demands.

Chapter 4 describes instructions and procedures to be carried out during the mobilization of theSMER resources.

5. Medical Support and Organization.

Chapter 6 deals with medical aspects of a SUBSAR operation.

0104 DISSUB Liaison Team (DLT)

The DISSUB National Authority (NA) should provide a DLT to support the OSC and CRF. Thisteam should include submarine officers, medical officers (specialized in underwater and hyperbaricmedicine), design authorities, Submarine Escape and Rescue specialists, translators and media advisors.

The DLT must have available all applicable technical details of the DISSUB, to adequately advisethe OSC and CRF.

The DLT will also identify any requirements for additional manpower during extended operations.Advice on local facilities may also be required from the port area closest to the DISSUB location or usedfor forward support.

0105 Recovery of Escapees

Rescue is the preferred method but escape is equally possible, depending on onboard conditions.Crew may indeed be forced to escape before the arrival of any surface assistance or Rescue Elements, inwhich case the Search Force may come upon escapees already on the surface and in need of treatment.

0106 Intervention

Intervention is the use of external resources to increase survivability. This can be surface orsubsurface, and is likely to involve specialist assets for survey, debris clearance and transponder fieldpreparation on and around the DISSUB. During the waiting time between location and rescue, but alsoduring the rescue itself, it may be necessary to maintain conditions on the DISSUB by ELSS) either "wetre-supply using pressure tight pods posted into the escape tower by IROV, ADS or Divers, or "dry" by aSubmarine Rescue Vehicle (SRV) or Chamber (SRC). Some classes of submarine can accept an air


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supply connection and maintain a breathable atmosphere thereby (Ventilation). Chapter 3 deals withIntervention.

0107 Rescue of DISSUB personnel

If conditions aboard the DISSUB allow, personnel will wait to be rescued. This operation may takeseveral days to stage during which intervention operations may prepare for the arrival of Rescue Elements.This could involve survey, debris removal, tracking preparation, re-supply of Emergency Life SupportStores (ELSS) and, if appropriate Element and interfaces are available, the control of the DISSUBatmosphere.

Rescue operations should commence once appropriate Rescue Elements arrive at the scene.

Note:No two situations will ever be the same. While not very likely, it is possible that lives will besaved by both Escape and Rescue from the same DISSUB.

.


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ANNEX 1A

Summary of SMER applicable STANAGS

1A01 Summary of SMER applicable STANAGs

Table 1A-1 Summary of SMER applicable STANAGs.

STANAG TITLE CUSTODIAN

1074 MINIMUM STANDARD CHARACTERISTICS OF

UNDERWATER TELEPHONES FOR USE IN SUBMARINES ANDSURFACE SHIPS OF NATO NATIONS

FRA

1269 HANDBOOK ON MARITIME MEDICINE (AMedP-11) DEU

1297 REQUIREMENTS FOR A NATO COMMON RESCUE SEAT USA

1298 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROVISION OFDEVICES IN DISTRESSED SUBMARINES TO ASSISTLOCATION BY RESCUE FORCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OFSUBMARINE MARKER BUOYS

FRA

1301 MINIMUM CONDITIONS FOR SURVIVAL IN A DISTRESSEDSUBMARINE PRIOR TO ESCAPE OR RESCUE

GBR

1320 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ATMOSPHERICMONITORING EQUIPMENT LOCATED IN SUBMARINES WITHESCAPE CAPABILITY

FRA

1321 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBMARINE ESCAPE ANDSURVIVAL PERSONNEL EQUIPMENT (SESPE)

NDL

1372 ALLIED GUIDE TO DIVING OPERATIONS (ADivP-01) GBR

1382 EMERGENCY SONAR BEACONS TO AID THE DETECTIONAND LOCALIZATION OF DISTRESSED SUBMARINES ANDTHE HOMING ONTO THEM OF SUBMERGED RESCUE CRAFT

GBR

1390 THE SUBMARINE RESCUE MANUAL (ATP-57) ASC


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STANAG TITLE CUSTODIAN

1391 REQUIREMENTS OF A DISTRESSED SUBMARINE FOR THERECEIPT OF EMERGENCY LIFE SUPPORT STORES (ELSS) BY

POD POSTING

CAN

1432 MULTINATIONAL GUIDE TO DIVING MEDICAL DISORDERS(ADivP-02/MDivP-02)

GBR

1450 COMMON INTERFACES TO BE USED FOR VENTILATING ADISTRESSED SUBMARINE.

ITA(Ratification

Draft)

2879 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL POLICY IN THE MANAGEMENT OFA MASS CASUALTY SITUATION

DEU

3552 SEARCH AND RESCUE - (ATP-10) GBR

7007 SEARCH AND RESCUE ELECTRONIC SYSTEM (SARES) GBR


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PART I

CHAPTER 2

The DISSUB

0201 Introduction

This chapter provides information and guidance for Surface Forces and other Submarine Escapeand Rescue resources participating in a SUBSAR operation.

The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of conditions that may exist in a DISSUB, aswell as circumstances and facts that will affect the conduct of the intervention and/or rescue. The chapteralso details the information available to the Commander or Senior Survivor, in order to evaluate the

situation.

Information about emergency equipment carried aboard can be found in the National Section ofthis publication or will be provided by the DLT.

0202 General Information

1. Cause of Submarine sinking

Submarines are designed to be neutrally buoyant when their main ballast tanks are full of water.This allows them to dive and operate safely. Even if all electrical and propulsive power is lost a

submarine crew should be able to blow water out of the main ballast tanks, and other compensating tanks,to give the submarine positive buoyancy to get it to the surface. However, if a large quantity of waterfloods into the pressure hull of a submarine, after a catastrophic accident or due failure of a sea watersystem which cannot be isolated, a point will be reached during the flooding when no action taken by thesubmarine crew can compensate for the increased mass of the submarine and it will sink to the bottom.

2. Physiological considerations of the DISSUB crew.

The DISSUB crew may be exposed to several hazards that limit survivability and directly affect thestay-time prior to escape and/or rescue. The most critical factors are:

- uncontrolled flooding,- pressure rise,

- toxic atmosphere,- temperature,- loss of life support capability.

Where such catastrophic factors do not apply, the stay-time until surface support arrives for escapeor rescue will depend on previously mentioned conditions.


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It must be noted that if the pressure rises following the incident, the chances of carrying out a safeescape are reduced and that a big proportion of the escapees could suffer from Decompression Illness(DCI). These important factors will affect the crew stay-time on board a DISSUB.

It is likely that a percentage of the DISSUB personnel will suffer from injuries caused by theaccident itself or from exposure to the above conditions.

Diving and submarine medical experts are needed to make initial diagnoses of escapees andrescuees, and treat exposure to the above conditions.

Detailed information and advice on physiological and medical issues are given in chapter 6.

0203. Possib le scenarios on board of DISSUB

1. Conditions on Board the DISSUB

Conditions in the submarine will depend on the severity of the accident that has caused the sinking

and the crews ability to stabilize the situation. Any submarine flooding will result in some internalpressure rise; it is therefore imperative to keep it as near to atmospheric as possible because increasedpressure, as well as temperature, atmosphere contamination and the availability of food, will adverselyaffect crews performance and reduce their chance of survival.

It can be safely assumed that it is virtually impossible for a submarine to bring itself to the surfaceshould any one of her main compartments be flooded. For there to be any personnel in the DISSUBfollowing an accident at least one of the escape bulkheads must be intact. In the "worst" case all those whohave survived the accident will be in one of the escape compartments. The compartment may be partiallyflooded and/or may have an internal pressure above 1.0 bar (absolute). Each of these possibilities willpresent different problems to the DISSUB personnel and to the recovery and rescue forces.

The decision on how and when to escape is the sole responsibility of the "Senior Survivor",although as much advice as possible should be provided by surface forces. Ideally escape should takeplace after search and recovery forces have located the DISSUB and are standing by on the surface toprovide assistance. However, conditions in the DISSUB may force the Senior Survivor to start the escapebefore the arrival of surface forces that may arrive at the datum and find men in the water.

Factors affecting the time of escape will include conditions of current and tidal stream, light,weather, and the proximity of surface forces as well as the pressure and atmosphere condition in theDISSUB. Escape will not normally be delayed beyond the limits of pressure or atmosphere sustainability,in order to await rescue, unless the Senior Survivor considers that circumstances justify such a delay, orthe depth of the DISSUB is such that successful escape is clearly out of the question. A partial escape tolower the burden on remaining atmosphere control equipment is also to be considered.

2. Scenarios

Scenario within the DISSUB can be conveniently divided into the following categories:

a. Dry unpressurized. In this scenario, rescue is the preferred method of saving lives. In the eventthat the submarine is not located, or some other adverse event or condition exists, escape may benecessary.


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b. Dry pressurized. In this scenario, the major problem for the DISSUB crew is to decide whetherto escape or not. In general terms if the pressure rises, an increased likelihood of decompressionsickness will occur during escape.

c. Wet unpressurized. Ambient temperatures will fall more rapidly than in the dry unpressurized

compartment and hypothermia will be a major problem.

d. Wet pressurized. All the factors in the dry pressurized compartment apply, except that the rateof fall in ambient temperature will be significantly greater. Hypothermia may again be a majorproblem.

0204 SMER facilities on board the DISSUB.

1. Escape compartments and equipment. Most nations' submarine escape and rescue policy isbased on the concept that, following an accident, if any portion of the submarine is left untouched, it mustbe one of or either the forward and aft compartments. For this reason these compartments, or a pressure

tight room between compartments, are designated Escape Compartments and most SMER equipment andmateriel is concentrated in them. In one-compartment submarines, with no internal pressure tightbulkheads, the whole pressure hull represents a single Escape Compartment.

SMER equipment and gear inside escape compartments could consist of some or all of thefollowing:

a. Release gear for Indicator Buoy or Messenger Buoy.

b. Submerged Signal Ejector and stores i.e. smoke candles, grenades and communications buoys.

c. Emergency Underwater Telephone with DISSUB Bleeper.

d. Means of providing oxygen.

e. Means of absorbing Carbon Dioxide (CO2).

f. Atmosphere monitoring equipment, electronically or manual (Draeger pumps and tubes)measuring instruments for monitoring O2, CO2, CO, Cl2 and NOx levels.

g. Thermometer.

h. Absolute pressure gauge.

i. An escape tower with a common rescue seat (see STANAG 1297) around its upper hatch. Smallsubmarines may not have escape towers in which case only compartment escape is possible.

j. Hood Inflation System (HIS) to provide a supply of air to escapees whilst flooding up in theescape tower immediately prior to escape and/or a built in breathing system (BIBS) to provide airfor compartment escape.


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k. Sufficient submarine escape immersion suits (SEIS) or hooded life jackets for everyone onboard with a small percentage surplus. (see paragraph 3. below for details on these elements).

l. Personal Locator Beacons (PLB) to be worn by some or all escapees.

m. Instructions on When and How to Escape.

n. Some submarines can release a life raft, which remains tethered to the DISSUB. The escapeesclimb into it on reaching the surface.

o. Equipment for receiving ELSS by Pod posting.

The General lay-out and escape equipment fitted on board the different submarines can be found inevery Nations data contained in Section II, as well as in the rescue coordination pages of the ISMERLOweb page (www.ismerlo.org).

2. Emergency Life Support Stores (ELSS)

The crew will take every step to reduce their consumption of oxygen (O2 ) and production ofcarbon dioxide (CO2 ) in order to prolong the survival time aboard. The posting of Emergency LifeSupport Stores (ELSS) using pressure tight pods would further increase the waiting time. Nevertheless,morale will be low and every effort must be made by surface forces to keep spirits on board the DISSUBhigh, by keeping them well informed of the efforts being made on their behalf.

POD-Posting are carried out by descending pressure tight pods (by a ROV, SRV, ADS or a Diver),from the surface, through an Escape Tower, to the DISSUB. Some submarines have specific devices toreceive PODs; other submarines may use the torpedo tubes or the escape trunks for it.

3. Escape suits /lifejackets used by submarines crew.

A suit that aids escape from a submarine, which meets the requirements of STANAG 1321.

The submarine personnel will utilize individual escape suit, life jacket or surface abandonment suitwhich may have an integral life raft to provide thermal protection and buoyancy for personnel survival onthe surface.

0205 Ways used by the DISSUB to report on her pos ition

For communications with the Submarine, see also chapter 5 and ATP-10 chapter 8. National dataconcerning communications and ways for the submarine to announce her position are found in Part II.

1. Main Underwater Telephone (UWT). If possible, the DISSUBs crew will use the UWT as aprimary source for communicating with the Search and Localization Forces (including the SPAG), as wellas with the Escape and Rescue Forces. It is a National responsibility to provide an update to the SMERcommunity with the technical data (e.g, frequencies both radio and UWT), as well as other embarkedequipment. These data can be found at Annex B of this publication, or at the coordination pages in theISMERLO web site (www.ismerlo.org).


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2. Emergency UWT.Some submarines are equipped with an emergency UWT, usually located at theEscape compartments. These sets generally operate at 8 KHz and are power independent. Their primarypurpose is for communication between the DISSUBs personnel and the surface forces once the submarinehas been located.

In addition some sets, typically sonar locator beacons, are able to transmit on additional frequencies

(details can be found at Annex B) to assist Search Forces in location or to enable Submarine RescueVehicles to vector themselves on top of the DISSUB (Especially in case of very poor visibilityconditions).

3. Submarine indicator buoys. Some submarines are fitted with indicator buoys. They can bereleased from inside the escape compartments or the compartments adjacent to them. They are usuallytethered to the submarine.

The buoys consist of an inflatable collar to support a radio unit that transmits on internationaldistress frequencies, (121.5, 243 or 406 MHz). They can be fitted with a flashing light. Because theyhave a low margin of buoyancy they are not easily visible in any appreciable sea state except at shortrange; it is also possible that they may not be seen in a strong tideway.

Some Indicator buoys transmit a unique 3-figure serial number. National Authorities hold up todate lists of the indicator buoy numbers of all their submarines. Some nations, although allocatedindicator buoy numbers, have buoys which have no means of transmitting the allocated number.

Some buoys also transmit on the COSPASS/SARSAT frequencies. These buoys, named SEPIRB(Submarine Emergency Position Indicator Radio Buoy), are normally floating. They transmit a stringcontaining a certain number of data such as the position coordinates (typically fixed once the buoy getsactivated), the time and an ID string identifying the single submarine. The information is received andautomatically routed to the COSPAS/SARSAT ashore station, automatically decoded by nationalauthority owning the submarine and in some cases automatically sent directly to the Subopauth forsubsequent actions.

4. Messenger buoys.

Submarines fitted for rescue by SRC may have a so called messenger buoy by each rescue seat.The buoy is released from the escape compartment and carries a thin wire to the surface. This wire is usedto winch the SRC down onto the seat. Messenger buoys do not carry radio units.

5. Other communications buoys. Other communication buoys which could be used by thesubmarine for Escape and Rescue purposes are:

a. Submarine Launched One-way Tactical buoy (SLOT Buoy). These buoys are similar toJEZEBEL sonobuoys and can be released from the submarine signal Ejector at depths down to 300

mts or more. A short voice/CW message recorded on tape is transmitted on a pre-set VHF channel.Frequencies available are numbers 25, 27, 29 and 31 of the normal JEZEBEL channels.

b. Expendable Communications Buoys (ECB). They can be released from the Submarine SignalEjector (SSE) and, in the emergency mode, transmit a pre-recorded message on 121,5 MHz, 243.0MHz or 406.0 MHz.


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More exhaustive and educational information about typical configuration and equipments availableaboard of a DISSUB, can be found at Annex C

0206 Egress of DISSUB personnel

1. The decision on how and when to escape is the sole responsibility of the "Senior Survivor"

2. There are 4 different ways to evacuate the DISSUB:

a. Rescue. A SRV or a SRC mates with the DISSUB and equalizes the pressure between them.Thereafter hatches separating them are opened and personnel are transferred, from the DISSUB tothe SRV or SRC and thence to a MOSHIP or a place of safety.

Some Rescue Elements are capable of TUP operations enabling therapeutic decompression ofpersonnel who have been exposed to raised pressure.

Due to their complicated logistic requirements Rescue Elements may take several days to get to the

scene of an accident. For this reasons most submarine operating nations continue to fit appropriateescape systems.

b. Escape. There are two methods of escape known as Tower Escape and Rush Escape:

(1) Tower Escape.One or more men in turn, dressed with an escape and survival suit, climbinto an escape tower. Once the lower hatch has been shut the tower is rapidly flooded andpressurized while the escapee is kept supplied with air to breath and his suit is inflated to give itpositive buoyancy. Once the pressure between the tower and the outside water column isequalized, the upper hatch opens and the escapee makes a rapid ascent to the surface.

(2) Compartment or rush escape. Some submarines, particularly those with a single

compartment pressure hull, rely on compartment escape. The system requires the wholecompartment being flooded, pressurized and equalised, at which point an escape hatch can beopened and each man in rapid succession makes an ascent to the surface. Some submarinesfitted with the tower escape system can revert to the rush escape method, which is similar to thecompartment escape except that it is only used if accident has caused the escape compartmentto flood uncontrollably or the escape tower to be unserviceable. The major disadvantage of thissystem is that in water deeper than 30 m (100 Ft) the number of casualties caused by prolongedtime under pressure will increase with depth. The likely maximum depth from which such anescape can be performed is 70 m (230 Ft), with a survival rate of only a few escapees.

c. Submarine Escape Capsules. A small number of submarines are fitted with an escape capsulewhich the whole (or a proportion) of the crew can climb into. Once released from the DISSUB,

the capsule floats to the surface.

d. Surface Abandonment. Surface Abandonment is accomplished by egressing thesubmarine using main deck or sail/fin hatches. This evolution is difficult from a submarine,especially in higher sea states and unlike surface ships, submarines are normally not fitted withlarge life rafts. Therefore, it is anticipated that numerous individuals will require extractionfrom the sea. Submariners who have abandoned ship are unlikely to have experienced DCI.


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0207. Options for the Crew

Once on the sea bed the options available to the crew will depend o nthe depth in which the submarine hassunk:

1. Below submarine collapse depth. The submarine will implode and there will be no survivors;

2. Less than submarine collapse depth but deeper than maximum escape depth. Rescue may beconducted dependent upon:a. DISSUB being fitted with a NATO STANAG 1297 mating seat (submarine details in Part II

National data)b. DISSUB being shallower than maximum mating depth of available rescue submersibles

(capabilities of rescue submersibles in Part II Chapter 1).c. Air purification capacity onboard the DISSUB being capable of maintaining air purity within

safe limits whilst awaiting arrival of rescue forces which could take several days. This periodcould be extended by posting Emergency Life Support Stores (ELLS) in pressure tight pods

through and Escape Tower, but this is limited to the depth capability of the escape tower.d. Internal bulkheads being able to withstand the sea pressure.

3. Less than maximum escape depth. Rescue is still the safest means of recovering the crew of theDISSUB. However if conditions in the submarine are deteriorating and the cre cannot risk waiting forrescue forces to arrive they may have to take the decision, based on instructions onboard the submarine, tomake an escape. Advice on making this decision can be given by escape and rescue experts on the surfacebut in the final analysis it remains the senior survivors decision.

0208 Advantages of Rescue

Rescue has the advantage that the DISSUBs crew are transferred, to the MOSHIP without being exposedto an increased pressure. In certain circumstances, it is possible to transfer men, who have beensaturated at pressure, to a facility for slow decompression to atmospheric pressure. Not all rescuesystems are capable of achieving this and surface decompression t4echniques may have to be used withtheir inherent risks.

0209 Disadvantages of Rescue

The major and only disadvantage of using rescue submersibles is that it may take several days for thesubmersibles and their mother ships (or VOOs) to get to the scene of the accident. For this reason mostsubmarine operating nations, particularly those whose submarines spend a large proportion of theiroperating cycle in water in which escape would be possible, continue to fit appropriate escape systems.


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INTENTIONALLY BLANK


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PART I

CHAPTER 3

Search and Localisation of aDistressed Submarine

0301 Introduction

1. Guidance for Use. This chapter contains information to enable operational commanders toassemble the forces and equipment needed to search and locate a Distressed Submarine (DISSUB), andestablish communication with her. Guidance is also given to units engaged in the search for the DISSUBand in particular to the On Scene Commander (OSC). In Submarine Search and Rescue (SUBSAR)Operations, the Search and Localisation Phase begins transition to the rescue phase when either thesubmarine or escapees from her crew are located. When this occurs, SUBSAR operations should transitionto ATP-57 as soon as possible for the recovery of escapees and rescue of survivors. The treatment ofpressure related injuries suffered by the DISSUBs crew are covered in ATP-57 Chapter 6.

2. Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to:

a. Standardise SUBSAR operational procedures for the Search and Localisation of a DISSUB.

b. Provide basic information to all those who may be confronted with a submarine rescuescenario, either a distressed submarine on the surface or on the seabed

c. Serve as a guide for all operational commanders responsible for SUBSAR operations.

3. Aim. The aim of the SUBSAR organisation is to save lives by ensuring the earliest possiblelocalisation of the DISSUB and the recovery of her crew. Due to the relatively limited amount ofequipment immediately available to cope with a submarine disaster, offers of assistance are likely to bereceived from many nations and much of them will be needed to ensure that as many lives as possible aresaved. Naturally this will complicate the problems of assembling and coordinating all suitable units andequipment to the scene of the accident.

Therefore while SAR is in principle a national responsibility, it is for the sake of simplicity andspeed of response that the SUBSAR organisation will be the same in war as in peace, whether it be in a

NATO exercise/operation or not. This is achieved by providing a procedure for the prompt alerting offorces to take part in the search while Rescue Elements mobilise toward the scene of action and othervessels prepare more specifically for the rescue or the recovery and treatment of survivors.

The procedure for the prompt alerting and search is applicable to any SUBSAR operation whetherthe DISSUB is assigned to NATO or not. Immediate establishment of an alert on the ISMERLO web site


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should be considered as soon as it is suspected that a submarine is distressed on the seabed or on thesurface.

0302 Definitions

Definitions contained in this article, are those specific SAR terms exclusively used duringSUBSAR Operations. They supplement other SAR terms and definitions contained in different relateddocuments.

1. Check Arrival Report. A signal transmitted by a submarine immediately upon its arrival in port.This signal may be required by the Submarine Operational Authority (SUBOPAUTH).

2. Surfacing signal. A signal transmitted by a submarine to indicate the completion of a dived periodas covered by a Diving signal. Alternatively it concludes a passage or a leg of a passage as required by theSUBNOTE and thereby cancels any extant Diving Signal or concludes any preceding series of SubchecksReports

3. Authorities. The following are the specific Authorities and Command and Control (C2)definitions for a SUBSAR operation:

a. National Authority (NA). The State or Command Authority that has sovereignty over theDISSUB.

b. Alerting Authority (AA). Typically the Commander (SUBOPAUTH) who has operationalcontrol of the DISSUB is responsible for initiating the Submarine Safety Communications Check(COMCHECK) procedure, as well as the Operation SUBLOOK/SUBMISS/SUBSUNK procedures(see Annex 3B). The SUBOPAUTH is the Naval Authority responsible for the safe routeing of asubmarine under his Operational Control (OPCON).

c. Submarine Search and Rescue Authority (SSRA). The Naval Authority designated by theNational Authority (OPCOM) responsible for the planning and conduct of Submarine search,escape and rescue operations.

The SSRA may be a national or NATO Maritime Component Commander or appointed maritimecommander, depending upon the requirements of the NA or the Authority which establishes thesubmarine OPCON. The SSRA will operate in coordination with the relevant RCC.

The DISSUBs NA should seek prior agreements with concerned national or NATOCommands. The SSRA is to be nominated either in an (EX)OPORD or in the relevant taskingdocuments. The responsibilities of the SSRA may be passed to or from the relevantNational/NATO Authorities.

d. Support Authority (SA). Any authority that provides assistance to the NA and/or SSRA.

e. On Scene Commander (OSC). The Commander of the military unit which first reaches thevicinity of an accident or datum is to act as OSC until relieved or confirmed by SSRA..

In the event that the first unit on the scene is an aircraft, the aircraft Commander will retain controlof SAR operations until the arrival of a surface unit Commander, which then will assume the duties


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of OSC. In all other cases, in order to maintain continuity of Command, the Officer whosubsequently may arrive on the scene is not to assume Command by reason of seniority unless oruntil:

(1) Ordered to do so by the SSRA, or

(2) In his judgement, a change of Command is essential.

f. Coordinator Rescue Forces (CRF). Designated by the SSRA. The Officer with responsibilityfor coordinating and controlling the recovery of escapees and/or the rescue of the crew from theDISSUB.

During multinational rescue responses takes advice of the Rescue Element Commanders orNational Rescue Coordinators (if assigned) to develop and task the Rescue Element Commanders(REC) to execute the rescue plan.The CRF may or may not be subordinated to the OSC; in case it is not subordinated, the CRF will

take the lead on the rescue operations and the OSC will support the CRF as far as it is needed,sanitizing the area and providing help with available resources. Anyway, close coordination

between CRF and OSC is paramount for the success of the rescue operation.

g. National Rescue Coordinator (NRC). Subordinate to the CRF within the Rescue operation.Frequently provided during multinational operations by a nation providing rescue elements. (Couldlikely be a CRF if responding to his own nations disabled submarine.) Would provide the CRFadvice and recommendations on the best utilization of his/her nations assigned rescue capabilities.

h. Rescue Element Commander (REC). Subordinate to the CRF within the Rescue operation. InCommand of the Rescue Element (rescue or intervention or both) with responsibility for conductingeither the rescue of the crew, the recovery of the escapees or the intervention as indicated anddirected by the CRF. Responsible to his/her own National Authority for the operation of assignedsystems. During multinational operations provides the CRF advice and recommendations on the

best utilization of his/her assigned rescue capabilities.

When an NRC is assigned would follow national procedures with respect to command andcontrol relationship with the CRF.

4. Submarine Escape and Rescue Specialists. During SMER operations, the headquarters ofthe SSRA should be provided with the following specialists (liaison officers):

(1) qualified in submarine operations (preferably by a Commanding Officer and an EngineeringOfficer of the same class as the DISSUB),

(2) public affairs,

(3) diving and underwater medicine,

(4) diving operations

Prior to the DISSUB location (Search and Localisation phase), as well as on the scene of action(during the Rescue Phase), experts mentioned above should also be provided to the OSC and/or to the


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CRF. Diving and underwater medical specialists might be sent to any recompression therapy centre whichcould help during the operation.

0303 International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Offi ce (ISMERLO)

ISMERLO has been established at Allied Submarine Command in Norfolk, VA. This office provides aworldwide coordination capability and monitors the availability of Escape and Rescue Elements whichmay assist any nation facing a submarine disaster. The capability is built from a small group of people,civilian and/or military, provided by different nations to work in the area of SMER. As a global responseorganisation, focused on humanitarian objectives to contribute on saving lives at sea, the ISMERLO isencouraged to pursue the involvement of all submarine-operating nations.

0304 Terminology for SUBSAR Operations

Definitions and terms shown in table 3 -1 below are used during SUBSAR Operations. Althoughsome terms belong to the Rescue Phase, hence belong to ATP-57 procedures, they have also been listed on

this table only for information purposes.

Table 3 1 Submarine SAR Terminology

TERM DEFINITION

CHECK ARRIVALREPORT

A signal transmitted by a submarine immediately upon its arrival in port. Thesignal may be required by the SUBOPAUTH

COMCHECKThe signal originated by SUBOPAUTH when the safety of a submarine is indoubt.

Coordinator RescueForces (CRF)

The Officer with responsibility for coordinating and controlling the recovery ofescapees and/or the rescue of the crew from the DISSUB

Datum

Last known position of DISSUB. Used as the starting point for all search plans.

It will be updated and marked when true position is known.

DistressedSubmarine(DISSUB)

As it is stated in AAP-6, a DISSUB is a distressed submarine on the seabedunable to surface. For the purpose of alert and possible mobilization ofsubmarine Escape and Rescue Elements, the Submarine Escape and Rescuecommunity also calls DISSUB to a surfaced submarine needing assistance due toa diving/safety emergency.

Diving SignalA signal transmitted by a submarine before it dives, indicating the date and timeof dive, date and time of completion, position and reason for diving.

Emergency LifeSupport Stores(ELSS)

Items of stores for use by the personnel in the DISSUB to enable them to survivewhilst awaiting rescue. Stores include such items as CO2absorbent, O2candlesand medical stores for emergency treatment of casualties.

Escape

Any method by which a man leaves a DISSUB and makes his way to the surface

without direct assistance from outside Rescue Elements. A man who makes anescape is known as an 'escapee.

Escape Gear Ship(EGS)

Any ship nominated by the SSRA to carry medical stores and equipment tofacilitate the recovery and treatment of escapees on reaching the surface.


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TERM DEFINITION

SubmarineExpendableCommunicationsBuoy (ECB)

A communications buoy which can be launched by a DISSUB from aSubmerged Signal Ejector (SSE). When on the surface it operates on apredetermined UHF frequency and when released in the emergency modetransmits an emergency DF beacon which can be detected by satellites or otherreceivers.

ISMERLO

International Submarine Escape & Rescue Liaison Office (ISMERLO).Multinational coordinating office for Submarine Escape and Rescue relatedissues. The office provides coordination through its web site managementsystem on Internet at www.ismerlo.org

MOSHIPA ship used to carry a Submarine Rescue Element to the scene of the submarineaccident.

Moving Havens(MHN)

The Moving Haven (MHN) is the normal method by which submarines arerouted. The standard MHN is an area 20 Nautical Miles (NM) ahead, 30 NMbehind, and 5 NM on either side of the submarines planned position. The MHNshould be reduced in size in restricted waters. In peacetime, the shape of anMHN may be varied to suit the operational requirements. The size of the MHNis stated in the SUBNOTE.

On SceneCommander (OSC)

Responsible for the conduct of the search with the assets allocated by the SSRA.The OSC will also carry out the peripheral activities required, among them forceprotection, after the DISSUB has been located leaving the CRF free toconcentrate on saving lives.

Personal LocatorBeacons (PLB)

Small radio transmitters in a container capable of withstanding pressureequivalent to the maximum escape depth of the DISSUB. PLBs are worn byescapers (though not normally carried by all) and when switched on transmit anemergency DF beacon. Most recent models are Satellite based.

SMASHEX

The Codeword of an exercise which may be executed to test any or all of theprocedures and practices required in a submarine disaster. SMASHEX mayexercise specific parts of the SUBLOOK/SUBMISS/SUBSUNK sequence asfollows:

- SMASHEX ZERO equates to COMCHECK- SMASHEX ONE equates to SUBLOOK- SMASHEX TWO equates to SUBMISS- SMASHEX THREE equates to SUBSUNK

SUBCHECK Report

The signal transmitted by a submarine at specified intervals to ensure theSUBOPAUTH of her continued safety. No other signal received from asubmarine may replace a SUBCHECK REPORT. Non-receipt of otheranticipated signals should not normally give rise to undue concern although insuch circumstances it may be appropriate to initiate a SUBMARINE SAFETYCOMCHECK.

SUBLOOK (Format

at Annex 3B)

The Codeword of the procedures initiated by the SUBOPAUTH when the safetyof a submarine is in doubt, or when a Surfacing Signal, Check Arrival Report or

SUBCHECK Report from a submarine under his operational control becomesone hour overdue.

Submarine Escapeand RescueAssistance Team(SMERAT)

A team of Submarine Escape and Rescue experts augmented by medicalspecialists who are available to provide advice and assistance to the SSRA, OSCand CRF.
http://www.ismerlo.org/http://www.ismerlo.org/


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TERM DEFINITION

Submarine LaunchedOne-way Tactical(SLOT) Buoy

A communications buoy that can be launched by a DISSUB from a SubmergedSignal Ejector. When on the surface they operate on one of a number ofpredetermined VHF frequencies (compatible with `Jezebel Passive Sonobuoymonitoring channels). Although normally used to pass operational data, the buoycould be also used by a Submarine in Distress (DISSUB).

Submarine RescueChamber

A bell that can mate with the NATO common rescue seat but in addition has tobe fitted with special securing arrangements. Capable of rescuing up to 6personnel at a time.

Submarine RescueVehicle (SRV)

Any submersible craft which may be used for the recovery of personnel from aDISSUB. For full details, see ATP 57.

SUBMISS (Formatat Annex 3B)

SUBMISS is the Codeword used for an operation that will be executed in orderto initiate a fully coordinated search for a submarine that is believed to bemissing. The SUBOPAUTH will normally originate a signal with this codewordwhen a Surfacing signal, SUBCHECK Report or a Check Arrival Report of asubmarine is 6 hours overdue, or for one-compartment submarines 3 hoursoverdue. These periods are not mandatory and will depend on the situation ornational policy.

Submarine Notice(SUBNOTE)

As stated in AAP-6, a SUBNOTE is a message report originated by a submarineoperating authority providing operational and movement instructions for

submarines in peace and war, including transit and patrol area information. TheSUBNOTE accurately defines the route that the centre of the Submarine MHNwill follow.

SUBSUNK (FormatAnnex 3B)

SUBSUNK is the Codeword used for an operation that will be executed in orderto initiate a fully co-ordinated search for a submarine that is known to have sunk.The codeword is also used by any authority or unit to signal when havingpositive information that a submarine has sunk (eg, when submarine has beenlocated).

Submarine ParachuteAssistance Group

(SPAG)

A team of escape and rescue experts, augmented by medical specialists,available at short notice to parachute into the water to rescue survivors and give

first aid medical treatment before the arrival of surface rescue ships.

Surfacing SignalA signal transmitted by a submarine to indicate the completion of a dived periodas covered by a Diving Signal or SUBNOTE

SurvivorThe term survivor is only to be used for personnel who have escaped or beenrecovered from the DISSUB and, in the opinion of a medical expert, are deemedlikely to live.

SURFACING and

ARRIVAL ZEROTIME

The time at which the SUBOPAUTH must have received a Surfacing Signal or aCheck Arrival Report from a Submarine. A SURFACING ZERO (SZER) TIMEis used when a submarine dives on a diving signal or for the last port in aSubnote. The ARRIVAL ZERO (AZER) TIME is used in SUBNOTES only forintermediate port visits. The meaning of AZER and SZER in terms of submarinesafety as described in this publication is equal.

SURFACING and ARRIVAL ZERO TIME also designates the time to execute:a. SUBMARINE SAFETY COMCHECK (at SURFACING or ARRIVALZERO TIME).b. SUBLOOK (at SURFACING or ARRIVAL ZERO TIME plus onehour).c. SUBMISS (at SURFACING or ARRIVAL ZERO TIME plus 6 hours,or 3 hours for one-compartment submarines).


47/635

ATP-57(B)

ORIGINALI - 3 - 7

TERM DEFINITION

UnderwaterCommunicationsGuard

This duty should be assumed automatically by the first ship or submarinearriving in the datum area and capable of communicating with or interceptingmessages from a DISSUB. A suitably fitted helicopter may temporarily assumethis duty until the arrival of the first Underwater Telephone (UWT) fitted ship orsubmarine.

Submarine RescueElement

Any asset specifically designed or used for Submarine Escape and RescueOperations.

Submarine RescueSystem

Any Submarine Rescue Element or set of Submarine Rescue Elements to beemployed during the Escape and Rescue phase of a SUBSAR Operation orduring the preparations for this phase.

Vessel ofopportunity (VOO)

Any vessel (normally civilian) potentially available to carry onboard aSubmarine Rescue System to the DISSUB area. When the VOO is selected towear a System, it is called MOSHIP.

0305 Responsibi liti es for SUBSAR Operations

1. National Authority (NA). The NA is responsible for the Sovereignty, National Administrationand National Operations outside the immediate search area and for arranging National and NATO supportto the SSRA. By reason of financial responsibility, the NA will normally initiate the request to othernations for logistic submarine SAR support (submarine rescue vehicles, commercial submersibles, divingequipment, SUBSUNK stores, etc). The NA may delegate the coordination of support to the SSRAconducting the SAR operation.

2. Alerting Authority (AA). Responsible for initiating the SUBSAR Operation, using theSUBLOOK/SUBMISS/SUBSUNK procedures (see Annex 3B). If the position of the DISSUB isunknown, the AA will advise the SSRA and the OSC on the extent of the Submarine Search and RescueZone and, if possible, the most likely position of the submarine. The AA will normally establish the alerton the ISMERLO web site. The ALERT can be created by any person having access to the web site as

soon as it is known that a Submarine is in distress.

3. Submarine Search and Rescue Authority (SSRA). On receipt of a SUBLOOK, SUBMISS orSUBSUNK signal initiated by the AA, the SSRA will:

a. Nominate or confirm the OSC and other search units.

b. Establish or confirm the search datum.

c. Call upon one or more RCCs to assist with all means available.

d. On request by the NA, coordinate the logistic support for the submarine SAR operation.

e. Be responsible for the overall conduct of the search including pr

usn - the submarine search & rescue manual

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