unit 1 – area of study 1 body systems & human movement

UNIT 1 – Area of Study 1

Body Systems & Human Movement

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The cardiovascular system consists of the :

Heart Blood vessels Blood Pulmonary circuit ( blood

flow between the heart and lungs )

Systemic circuit – ( blood flow between the heart and the body )

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The functions of the cardiovascular system are to :

Circulate blood. Bring O2 , water &

nutrients to the cells. Take CO2 & other

wastes away from the cells.

Maintain body T0 & hydration.

Fight disease. Blood clotting.

THE HEART

RIGHT ATRIUM

RIGHT VENTRICLE

THE HEART

RIGHT ATRIUM

RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE

THE HEART

RIGHT ATRIUM

RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE

THE HEART

RIGHT ATRIUM

RIGHT VENTRICLE

LEFT ATRIUM

LEFT VENTRICLE

HEART MUSCLE

INFERIORVENA CAVA

SUPERIORVENA CAVA

PULMONARY VEIN

PULMONARY ARTERY

AORTA

THE HEARTThe heart has a number of heart valves that control the direction of blood flow through the heart.

THE HEARTThe heart has a number of heart valves that control the direction of blood flow through the heart.

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART :THE HEART

1. Oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART :THE HEART

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2. Oxygenated blood passes into the left ventricle.

1. Oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART :THE HEART

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2. Oxygenated blood passes into the left ventricle.3. A powerful contraction of the heart muscle surrounding the the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out through the aorta to the body.

1. Oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART :THE HEART

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2. Oxygenated blood passes into the left ventricle.

1. Oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.

3. A powerful contraction of the heart muscle surrounding the the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out through the aorta to the body.

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART :THE HEART

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34. Deoxygenated blood comes back from the body and enters the right atrium through the vena cava

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART :THE HEART

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5. Deoxygenated blood passes into the right ventricle.

4. Deoxygenated blood comes back from the body and enters the right atrium through the vena cava

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART :THE HEART

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4 56. Deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

4. Deoxygenated blood comes back from the body and enters the right atrium through the vena cava5. Deoxygenated blood passes into the right ventricle.

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART :THE HEART

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64. Deoxygenated blood comes back from the body and enters the right atrium through the vena cava5. Deoxygenated blood passes into the right ventricle.6. Deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

THE BLOOD VESSELS The Blood vessels are

intricate networks of hollow tubes that transport blood throughout the entire body.

There are three major types of blood vessels:

ARTERIES - carry blood away from the heart

CAPILLARIES – allow the exchange of gases, nutrients & wastes between the blood and the tissues.

VEINS – carry blood back to the heart.

THE BLOOD VESSELS

arteries

arterioles

CapillariesExchange between blood and cells

veins

venules

THE BLOOD

Blood has a number of functions Transport of gases, nutrients, wastes. Fighting infection. Regulation of temperature and

hydration.

Adult males : 5-6 litres / Adult females : 4-5 litres.

THE BLOOD

55% of blood volume is PLASMA – a yellowy liquid containing water ( 90% ) , wastes & hormones.

45% of blood volume is the blood cells :

RED BLOOD CELLS – contain haemoglobin which carries the oxygen

WHITE BLOOD CELLS – fight infection

PLATELETS – responsible for blood clotting.

BLOOD PRESSURE Blood pressure is the reason

why blood circulates. Blood will always flow from

an area of high pressure to one of low pressure.

SYSTOLIC blood pressure is the highest pressure and is the pressure on the arteries as the left ventricle contracts. ( 120 mmhg at rest )

DIASTOLIC blood pressure is the lowest pressure and is the pressure on the arteries as the left ventricle relaxes. ( 80 mmhg at rest )

RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Acute cardiovascular responses to

exercise: Increased heart rate ( beats per minute )

Increased stroke volume ( blood per beat )

Increased cardiac output ( HR X SV ) Increased systolic blood pressure ( diastolic

remains fairly constant )

Increased arterio-venous O2 diff.

Decreased blood plasma ( due to sweating ) Increased blood flow to working muscles

Increased blood flow to lungs

Decreased blood flow to some organs ( digestion )

REVISION QUESTIONS1. The function of the cardiovascular system is to :

A/ fight disease.B/ clot the blood.C/ maintain body temperature.D/ maintain hydration levels.E/ all of the above.F/ none of the above.

2. Blood from the left side of the heart is known as:A/ atrial.B/ venous.C/ deoxygenated.D/ oxygenated.

3. When the heart contracts it pumps blood into the:A/ arteries.B/ veins.C/ capillaries.D/ arterioles.

REVISION QUESTIONS4. After leaving the heart the blood will take the following pathway:

A/ veins - venules - capillaries - arterioles - arteries.B/ arterioles - arteries - capillaries - veins - venules.C/ arteries - veins - capillaries - venules - arterioles.D/ arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins.

5. In which of the following does blood have the lowest concentration of oxygen ?A/ coronary arteryB/ inferior vena cavaC/ pulmonary veinD/ carotid artery

6. During a bout of exercise, if the heart rate is 150 bpm. and the stroke volume is 100 ml/min - the cardiac output is:

A/ 300 ml/min.B/ 1500 ml/min.C/ 15000 ml/min.D/ 30000 ml/min.

REVISION QUESTIONS

8. The relaxation phase of the heart beat is known as the:A/ sino-atrial phase.B/ sinuses.C/ systole.D/ diastole.

7. The blood cells responsible for blood clotting are the:A/ plasma.B/ platelets.C/ red blood cells.D/ white blood cells.

9. The resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures for a healthy person at rest areA/ 200 and 100 mm Hg.B/ 120 and 180 mm HgC/ 120 and 80 mm Hg.D/ 80 and 120 mm Hg.