topic 2 planning
Post on 21-Apr-2017
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Topic 2: Planning- determining the objectives and decides
on the actions to be taken to achieve the objectives (Lewis et al., 2001)
- proposals of actions (Certo, 2000)- process to determine the objectives and
actions to be taken (Rue & Byars, 2000)- formation of strategies and action plans
(Robbins, 1996)- determine the objectives and the best
way to achieve them (Barton & Martin, 1994)
1
..how to achieve objectives?
2
specific measurable
attainable realistic
timely
Types of Planning
3
format
• descriptive
• budget• graphics
hierarchy
• strategic• tactical• operation
al
Frequency of use
• one-time• standing
plan
Advantages of Planning
4
Generate intensive efforts
Continuous effort
Unity of direction
Establishing work strategy
Positive impact on individual and organization
Disadvantages of PlanningRestricting changes & adaptation
Uncertainty towards assumptions
Separation between planner & implementer
5
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