the teacher as scaffold builder

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Marisa ConstantinidesMarisa ConstantinidesCELT Athens CELT Athens

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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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What is scaffoldin

g?

What is scaffoldin

g?

What tools can we use?

What tools can we use?

How can we plan for

it?

How can we plan for

it?

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

Why should we do it?Why should we do it?

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The dog that found the shoe

Woman Policeman Dog

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

+a learning a learning process process designed designed to promote a to promote a deeper level deeper level of learningof learning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_scaffolding

Image courtesy of morguefiles

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Image courtese of http://cdn4.vtourist.com/4/4120548-Propylaea_from_inside_on_Acropolis_Athens.jpg

Support given during Support given during the learning process the learning process which is tailored to the which is tailored to the needs of the student needs of the student with the intention of with the intention of helping the student helping the student achieve his/her learning achieve his/her learning goals goals (Sawyer, 2006).(Sawyer, 2006).TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens –

http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

+“If I had to  reduce all educational psychology to just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly”

Ausubel, D. P. (1960)..

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PRODUCTION

Adaptation of a chart created by Anderson, A. & Lynch, T. 1988, Listening, OUP (p.13)

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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NASA GAME You have crash-

landed on the moon with your space shuttle and must decide what to take with you from the list of things which are OK for the long walk to the mother ship

Look at the

following objects:

• Matches• Compass• Blanket• Flashlight• Oxygen tanks• Water• A flare• Some parachute

silk• Some concentrated

food• A raft• A star map• A transistor radio• A 45 calibre

pistol• 15 metres of nylon

rope

Adapted from ‘Keep Talking” F Klippel, CUP

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Teacher

Students

brainstormbrainstorm

elicitelicit

recallrecall

activateactivate

questionquestion

researchresearch

briefbriefTESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens –

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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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•Give clear instructions •Include careful checks•Discuss the purposes of activities •Reduce uncertainty •Inform of outcomes•Offer support while Ss are working•State what your feedback will focus on•Involve Ss in the Feedback

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•Careful ‘micro-planning’•Thorough prep/briefing stage•Pre-teaching key concepts or lexis•Ensuring ss have the necessary knowledge •Inform of outcomes

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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From http://flippingmath.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/scaff

olding.jpg

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Attempt 

How did he do it? What did he use? Why did he fail ?

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Husband tried to kill his wife 7 times© Marisa Constantinides 2002

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Attempt 

How did he do it?e.g. tried to strangle her

What did he use?e.g. his bare hands

Why did he fail ?e.g. got a cramp

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Husband tried to kill his wife 7 times© Marisa Constantinides 2002

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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• provide organisational structures & frames

• help organise student thinking & output

• create opportunities for information transfer*

• provide bridges from comprehension to production*

* Widdowson, H.G., 1979, Explorations in Applied Linguistics, Oxford University Press (pp. 73-74)

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Husband Husband tried to tried to kill his kill his

wife 7 timeswife 7 times

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Dialogue ?“ Good Lord! You’re the spitting image of…”“ So, tell me Anna, what do you do?”“ Christ, what is going on in there?”“ What are you doing here with Anna Scott?”“ Anna Scott! The film star! Oh God! Oh God!”“ I’m sorry I’m so late.”“ You haven’t slept with her have you?”“ I absolutely totally and utterly adore you!” “ Hello Anna…………………..Scott! Have some wine”“ Hello Anna. Delighted to meet you!”“I genuinely believe we could be best friends.” “Always imagined it must be a tough job – acting. Last film you did, what did you get paid?” “I actually walked in the loo with her……She had to ask me to leave!” “What do you think of the guinea fowl?”

HO3 Who said what? Try and match the pieces of dialogue with the character you think said themHoney : H Bella : BBernie : BerMax : MAnna Scott : A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JexO-N39Nzg

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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From Applebee, A. N. 1986.

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Appropriateness of the instructional task.

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Student ownership of the Student ownership of the learning eventlearning event.

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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A structured learning A structured learning environment. environment.

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Shared Shared responsibilityresponsibility. .

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Transfer of Transfer of control. control.

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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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•More engagement More engagement •Learners primed for tasks Learners primed for tasks •Motivation to participateMotivation to participate•Top down processing helpTop down processing help•Bridges to later stages in the Bridges to later stages in the lessonlesson•Better lesson flowBetter lesson flow•Task accountabilityTask accountability•Focused & purposeful language workFocused & purposeful language work

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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•Deeper LearningDeeper Learning•Dynamic DiscussionsDynamic Discussions•Individualized InstructionIndividualized Instruction•Peer-teaching & peer-learningPeer-teaching & peer-learning•Supportive learning environmentSupportive learning environment•Lowering of affective filter Lowering of affective filter •Learning through doing Learning through doing •Development of learner autonomy Development of learner autonomy

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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mentor

mentor

facilitator

facilitatormonito

rmonitor assessor

assessor

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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… … paying attention to paying attention to howhow to be successful…to be successful…

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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… … the building is not yet the building is not yet complete…complete…

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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… … but knows the but knows the scaffolding will one day scaffolding will one day

be removed…be removed…

TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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My email marisa.constantinides@gmail.com My email marisa.constantinides@gmail.com Twitter @Marisa_CTwitter @Marisa_CMy Centre www.celt.edu.grMy Centre www.celt.edu.grImage credits Image credits Images not credited either my own, Microsoft Clipart or from Images not credited either my own, Microsoft Clipart or from http://www.morguefile.com http://www.morguefile.com

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Showing appreciationShowing appreciationBeing tolerantBeing tolerantBeing enthusiasticBeing enthusiasticSmiling and encouragingSmiling and encouragingBelieving that all students will Believing that all students will

succeed…succeed…

… … and they will! and they will!

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