the protozoa

THE PROTOZOA

A. UNICELLULAR - EUCARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS

B. FOUND IN THE KINGDOM PROTISTAC. NO COMMON BASIC STRUCTURE, SIZE OR

SHAPED. SIZE VARIES GREATLY - 2 TO 5,000

MICROMETERSE. DISTRIBUTION

1. FREE LIVING FORMS

I. Protozoan Characteristics (65,000, 12 are extinct) A. Environment Found In

1. Ocean a. Zooplankton (primary energy source in aquatic eco.)

2. Vegetation 3. Rivers 4. Ponds 5. Soil 6. Bodies of other organisms

a. Found: in cells, tissue and blood stream of Host b. Cause: malaria, amebic dysentery, giardiasis

B. Heterotrophic 1. Ingest small molecules or cells

a. a. Food Vacuoles - break food down

C. Reproduction 1. Asexual ,

a. Binary Fission -2 identical individuals b. Multiple Fission - more than 2 indenticals indo

2. Sexual a. Conjugation -, exchange genetic material

Reproduction

D. Classification - according to how they move or not1. FivePhyla/Plus Euglenophyta

a. Sarodina , move by psuedopods (false feet)b. Ciliophora - move by cilia (eyelash like)c. Zoomastigina - move by flagella (whiplike)d. Sporozoa - none motilee. Euglenophyta - flagella (both plant/animal

E. Adaptations- for monitoring envirionment1. Eyespot-

a. Detect quantity and quality of light

2. Cyst- (means sac in Greek)a. Crate hardened covering (Lack of food, H2O, O2)

b. Metabolic activity stopsc. Important for Protozoans between hostsd. Conditions Good- Protozoan emerges, resumes

metabolic activity

F. Evolution:1. First Prokaryotes: 3.5 bya2. First Eukaryotic: 1.5 bya

a. Endosymbiosis: one prokaryote lives inside another until both become dependent on each other (first eukaryotes)

II. Phylum Sarcodina- 40,000 Species are Amoebas

A. Environment1. fresh/salt water2. Soil

a. Pelomyxa carlinensis (mud, rock, slow moving streams, ponds)

B. Structures1. Psuedopodia- movement/feeding

a. Endoplasm- inner cytoplasm (thin consistency)b. Ectoplasm- outer cytoplasm (thick consistency)

(Fig. 26-4)– Amoeboid movement- Cytoplasmic

c. Endocytosis- engulfing– Phagocytosis- feeding– Pinocytosis- dinking

d. Contractile Vacuole- pumps out excess water

C. Ecological Role1. Foraminifera- Shell (test) med of calcium

carbonatea. Created limestone/chalk depositsb. Found in White Cliffs of Dover/ Pyramids

1. Radioalarians- Shell (test) made of silicon dioxide

a. Created Chert and Jasper (rock)

D. Human Diseases (non-free living amoebas)

1. Entamoeba histolyticaa. Enters from contaminated water, foodb. Lives in large intestine (enzymes attack lining causing

ulcers)c. Causes: Amoebic Dysentery

– diarrhea dehyd, bloody stool, death

2. ACANTHAMOEBA Sp.a. Causes:

1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis 2. Keratitis

III. Phylum Ciliophora- 8000 species Paramecium

A. Environment1. Ponds(Marine/Fresh)2. Slow moving streams

Stentor

http://ucf.tekkom.net/bsc2011/?sort=class&lab_number=1

Euplotes

Monodinium spp.

B. Food Source1. Bacteria2. Algae

Stentor

Vorticella

C. Internal Structure1. Pellicle

a. Surrounds cell membrandb. Made of protein (clear and elastic)c. Gives shape

2. Oral groove (lined with cilia)a. Creates currents to sweep food to Mouth Pore

3. Mouth Pore open to Gullet4. Gullet forms Vacuoles

a. Vacuoles circulate food to cytoplasm

5. Anal Pore- undigested food passes out

6. Macronucleusa. Controls Metabolic/ Developmental Activities

7. Micronucleusa. Controls reproduction (conjugation)

8. Cilia- External Cytoplasm-movement

D. Reproduction1. Asexual

a. Binary Fission (Macro-splits)» (Micro- divides mitotically)

2. Sexual- conjugationa. Macro- disintegratesb. (p515) Micro-nuc-Meiosis occurs (2n)c. 4 Haploid Micro-Nuclei producedd. All but 1 micor nucli disintegrate in each

Parameciume. Remaining Micro-nuc divide by mitosis (n)f. 2 Paramecium exchange (n) micro nuc./ fusing

forming 2n micro-nucg. Cells separate/ new macro formsh. Following conjugation/ paramecium divide

producing 4 identical paramecium (different from original 2)

IV. Phylum Zoomastigina- 2500 speciesA. Environment

1. Ponds2. Lakes

Giardia

Peranema

B. Movement- flagella1. Hairlike structure made of microtubules

C. Human Diseases Zooflagulates (parasitic)1. Trypanosoma (Genus)

a. Found in blood fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

b. Spread by blood sucking insects from Host to Host

2. Kinds of Zooflagellatesa. T. trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping

Sickness)1. Transmitted by the Tse Tse fly2. Causes lethargy, mental deterioration, coma

b. T. cruzi (Chaga’s disease)1. Transmitted by “kissing bug”2. People suffer fever/ heart disease

c. Leish mania donovania. Sandfliesb. Blood disease (p516)c. Africa, Asia, Latin Americad. Fatal

d. Giardia lamblia1. Transmitted by feces in water2. Causes diarrhea/cramps

A. Treatment for protozoan infections is usually an antibiotic called metranidazole also called flagyl.

V.Plylum Sporazoa- 6000 species

A. Characteristics1. No locomotion2. Parasitic3. Complex life cycles4. Spore encased in protective coat

5. Live in the host blood/tissuesa. Example: Toxoplasma gondii- found in birds,

rodents, cats. In Human it causes toxoplasmosis- which can cause birth defects in newborns

SPOROZOA

A. ALL OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES

B. ALL HAVE COMPLEX LIFE CYCLESC. PATHOGENIC SPOROZOAN-PLASMODIUM

Sp.D. CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MALARIAE. FOUR SPECIES CAUSE MALARIA

1. P. MALARIAE2. P. OVALE3. P. VIVAX4. P. FALCIPARUM

a. LIFE CYCLE OCCURS IN TWO ORGANISMS– MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES Sp.) AND

ANIMAL BODY– SEXUAL CYCLE IN MOSQUITO– ASEXUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN BODY

a. 3 IMPORTANT STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE– SPOROZOITE– MEROZOITE– GAMETOCYTE

b. LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

A. TOXOPLASMOSISB. CAUSED BY TOXOPLASMA GONDIIC. SEEN MOSTLY IN PEOPLE WITH

COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTEMSD. CATS ARE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE

LIFE CYCLE OF THIS PROTOZOANE. THE ORGANISM REPLICATES IN THE

INTESTINE OF THE CAT.F. IT PASSES OUT OF THE CAT IN ITS FECAL

MATERIAG. PEOPLE INJEST THE ORGANISM

B. Plasodium1. Causes Malaria (victim die: anemia, kidney

failure, brain damage)2. Cause more deaths than any other genus in

historya. 500 million people a year infectedb. 2.7 million die a year

3. Life cyclea. Bitten by – anopheles (female mosquito)b. P. sporozites enter blood to live cellsc. Merozoites emerge to infect RBC where they

reproduce asexuallyd. RBC burst, releasing toxins (must kill both blood

and liver merozoites)e. Merozoites form Gametacytes

1. Anopheles bites, injests Gametocytes2. Sperm-egg form zygote3. Zygote burst releasing sporozoites to salivary glands/cycle

repeats

f. Cure- derived from cinchona tree (quinine) 500 years

a. TREATMENT FOR MALARIA - QUININE AND ITS DERIVATIVES– CHLOROQUINE– PRIMAQUINE– MEFLOQUINE - LARIUM– SIDE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM USE

OF QUININE» HALLUCINATIONS» CONVULSIONS» EMOTIONAL CHANGES

VI. Phylum Euglenophyta- 1000 species (p533)

A. Characteristics (Euglenoids)1. Plant characteristics- photosynthetic, have

chlorophyll2. Animal- lack cell wall, very motile3. Live in fresh water, soil, digestive tract of

some animals

A. Genus- Euglena gracilis1. Found- fresh water2. Pellicle- give it shape3. Contractile vacuole-

rid of excess water4. Photosynthetic- if

raised in dark becomes heterotrophic

5. Eye spot- light sensitive

1. PARASITIC FORMS (MANY ANIMALS CARRY PROTOZOANS AS NORMAL FLORA)

2. FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF FREE LIVING FORMSa. NaCl CONCENTRATIONb. pHc. TEMPERATUREd. OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS

A. NUTRITION1. FREE LIVING FORMS - PHAGOCYTOSIS

OF PARTICULATE MATTER2. COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL NEEDS3. ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS4. STORAGE PRODUCTS - GLYCOGEN,

STARCH AND LIPIDSB. REPRODUCTION

1. ASEXUAL – BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE FISSION OR BUDDING

1. SEXUAL - SYNGAMY OR CONJUGATIONA. CLASSIFICATION (ORGANELLES OF MOTOLITY)

1. KINGDOM: PROTISTAa. PHYLUM: PROTOZOA

– GROUPINGS: AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES, SPOROZOA

B. AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL1. AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA