26 protozoa
DESCRIPTION
ProtozoaTRANSCRIPT
ProtozoaProtozoa
Chapter 26Chapter 26
Characteristics of ProtistsCharacteristics of Protists Have nucleus i.e. eukaryoteHave nucleus i.e. eukaryote Lack tissue differentiationLack tissue differentiation UnicellularUnicellular Move independentlyMove independently
Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water)Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water) HeterotrophicHeterotrophic
Food vacuoles break down particlesFood vacuoles break down particles Both free-living and parasiticBoth free-living and parasitic ZooplanktonZooplankton - Primary source of energy - Primary source of energy
for organisms in ecosystemfor organisms in ecosystem
ReproductionReproduction
Asexually Asexually binary fission – produce one identical binary fission – produce one identical
organismsorganisms multiple fission – produce several identical multiple fission – produce several identical
organisms organisms Sexually – conjugationSexually – conjugation
Binary fissionBinary fission
Multiple fissionMultiple fission
ConjugationConjugation
1. Paramecia pair up
2. Macronuclei disntegrate & micronuclei undergo meiosis
3. All but one micronuclei disintegrates. It undergoes mitosis.
4. Each paramecium exchange 1 micronuclei
5. Micronuclei fuse
6. Paramecia separate and marconucleus re-form
AdaptationsAdaptations
EyespotEyespot – localized region of pigment that – localized region of pigment that detects light variations in the environmentdetects light variations in the environment
CystCyst – a hardened external covering that – a hardened external covering that stops all metabolic activity when organism stops all metabolic activity when organism is outside of host is outside of host to survive in harsh to survive in harsh environmentsenvironments e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease
oxygen, or pH/temp changesoxygen, or pH/temp changes
4 phyla – named for type of 4 phyla – named for type of movement movement (locomotion)(locomotion)
1. Ciliophora1. Ciliophora CiliatesCiliates
Zoothamnium
2. Sporazoa2. Sporazoa sporozoanssporozoans
Plasmodium
phyla cont’phyla cont’3. Zoomastigina3. Zoomastigina
ZooglagellatesZooglagellates
4. Sarcodina4. Sarcodina sarcodinessarcodines
Trichomonas vaginalis
Amoeba proteus
Phylum SarcodinaPhylum Sarcodina
Movement:Movement:PseudopodiaPseudopodia – “false feet” - – “false feet” - cytoplasmic extensionscytoplasmic extensions
Ex: Ex: AmoebasAmoebas inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil EndoplasmEndoplasm – inner portion of the cytoplasm – inner portion of the cytoplasm EctoplasmEctoplasm – outer layer – outer layer Ameboid movementAmeboid movement powered by powered by
Cytoplasmic streamingCytoplasmic streaming – internal flowing of a – internal flowing of a cell’s cytoplasmcell’s cytoplasm
Eating Eating (heterotophic)(heterotophic)
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis – engulf other protists – engulf other protists EndocytosisEndocytosis – when membrane surrounds and – when membrane surrounds and
pinches together into food vacuolepinches together into food vacuole ExocytosisExocytosis – when undigested food exits the – when undigested food exits the
cellcell Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole – organelle that expels – organelle that expels
fluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environmentfluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environment
*remember – water moves from high *remember – water moves from high concentration to lower – hypertonic is high concentration to lower – hypertonic is high solutesolute concentration relative to environment concentration relative to environment
AmoebaAmoeba
AmoebaAmoeba
Movement & eatingMovement & eating
BEST one - BEST one - http://www.mikrofauna-videos.de/videos.php?lang=en&id=amoeba&PHPSESSID=d48af6fdb76a70938e775b3af8bb2d7b
http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/timlynch/sci_class/chap09/lesson_protista/Amoeba%20Move.html
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/coppermine/displayimage.php?album=82&pos=0
Variations Variations
ForaminiferaForaminifera – ancient, live in oceans – ancient, live in oceans with shelled protective covering – with shelled protective covering – teststests
RadiolariansRadiolarians – ancient, live in shallow – ancient, live in shallow waterswaters
Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of sedimentsediment E.g. White Cliffs of Dover, EnglandE.g. White Cliffs of Dover, England
White Cliffs of Dover, EnglandWhite Cliffs of Dover, England
300 foot cliffs made from tests of 300 foot cliffs made from tests of foraminifera and radiolariansforaminifera and radiolarians
FYIFYI
Sediment can accumulate as slowly as 0.1 Sediment can accumulate as slowly as 0.1 millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in the middle of the ocean where only wind-the middle of the ocean where only wind-blown material is deposited) to as fast as 1 blown material is deposited) to as fast as 1 meter (3.25 feet) per year along meter (3.25 feet) per year along continental marginscontinental margins. More typical deep-. More typical deep-sea rates are on the order of several sea rates are on the order of several centimeters per 1,000 years. centimeters per 1,000 years.
Foraminifera/RadiolariansForaminifera/Radiolarians
Human diseaseHuman disease
Amebic dysenteryAmebic dysentery – sometimes fatal – sometimes fatal Enters from contaminated food and waterEnters from contaminated food and water Enzymes break down intestinal wallEnzymes break down intestinal wall
Phylum CiliophoraPhylum Ciliophora
Movement – ciliaMovement – cilia ex: ex: parameciumparamecium lives in fresh/salt water lives in fresh/salt water
ponds & slow moving streamsponds & slow moving streams Eat: bacteria & algaeEat: bacteria & algae Reproduce: Asexual – binary fission Reproduce: Asexual – binary fission
followed by sexual – conjugation – followed by sexual – conjugation – offspring genetically different (page 515)offspring genetically different (page 515)
ParameciaParamecia
Contractile vacuole operationContractile vacuole operation
Food vacuoleFood vacuole
Phylum ZoomastiginaPhylum Zoomastigina
Movement: flagella in lakes & pondsMovement: flagella in lakes & ponds Ex: Ex: Giardia lambliaGiardia lamblia Eat small organismsEat small organisms Live in blood Live in blood of fish, amphibians reptiles, of fish, amphibians reptiles,
birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking insects from host to hostinsects from host to host
Disease Disease TrypanosomiasisTrypanosomiasis – parasitic – parasitic
African “sleeping sickness” African “sleeping sickness” Transmitted by tsetse flyTransmitted by tsetse fly
Chagas’ diseaseChagas’ disease - parasitic - parasitic Transmitted by “kissing bug”Transmitted by “kissing bug”
LeishmaniasisLeishmaniasis – parasitic – parasitic Can be fatalCan be fatal Transmitted by sand fliesTransmitted by sand flies
GiardiasisGiardiasis – parasitic – parasitic Transmitted by animal feces in contaminated waterTransmitted by animal feces in contaminated water
Phylum SporazoaPhylum Sporazoa Movement: only as juvenile Movement: only as juvenile Ex: Ex: PlasmodiumPlasmodium
DiseaseDisease
Malaria – Malaria – Transmitted by mosquitoTransmitted by mosquito Causes fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and deathCauses fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and death Occurs in cycle Occurs in cycle Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed
resistance to quinineresistance to quinine Afflicts 500,000,000 people per yearAfflicts 500,000,000 people per year Kills 2,700,000 million per yearKills 2,700,000 million per year
page 518 life cyclepage 518 life cycle
analogiesanalogies
_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______ disease causedisease cause
_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______
_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______
PhylumPhylum Common Common namename
LocomotionLocomotion NutritionNutrition Rep genreRep genre
SarcodinaSarcodina SarcodinesSarcodines PseudopodiaPseudopodia HeterotrophicHeterotrophic AmoebaAmoeba
CiliophoraCiliophora CiliatesCiliates CiliaCilia HeterotrophicHeterotrophic ParameciumParamecium
ZoomastiginaZoomastigina ZooflagellatesZooflagellates FlagellaFlagella HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Trypanosoma Trypanosoma
GiardiaGiardia
SporozoaSporozoa SporozoansSporozoans Only in youngOnly in young HeterotrophicHeterotrophic PlasmodiumPlasmodium
AlgaeAlgae
Chapter 27Chapter 27
Characteristics Characteristics
EukaryoteEukaryote Autotrophic (Autotrophic (differ from other protozoansdiffer from other protozoans))
Have chloroplastsHave chloroplasts Unicellular and/or multicellularUnicellular and/or multicellular Lack tissue differentiationLack tissue differentiation
4 types of algae based on body 4 types of algae based on body structure (structure (thallusthallus))
1.1. UnicellularUnicellular – aquatic – – aquatic –
ex: phytoplanktonex: phytoplankton Base of food chainBase of food chain Produce oxygenProduce oxygen
1.1. Colonial Colonial - ex. - ex. VolvoxVolvox• Many cells grouped & working Many cells grouped & working
togethertogether
4 types of algae cont’4 types of algae cont’
3. 3. FilamentousFilamentous – ex. – ex. SpirogyraSpirogyra Some anchor to ocean floorSome anchor to ocean floor
4. 4. MulticellularMulticellular – ex. – ex. Macrocystis - Macrocystis - giant giant kelpkelp These are most like plants These are most like plants (see pictures next slide)(see pictures next slide)
Giant Kelp - Giant Kelp - MacrocystisMacrocystis
ClassificationClassification
7 phyla based on:7 phyla based on: ColorColor Chlorophyll typeChlorophyll type
• Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so gives them their characteristic color- green brown redgives them their characteristic color- green brown red
Food-storageFood-storage Cell wall compositionCell wall composition
Reproduction with unicellular algaeReproduction with unicellular algae
Asexually – mitosis produces haploidsAsexually – mitosis produces haploids + and – gametes called + and – gametes called zoosporeszoospores
Sexually – when + and – join to form Sexually – when + and – join to form diploid zygote – diploid zygote – zygosporezygospore – meiosis – meiosis
(page 528)(page 528)
Reproduction in multicellular algaeReproduction in multicellular algae ComplexComplex Page 528Page 528
Ulva – sea lettuceUlva – sea lettuce GametophyteGametophyte – haploid – haploid
gamete-producing gamete-producing phasephase
SporophyteSporophyte – diploid – diploid spore-producing phasespore-producing phase
Page 529Page 529
Phylum BacillariophytaPhylum Bacillariophyta
DiatomsDiatoms – cell wall called shells, have 2 – cell wall called shells, have 2 pieces (like box with lid)pieces (like box with lid)
Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms sink Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms sink & form sediment & form sediment used in commercial products like: detergents, used in commercial products like: detergents,
paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, & paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, & toothpastetoothpaste
Phylum DinoflagellataPhylum Dinoflagellata
Unicellular, photosyntheticUnicellular, photosynthetic Red tideRed tide – population explosion – population explosion
Phylum EuglenophytaPhylum EuglenophytaEuglenaEuglena – unicellular – unicellular
with flagellawith flagella Plantlike b/c Plantlike b/c
photosyntheticphotosynthetic Animal-like b/c lack Animal-like b/c lack
cell wallcell wall
Protozoa ImagesProtozoa Images
www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjugation.html
Protista QuizProtista Quiz
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Zoo/Protista.htm
Slime moldsSlime molds EukaryoteEukaryote MulticellularMulticellular heterotrophicheterotrophic Fungus-likeFungus-like Usually red, viscous massUsually red, viscous mass Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying
leavesleaves Ameboid movement “ooze”Ameboid movement “ooze” Eat by phagocytosisEat by phagocytosis
Water moldsWater molds
Fungus-like with branching filamentsFungus-like with branching filaments Aquatic, soil and parasiticAquatic, soil and parasitic Blight – disease causes decay of plantBlight – disease causes decay of plant
Irish potato famineIrish potato famine
ReviewReview
Animal-like protists Animal-like protists amoeba & parameciumamoeba & paramecium
Plant-like protists Plant-like protists Spirogyra & volvoxSpirogyra & volvox
Review analogiesReview analogies
_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______
disease causedisease cause
_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______
_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
Chapter 28Chapter 28
Mycology - the study of fungiMycology - the study of fungi
Characteristics Characteristics
EukaryoticEukaryotic Nonphotosynthetic – no chlorophyll Nonphotosynthetic – no chlorophyll MulticellularMulticellular Heterotrophic – breaks down decaying Heterotrophic – breaks down decaying
plant & animal matter THEN absorbs itplant & animal matter THEN absorbs it
Most are molds or yeastsMost are molds or yeasts
MoldsMolds – grows on old bread – grows on old bread YeastsYeasts – microorganisms make bread rise – microorganisms make bread rise
ChitinChitin – in cell walls of hyphae found in – in cell walls of hyphae found in insects’ exoskeletoninsects’ exoskeleton
IMPORTANT recycler of organic matter IMPORTANT recycler of organic matter in nature!in nature!
Structures Structures HyphaeHyphae - mass of filaments of - mass of filaments of
cells cells MyceliumMycelium – forms the hyphae – forms the hyphae
the part we don’t see the part we don’t see
ReproductionReproduction
Asexual Asexual when hyphae break off and start growing when hyphae break off and start growing
on their ownon their own SporangiaSporangia – spores produced in special – spores produced in special
hyphae called hyphae called sporangiosporessporangiospores – spores – spores with enclosed sacwith enclosed sac
ConidiaConidia – spores without sac – spores without sac FragmentationFragmentation – hypha shatter – spores – hypha shatter – spores
releasedreleased BuddingBudding – in yeast when pinches off piece of – in yeast when pinches off piece of
cellcell
Sexual Sexual
Fusion occurs when hyphae of differing Fusion occurs when hyphae of differing mating types (+ or -) meet mating types (+ or -) meet
Produce sporesProduce spores
EvolutionEvolution
Evolved from prokaryotesEvolved from prokaryotes
Classification Classification
Classified by structure & reproductionClassified by structure & reproduction Phylum basidiomycotaPhylum basidiomycota Phylum ascomycotaPhylum ascomycota LichensLichens
Phylum ZygomycotaPhylum Zygomycota
Bread fungusBread fungus RhizoidsRhizoids – anchor (root) in bread – anchor (root) in bread
Breaks down nutrients in bread for absorptionBreaks down nutrients in bread for absorption (page 546 diagram)(page 546 diagram)
Phylum BasidiomycotaPhylum Basidiomycota
Also called Also called club fungusclub fungus Mushrooms are Mushrooms are
basidiocarpsbasidiocarps Stalk or stemStalk or stem capcap GillsGills Dikaryotic basidiaDikaryotic basidia
Phylum AscomycotaPhylum Ascomycota
Parasitic “sac fungi” live in salt/fresh water Parasitic “sac fungi” live in salt/fresh water & land& land
Infections & Diseases Infections & Diseases
Athlete’s foot or RingwormAthlete’s foot or Ringworm – infect skin, – infect skin, hair, nails & tissueshair, nails & tissues
Vaginal yeast infectionsVaginal yeast infections Tinea cruris (jock itch)Tinea cruris (jock itch) histoplasmosishistoplasmosis
Good fungiGood fungi
PenicillinPenicillin Antibiotics – cephalosporium & rhizopusAntibiotics – cephalosporium & rhizopus Cheese, beer, wine, soy products, breadsCheese, beer, wine, soy products, breads Not to mention my favorite: mushrooms!Not to mention my favorite: mushrooms!
Overview of FungiOverview of Fungi
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BIO304
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BIO704
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BIO604
Lichens Lichens
Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is not a single organism the way most other not a single organism the way most other living things are, but rather living things are, but rather
Lichens are a combination of two Lichens are a combination of two organisms which live together intimately. organisms which live together intimately. composed of fungal filaments, but living with composed of fungal filaments, but living with
filaments (algal cells)filaments (algal cells)• green alga or a cyanobacterium. green alga or a cyanobacterium.
ReferencesReferences http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/protista/pictures/paramecium.gif http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Zoo/amoeba_big.JPG http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/cells/amoeba.gif http://www.agpix.com/catalog/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41/large/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41_0004_Lg.jpg http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/images/Plasmodium%20cathemerium%2012%20midnite.jpg http://www.membranetransport.org/media/organism/tvag1.jpg http://www.biology-resources.com/drawing-amoeba-reproduction.html http://www.students.emory.edu/HYBRIDVIGOR/images/conjugation.jpg www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjugation.html http://vocker.superfreethought.com/naturalphotographs/microorganisms/ima
ges/DSC01832-Radiolarians.jpg http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T
073615A.gif http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/webpictures/
dovercliffs.jpg http://marinebio.org/i/giant_kelp.jpg http://www.rain.org/campinternet/channelhistory/kelp/kelp98.jpg http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/marinehabitat/images/Food_Web3.gif http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Spirogyra/Spirogyra.jpg http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista
/Protists/grnalgafillc_2.gif http://www.liv.ac.uk/images/newsroom/press_releases/2006/01/red_tide.jpghttp://www.liv.ac.uk/images/newsroom/press_releases/2006/01/red_tide.jpg http://ic.ucsc.edu/~flegal/etox80e/SpecTopics/AlgalBlooms/alg_p1.jpghttp://ic.ucsc.edu/~flegal/etox80e/SpecTopics/AlgalBlooms/alg_p1.jpg http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.htmlhttp://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/euglena.JPGhttp://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/euglena.JPG http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_3.htmlhttp://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_3.html
References cont’References cont’ http://www.glaucus.org.uk/BracketFungus014.jpghttp://www.glaucus.org.uk/BracketFungus014.jpg http://www.burrard-lucas.com/photo/peru/manu_biosphere/http://www.burrard-lucas.com/photo/peru/manu_biosphere/
manu_macro/fungus_2.jpgmanu_macro/fungus_2.jpg http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/fungus-r02-1-http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/fungus-r02-1-
num7.jpgnum7.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=726&rendTypeId=4http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=726&rendTypeId=4 http://www.mo.gov/mo/mophotos/parks/http://www.mo.gov/mo/mophotos/parks/
PA_ShelfFungus_Terrell_052405.jpgPA_ShelfFungus_Terrell_052405.jpg http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/flora.htmlhttp://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/flora.html http://ethnopharmacology.com/fungi/mush.jpghttp://ethnopharmacology.com/fungi/mush.jpg http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpghttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1402/fungi1.gifhttp://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1402/fungi1.gif