the french revolution

The French RevolutioN and the Napoleonic Empire

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THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE

1789FRENCH

REVOLUTION

Start of the Modern Age

Political, economic and social changes

based on Enlightenment

End of the Ancien Régime

Reforms influenced by

Enlightenment ideas

New regime

New habits and customs in the

everyday life of the population

THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE•The French Revolution marked the arrival

of a new era, which symbolised by the famous slogan:

LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY

The slogan of the revolution (artist and date unknown)

THE CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

•What is a revolution?

Dramatic changes that

often includes:

The fall of a government

The transformation of a social and economic order

•Importance of the French Revolution?

▫violent political and social change.

▫abolition of the absolute monarchy.

▫the end of the estates system of

the Ancien Régime.

CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Influence of the Enlightenment

Political crisis

Economic crisis Social crisis

THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONPolitical crisis

What were The Estates General?

• A meeting of representatives of the three estates of the realm in France.

• They gave the king some adviseon important issues, such as tax increases.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONPolitical crisis

THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONPolitical crisis•King Louis XVI (1774-

1792)▫He governed France as an

absolute monarch.▫He opposed meetings of

the Estates General.▫The estates of the realm:

could not present their demands.

Could not try to limit the king´s power. Why did Louis XVI oppose meetings

of this body?

THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONEconomic crisis• The French state was

bankrupt (without money and unable to pay debts).

▫Causes: participation in military

conflicts, such as the American War of independence.

The royal family spent large amounts of money on palaces, luxury goods and extravagant parties.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONEconomic crisis

•How did Louis XVI´s ministers try to improve the country finances?▫Increasing taxes

Even for the privileged upper classes.

Turgot

Necker

THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONSocial crisis•All three estates of the realm were

discontented with the crown, but for different reasons.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONSocial crisis

▫They wanted to protect their traditional economic privileges.

▫They refused to pay the taxes the king´s ministers were demanding.

Why were the nobility and clergy discontent with the king?

▫The upper class or bourgeoisie They wanted to abolish the

absolute monarchy because it didn´t allow them to participate in government.

Why was the Third Estate discontent with the king?

Bourgeoisie: upper middle class, including lawyers, doctors, and merchants and businessmen who control trade.

▫The lower class of petite bourgeoise They were suffering from economic

difficulties caused by wars, higher taxes and increased competition from British products.

Petite bourgeoisie: lower middle class, such as small merchants and artisans.

▫The peasantry

They also suffered economic problems caused by wars, taxes and poor harvest.

They also had to pay higher rent to the clergy and nobility.

▫The middle class and peasantry were angered by the luxurious lifestyle of the royal family and court.

▫They rejected the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the nobility.

MAJOR EVENTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

MAJOR EVENTS THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

• STARTING POINT

▫ Bankrupt in France

▫ Privileged people refuse to

pay taxes.

What did the king have to

do to face this economic crisis?

The king decided to call together the Estates General in

1789 in order to increse taxes.▫ The last time a French king called together the Estates General was in 1614.

The minister Necker duplicated the number of

representatives of the Third State in the Estates General to

stop the power of the privileged people.

THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY July 1789

•Estates General: the problem of the voting system

Nobility and clergy´s voting proposal: 2 votes out of one.

Third Estate´s voting proposal: each representative would have an individual vote.

Third StatePrivi-leged people

•Estates General: the problem of the voting system▫The king refused to the Third Estate´s

proposal The Third Estate´s reaction

They realised that their group was the biggest in number of people.

They declared themselves the true representatives of the nation.

They formed a National Assembly and demanded a constitution.

The National Assembly• The Third State met at the

Tennis Court (Juego de Pelota) where they swore that they would be gathered until they had written a constitution.

Tennis Court OathBy Jacques-Louis David

(Juramento del Juego de Pelota)The Constituent Assembly

THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1791

A new Constituent Assembly was elected to write a constitution.

At the same time, protesters began

to riot in the streets of Paris.

On 14 July 1789, they attacked

the Bastille (a famous political

prison of Luis XIV and symbol of

absolutism)

After that, more riots broke out in

the countryside and in other cities

around France.

The Storming of the Bastille by Jean-Pierre-Louis-Laurent Houe

(La toma de la Bastilla)

Objectives of the Constituent Assembly

To put an end to the Ancien Régime in France.

To write a Constitution

• In reaction to the violent protests, theConstituent Assembly implemented a number of legal reforms:

Reforms of the Constituent Assembly

Abolition of the feudal rights.

suppression of the tithe

Suppression of the jurisdiction of the privileged.

Approval of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

Guarantee of personal freedom and liberty

• End of the Ancien Régime.

• Triumph of the liberal revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.1789

•The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen:

▫All men are born free and equal in their rights

▫Liberty consists of the freedom to do anything which doesn´t harm other people.

•What is the king´s reaction?▫He tries to escape to

Austria to ask for support there.

▫The revolutionaries discovered the king´s plans and prevented his escape.

French Constitution 1791

A constitutional monarchy

Separation of powers

Limited male

suffragePopular sovereignty

Triumph of the upper bourgeoisie´s ideas.

•The bourgeoisie was happy with the Constitution and wanted to stop the revolution here.

•But the sans-culottes wanted deeper changes in society and in property.

•The king and the privileged didn´t accept these changes.

A «sans-culottes»: workers and craftsmen.

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 1791-1792

•After the Constitution had been adopted, a new Legislative Assembly was elected to implement the legal changes.

Political groups

Girondins Jacobins

Believed in the revolution but represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.

Moderate political ideas.

Liberal economic policies that helped the middle class.

Limited suffrage.

GIRONDINS

Believed in the revolution, but their ideas were more radical.

Abolition of the monarchy and put the king on trial.

Expand the suffrage.

Control price rises to help workers.

They gained support of the Parisinian labourers known as «san´s-cullotes»

JACOBINS

•Louis XVI opposed the reforms of the Legislative Assembly:▫He asked Austria for support.

Legislative Assembly´s reaction

Imprisoned the king

Abolished the monarchy

Declared a republic

THE GIRONDIN CONVENTION1792-1793

▫The beginning of the Republic starts the radical and popular phase of the Revolution.

▫There were elections for a new Assembly called: The Convention:

Louis XVI was accused of treason and then executed.

Execution of Louis XVI. 21 January 1793

«The end, not of a man, but of an institution»

THE CONVENTION1792-1793

•A number of European countries formed a coalition and declared war on France to prevent the revolution from spreading.

THE JACOBIN CONVENTION AND THE TERROR (1793-1794)

• The «sans-culottes» gave a «coup-d

´Etat» against the Girondins in

June 1793.

• The leader of the Jacobins was

Robespierre.

• The Jacobins took control of the

government and imposed a

dictatorship, known as the

Terror. Robespierre

• As President of the Republic,

Robespierre established a

repressive, dictatorial

government (The Terror) to

defend the revolution and eliminate

his political adversaries.

▫ Robespierre owned the three

powers.

▫ The consitution was cancelled. Robespierre

• The jacobins persecuted

people they believed to be

counter-revolutionaries.

• More than 42.000 people

were executed by guillotine

during the Terror.

•27 July 1794 there was a

Coup-d´Etat.

•When Robespierre was

removed from power, he

was also executed by

guillotine in the Place de

la Révolution. Robespierre´s execution by guillotine.

THE DIRECTORY 1795-1799

• By 1795, France´s moderate middle class had gained

control of the country.

• To avoid a new dictatorship, a moderated government

was created.

▫ The executive power was controlled by a Directory

A more conservative government which was composed of

five members.

Created to stop the violence and executions.

▫ New Constitution (1795)

THE CONSULATE1799

• The Directory was weak.

▫ Supporters of the monarchy wanted to restore the Borbons.

▫ Radical revolutionaries wanted to regain control.

• In response, General Napoleon

Bonaparte organised a military

coup and established a new form

of government called the

Consulate. Coup-d´Etat. 18 Brumario.

THE CONSULATE1799

•The Consulate was a group of three leaders known as consuls.

•It included Napoleon himself as head of state and First Consul.

Napoleon (centre) and other two leaders of the Consulate.

FROM REVOLUTION TO EMPIRE

Napoleon gradually increased its power:

• He was named First Consul for Life in 1802. (cónsul vitalicio)

Napoleon Bonaparte´s power

• In 1804 Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France.

Napoleon Bonaparte´s power

The Constitution of 1804 says that the government of the Republic is given to an emperor.

DOMESTIC POLICY

CIVIL CODE

A set of laws that applied equally to all citizens

NEW LEGAL CONCEPTS

Civil marriage, divorce, adoption and state education

Achievements of Napoleon as emperor

INTERNATIONAL POLICY

Expansion of his empire over other European powers.

As a result of many military victories

Imposition of the Enlightenment

and revolutionary policies

Including constitutions that abolished absolute

monarchy

Achievements of Napoleon as emperor

EUROPE IN THE 18TH CENTURY BEFORE NAPOLEON´S CONQUESTS

INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

Napoleon defeated all of the countries that were allied against France, except for Britain.

Continental blockade: measures taken by Napoleon between 1806-1807 to suppress the British trade with Europe.

THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

• From 1812 onwards, his power began to decline because he had to divide his forces between two very distant fronts:• Spain• The Russian Empire

• Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and went into exile on the island of Elba.

THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

• Napoleon went back to

power during a period

of one hundred days,

but he was definetly

defeated in Waterloo

(1815).

THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE• As a punishment, he was deported on

the small island of Saint Helena, where

he died.

Empty Napoleon´s tomb in Saint Helena

THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE• What happened after

Napoleon´s defeat?

• The victorious powers

re-established the

Ancien Régime,

although this only

lasted for a short period

of time.

Napoleon´s tomb in Les Invalides. Paris.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

•The most important consequence is the crisis and disintegration of the Ancien Régime.

Consequences

Political changes

Economic changes

Social changes

POLITICAL CHANGES

New forms of government

Constitutional

monarchies

Republics

New constitutions

based on:

Popular sovereignty

New constitutions established:

Limited male

suffrage

Civil rights

Emergence of political groups

Because of elections

ECONOMIC CHANGES

End of the economic privileges

All the citizens now had to pay tax and contritute to

the state´s expenses.

Included the nobility and clergy.

Property rights

Guaranteed by new laws.

Free trade

Guaranteed by new laws.

It benefited middle-

class merchants.

SOCIAL CHANGES

End of the estates system

Society in the Ancien Régime

Society after the French Revolution

SPAIN: OCUPATION AND LIBERATION

•Who was the king of Spain when the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire took place?

Carlos IV

Napoleon´s occupation of Spain

• Who was Godoy?

• He was one of Carlos IV´s most important ministers.

• He supported Napoleon in the war against Great Britain.

The war against Britain

• Spain participated in this

war with an important

fleet.

• But French and Spanish

forces were defeated by

the British at the Battle

of Trafalgar in 1805.

Portugal was allied with Great

Britain.

France asked Spain for

permission for the French

troops to pass through Spain on their way to attack Portugal.

Spain agreed and signed the Treaty of

Fontainebleau in 1807.

The consecuences of having lost against Great Britain.

But in the end, the French forces occupied Spain and sent Carlos IV and his son Fernando to Bayonne, in

France.

In Bayonne, Carlos IV and his son renounced

their rights to the Spanish throne in

favour of Napoleon.

Napoleon made his own brother,

Joseph Bonaparte, the

new king of Spain in 1808.

What is the consecuence of Napoleon´s occupation of

Spain?

The Spanish War of Independence

The Spanish war of Independence

• STARTING POINT:• On 2 May 1808 the people of Madrid rose up

against the French occupation.

The 2nd of May 1808 (Francisco de Goya, 1814)

Processes of the Spanish War

of Independence

1.- The war

2.- Political revolution

• At first, the Spanish forces

won some victories, such as

the Battle of Bailen.

• Soon the French occupation

was almost complete.

• Some areas, such as Zaragoza

o Girona, resisted the French

for a time, but were finally

conquered.

• Cádiz was the only city that

did not fall to the French.

1.-THE

• Finally, the French were

defeated in 1813, thanks

• Support from British

Forces led by the

Duke of Wellington.

• Finally, the French were

defeated in 1813, thanks

• Groups Spanish

citizens who

carried out

guerrilla attacks on

the French forces.

Group of Spanish warriors against the French troops.

Guerrilla: use of irregular military tactics against a regular army, such as surprise attacks and sabotage.

The Spanish war of IndependenceP

Two separate

governments

Joseph Bonaparte as the head of the Government in Spain

The Central Council as the representation of the absent Fernando

2.-POLITICAL

REVOLUTION

The government of Joseph Bonaparte (Joseph I)

He was the head of the

French government in

Spain.

He imposed the Bayonne Constitution

Enlightened reforms:

- Equality under the law.

- Everyone had to pay taxes.

He had some Spanish

supporters, called

afrancesados

Most Spanish people rejected his

authority.

The Central Council(Junta Suprema Central )

It represented the absent Fernando

VII in the areas not occupied by the

French.

It coordinated local and provincial

councils that had been elected.

It was the first time that Spanish people

had their own elected

representatives.

• In response to

French advances,

the Central Council

took refuge in

Cádiz.

• In 1810 was replaced by

the Regency Council:

• It was a provisional

government of Spain,

opposed to the French.

• It called together the

Cortes.

• In 1812 the Cortes of Cádiz approved the first

Spanish constitution.

This was the

victory of

Enlightnement

ideas over the

Ancien Régime

in Spain.

The adoption of the Constitution in 1812. Salvador Viniegra (Museo de las Cortes de Cádiz).

• In 1812 the Cortes of Cádiz approved the first

Spanish constitution.

This was the

victory of

Enlightnement

ideas over the

Ancien Régime

in Spain.

The adoption of the Constitution in 1812. Salvador Viniegra (Museo de las Cortes de Cádiz).

The first Spanish constitution

Constitution of 1812

Constitutional monarchy

Catholicism as the state

religion Guaranteed rights and freedoms

Popular sovereignty

Executive: MonarchLegislative: Monarch and CortesJudicial: Courts of Justice

• Equality under the law• The rights of:

• Privacy• Freedom of the

press• Prohibition of

torture

¡Viva la pepa! es el grito con el que desde el 19 de marzo de 1812 (festividad de San José) proclamaban los liberales españoles su adhesión a la Constitución de Cádiz (proclamada ese día, y conocida popularmente como la Pepa).

¡VIVA LA PEPA!

ART:THE EMPIRE STYLE AND GOYA

The Empire Style: Neoclassicism

•What is the Empire Style?

▫It is a variant of Neoclassicism that

emerged during the Napoleonic Empire,

and lasted from 1800 to 1820.

▫Its main characteristics reflected

Napoleon´s personal aesthetic tastes.

•Defining characteristics of the Empire

Style?

▫Simple forms

▫Decorations that imitated

classical Greek or Roman

art styles.

•Architecture

▫Commemorative

arches and

columns, similar to

those of the Roman

Empire. The Arc de Triomphe in Paris, designed by Chalgrin.

•Sculpture

▫Made of white marble

▫Mithological themes

or famous people.

Paulina Bonaparte, by Canova

•Painting

Historical and mythological

themes.

Many portraits of famous people.

The coronation of Napoleon, by David.

Cupid and Psyche, by Gérard.

Who was Goya?

• Francisco de Goya was a court painter during the reigns of Carlos IV, José I and Fernando VII.

• Goya was the most significant Spanish artist of his time.

How was Goya´s work?• His work is difficult to classify

because he created his personal style.

• It depended on varios factors:▫ His professional career as a

court painter.▫ His experiences during the War

of Independence.▫ An illness left Goya deaf and he

retired to his estate in Madrid.▫ During his final years, he lived

in Burgundy, France.

Periods of Goya´s

paintings

The court period

The Spanish War of

Independence

Retirement to his estate and

exile in France

1.- COURT PERIOD•Cartoons for tapestries made in the royal

factory.

The dance of San Antonio de la Florida.

One characteristic:

Use of pastel colours, such as pinks, and blues, and sense of depth.

COURT PERIOD•Portraits of the royal family and nobility.

Carlos IV´s family.

One characteristic:

Depiction of people´s psicological characteristics.

1.- COURT PERIOD•Religious paintings.

Frescoes in the Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida, in Madrid.

One characteristic:

Depiction of popular festivals and the miracles of St. Anthony.

1.- COURT PERIOD•Prints from etchings:

The caprices

One characteristic:

Criticism of Spanish customs.

2.- THE SPANISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE•Historical themes.

The 2nd and 3rd of May 1808

Characteristics:• Variety of different

poses with lots of action.

• Protests against war and its horrific consequences.

2.- THE SPANISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE•Prints from engravings.

The disparates

Characteristics:• Criticism of the

Ancien Régime.• Depictions of

bullfighting themes.

The tauromaquia

The disasters of war

3.- RETIREMENT TO HIS ESTATE IN MADRID •Black paintings.

Characteristics:• Reflections on old age

and death.• Dark colours and night

scenes.• Loose brush-strokes

and less-defined figures.

Two old men eating soup.

Fight with cudgels.

3.- EXILE IN FRANCE

•Burgundy paintings.

One characteristic:• Depictions of daily

life.• Loose brush-strokes

and less-defined figures.

The milkmaid of Bordeaux.

_______________Mª Isabel Aguña AguerriProfesora de Geografía e HistoriaSección Bilingüe

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