the french revolution and the reign of terror:. french revolution 1789-1815
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The French Revolution and the The French Revolution and the Reign of Terror:Reign of Terror:
French RevolutionFrench Revolution
1789-18151789-1815
France was made up of three France was made up of three classes/estatesclasses/estates
Lowest Estate97% of Population½ income in taxes•The Bourgeoisie
educated – lawyers, merchants•Workers / Peasants
Lowest Estate97% of Population½ income in taxes•The Bourgeoisie
educated – lawyers, merchants•Workers / Peasants
Privileged Rich Nobles
composed 2% of population, but owned
20 % of land.Paid no taxes
Privileged Rich Nobles
composed 2% of population, but owned
20 % of land.Paid no taxes
PrivilegedClergy composed1% of population,
but owned 10% of Land and paid
2% of taxes
PrivilegedClergy composed1% of population,
but owned 10% of Land and paid
2% of taxes
First EstateFirst Estate Second EstateSecond Estate Third EstateThird Estate
Causes of the French RevolutionCauses of the French Revolution
The Enlightenment Ideas spread and The Enlightenment Ideas spread and people began people began questioning the questioning the structure of societystructure of society..
People started using word like People started using word like Equality, Equality, Liberty, Liberty, & & DemocracyDemocracy
The The AmericanAmerican Revolution inspired Revolution inspired change within Francechange within France
France’s economy was failing and France’s economy was failing and Taxes Taxes were becoming too large of a burden.were becoming too large of a burden.
More Causes: French Government More Causes: French Government goes into heavy debt goes into heavy debt
French French EconomyEconomy was failing as the was failing as the PopulationPopulation was expanding rapidly. was expanding rapidly.
The cost of living The cost of living RoseRose as the price of as the price of bread bread DoubledDoubled
Debt increased as a result of France’s Debt increased as a result of France’s involvement in the involvement in the AmericanAmerican Revolution.Revolution.
Another Cause: Louis XVI can be Another Cause: Louis XVI can be categorized as a categorized as a WeakWeak ruler ruler
Louis XVI married Louis XVI married MarieMarie AntoinetteAntoinette when he was only 15when he was only 15
Marie Antoinette was unpopular Marie Antoinette was unpopular because she was a member of the because she was a member of the Austrian Royal Family.Austrian Royal Family.
Causes for the RevolutionCauses for the Revolution
War KingEstate System
Enlightenment
•American Revolution
•Cost $
•Louis XVIWas Weak
•Spent too Much Money
•Class System•was unfair
•3rd Estate•had no rights
•Ideas influenced change
The Dawn of RevolutionThe Dawn of Revolution Tax reforms had to be madeTax reforms had to be made France was in too much debtFrance was in too much debt
Third Estate wants to voteThird Estate wants to vote
Abbe SieyesAbbe Sieyes: : What is the Third Estate? What is the Third Estate? EverythingEverything
What has it been up to now in the What has it been up to now in the
political order? political order? Nothing Nothing What does it demand? What does it demand? To Become To Become
Something HereinSomething Herein
The Third Estate takes actionThe Third Estate takes action
Third Estate wanted to end the Third Estate wanted to end the Monarchy and put in place a Monarchy and put in place a Representative Representative Government. Government.
Made a pledge called Made a pledge called TennisTennis CourtCourt OathOath
King orders the Swiss Guard for King orders the Swiss Guard for protectionprotection
The Third Estate takes actionThe Third Estate takes action
The fall of The fall of BastilleBastille became a symbolic became a symbolic act of revolutionact of revolution
French RevolutionWaves of panic called the Waves of panic called the GreatGreat FearFear spread though Francespread though France
Peasants revolt & Storm Versailles = Peasants revolt & Storm Versailles = Louis and Marie Antoinette leave ParisLouis and Marie Antoinette leave Paris Signals the start of radical reform -----Signals the start of radical reform -----
When to Revolt?When to Revolt?
Students Students – Read and Answer the – Read and Answer the Questions below.Questions below.
Compare France in 1789 to Wheaton North Compare France in 1789 to Wheaton North High School today.High School today. Put the Put the Students, Administration Students, Administration &&
TeachersTeachers into Estates into Estates Explain why you put each group into their Explain why you put each group into their
Estates use the book and notes as a referenceEstates use the book and notes as a reference Under what conditions would it be ok for Under what conditions would it be ok for
the students to revolt against the other the students to revolt against the other Estates? Explain. Estates? Explain.
New Government in FranceNew Government in France
Third Estate creates the Third Estate creates the National National Assembly Assembly Pass laws to reform FrancePass laws to reform France
First and Second Estate join out of First and Second Estate join out of fearfear
National Assembly adopts the National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of ManDeclaration of the Rights of Man
New Government in FranceNew Government in France ““Men are born free and remain Men are born free and remain
free and equal in rights….the free and equal in rights….the aim of all political association aim of all political association is the preservation of the is the preservation of the natural….rights of man. These natural….rights of man. These rights are liberty, security, and rights are liberty, security, and resistance to oppression.” resistance to oppression.”
National Assembly creates the National Assembly creates the
new constitution called new constitution called Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly Had the right to Had the right to Create LawsCreate Laws Had the right to Had the right to approveapprove or or
preventprevent any war the king any war the king declareddeclared
War with Austria & PrussiaWar with Austria & Prussia
AustriaAustria & & PrussiaPrussia want Louis back want Louis back on throneon throne
Legislative Assembly declares warLegislative Assembly declares war France is not equipped to handle warFrance is not equipped to handle war Prussia threaten to destroy Prussia threaten to destroy ParisParis if if
the royal family was harmedthe royal family was harmed This angered French Revolutionaries This angered French Revolutionaries
called called ParisiansParisians
Fear of Parisian leads to changeFear of Parisian leads to change
Legislative Assembly gives up Legislative Assembly gives up Constitution of 1791Constitution of 1791
Create Create National ConventionNational Convention Abolish Monarch and declare France Abolish Monarch and declare France
a a RepublicRepublic
Death reigns supremeDeath reigns supreme
Radicals members of Radicals members of bourgeoisie called bourgeoisie called JacobinsJacobins
Wanted King Louis tried for Wanted King Louis tried for TreasonTreason because of a failed because of a failed escape attemptescape attempt
Louis was put to the Louis was put to the Guillotine Guillotine where his head where his head would be cut offwould be cut off
Thousands died by the Thousands died by the guillotine guillotine
Struggle for PowerStruggle for Power
Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre gained gained control of French Republiccontrol of French Republic
Wanted to build a “Wanted to build a “Republic of Republic of Virtue”Virtue”
Became leader of Became leader of Committee of Committee of Public SafetyPublic Safety Decided who was enemy of French Decided who was enemy of French
RepublicRepublic
Reign of Terror in FranceReign of Terror in France
RobespierreRobespierre governs by dictatorship governs by dictatorship His period of control was called the His period of control was called the
Reign of TerrorReign of Terror First victim was First victim was Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Many people were afraid to speak out Many people were afraid to speak out
against Robespierre’s policiesagainst Robespierre’s policies Reign ended when Reign ended when National National
ConventionConvention turned on Robespierre and turned on Robespierre and sent him to the sent him to the GuillotineGuillotine
Napoleon Forges an Napoleon Forges an EmpireEmpire
Section 3Section 3
Napoleon gains controlNapoleon gains control
5’3” 5’3” At 16 he was At 16 he was
lieutenantlieutenant Fought for Fought for
RevolutionRevolution Savior of French Savior of French
RepublicRepublic Leader of French Leader of French
ArmyArmy Dictator of FranceDictator of France
Coup d’etatCoup d’etat – – Overthrow Overthrow GovernmentGovernment
Forced take overForced take over Josephine’s Josephine’s
influence with influence with wealthy directorswealthy directors
Who was Napoleon? How Napoleon gained Power?
Life under NapoleonLife under Napoleon The Economy Government/
SocietyReligion
Revolution Goals
Equal Taxes Lower
Inflation
Less Government Corruption
Equal Opportunity
Less Power in Catholic Church
Religious Tolerance
Napoleons Actions
Set up fair tax Set up fair tax codescodesSet up Set up national banknational bankStabilized Stabilized currencycurrencyLoans to Loans to businessesbusinesses
Appointed Appointed officials by officials by meritmeritFired corrupt Fired corrupt officialsofficialsCreated lyceesCreated lyceesCreated code Created code of lawsof laws
Recognized Recognized Catholic Catholic churchchurchSigned Signed agreement agreement with popewith popeRetained Retained church landchurch land
Life under Napoleon cont…Life under Napoleon cont…
Napoleon signed a Napoleon signed a Concordat Concordat (agreement)(agreement) with Pope Pius VII with Pope Pius VII Government recognized the churchGovernment recognized the church No impact in national affairsNo impact in national affairs
Created Created Napoleonic CodesNapoleonic Codes Comprehensive set of lawsComprehensive set of laws Eliminate injusticeEliminate injustice Limited libertyLimited liberty Promoted Promoted order and authorityorder and authority over over
individual rightsindividual rights
Napoleon Expands his EmpireNapoleon Expands his Empire
Western Empire included: Western Empire included: Louisiana, Louisiana, Florida, French Guiana, West IndiesFlorida, French Guiana, West Indies
Key was sugar producing colony of Key was sugar producing colony of Saint Saint DomingueDomingue Napoleon abandons colony after difficult fight Napoleon abandons colony after difficult fight
with slaveswith slaves U.S. show interest in U.S. show interest in Louisiana TerritoryLouisiana Territory Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory for Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory for $15 $15
MillionMillion to Thomas Jefferson. to Thomas Jefferson.
Napoleon Expands his EmpireNapoleon Expands his Empire
Britain persuades Russia, Austria, and Britain persuades Russia, Austria, and Sweden to join Sweden to join Third CoalitionThird Coalition Eventually Prussia, Russia and Austria sign Eventually Prussia, Russia and Austria sign
peace treatiespeace treaties Britain becomes biggest threat to FranceBritain becomes biggest threat to France
Napoleon’s only lost against the Third Napoleon’s only lost against the Third Coalition was the Coalition was the Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar British Navy was superiorBritish Navy was superior Commanded by Commanded by Horatio NelsonHoratio Nelson Proved two things: British still had strongest Proved two things: British still had strongest
Navy & Napoleon had to give up plans to Navy & Napoleon had to give up plans to invade Britain.invade Britain.
Napoleon focuses his efforts toward Napoleon focuses his efforts toward expanding French bordersexpanding French borders
Nationalism leads to Nationalism leads to greedgreed
Nationalism Spreads Nationalism Spreads to other countriesto other countries
Led to his defeatLed to his defeat
Citizens wanted a Citizens wanted a better countrybetter country
Wanted reformWanted reform French Support of WarFrench Support of War
Nationalism both helps and hurts Nationalism both helps and hurts Napoleon’s effortsNapoleon’s efforts
Define Nationalism: Define Nationalism: A strong feeling of A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to ones countrypride in and devotion to ones country
Helped Hurt
Spain and Austria Resist French Spain and Austria Resist French ControlControl
Spain uses Guerilla Warfare to attack Spain uses Guerilla Warfare to attack FranceFrance
Define Guerilla Warfare: Define Guerilla Warfare: Hit and run Hit and run raids of small bands of soldiersraids of small bands of soldiers
Austria loses Austria loses Battle of AusterlitzBattle of Austerlitz and and Battle of WagramBattle of Wagram
Sign peace agreement Sign peace agreement Surrenders Surrenders lands populated by more than lands populated by more than 3 3 millionmillion people people
Russia and France BattleRussia and France Battle
Napoleon assembles Grand ArmyNapoleon assembles Grand Army 600,000600,000 Soldiers and Soldiers and 50,00050,000 Horses Horses
Russia uses Russia uses Scorched-Earth PolicyScorched-Earth Policy to avoid Napoleonto avoid Napoleon French army become desperate for food French army become desperate for food
in long winterin long winter Only Only 20,00020,000 soldiers were leftsoldiers were left Many desertedMany deserted
The End is NearThe End is Near
Napoleon’s defeat crushes his reputationNapoleon’s defeat crushes his reputation An alliance of Europe work to defeat An alliance of Europe work to defeat
Napoleon at Napoleon at Battle of NationsBattle of Nations Exiled to Exiled to ElbaElba an island in the an island in the
MediterraneanMediterranean Escapes and returns to France – Known Escapes and returns to France – Known
as the as the 100 days100 days Loses at Battle of Loses at Battle of WaterlooWaterloo – Britain – Britain
and Prussia vs. Franceand Prussia vs. France
Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna
After Waterloo the heads of countries After Waterloo the heads of countries had to had to restore orderrestore order in Europe in Europe
The congress met for The congress met for 10 months10 months The dominate figure was The dominate figure was MetternichMetternich
– Prince of Austria– Prince of Austria Main goals were to Main goals were to Establish a Establish a
Balance or Power and to Create a Balance or Power and to Create a Lasting Peace in EuropeLasting Peace in Europe
Failed to see the effects of Failed to see the effects of NationalismNationalism