teaching indonesian as a foreign language - affix

Group 5Margaretha Lintar Melati - 112010003Natanael Ade Kurniawan - 112010017

Maria Lusia Anindya Larasati - 112010087

TINFL

Ter- Verb

Verbs with prefix ter-

1. Stative ter- verbsVerbs refer to a state of affairsIf there is no actor involved means there is no

action happenedRoot Ter- Root MeaningApung Di Kalimantan

Selatan ada pasar terapung

In South Kalimantan there is a floating market.

Letak Koran itu terletak di atas meja.

The newspaper is (located) on the table.

Tulis Surat itu tertulis dalam bahasa Inggris.

The letter is written in English.

Buat Bajunya terbuat dari sutra.

Her dress is made of silk.

2. Accidental ter-

Accidental = uncontrolled actions and not appropriate in all cases

unintended, unexpected, agentless, involuntary, sudden

Deliberate AccidentalTasnya ditinggalkan di kantor Tasnya tertinggal di kantorHis bag was left at the office. His bag was left at the office.

Accidental verbs can be transitive or intransitive

Intransitive accidental ter- verbs without object

The action often occuring suddenly and unexpectedly

Transitive accidental ter- verbs with objectVerbs are passive and it occurs even if the

agent is first or second personIntransitive Transitive Maman tertidur di kelasMaman fell asleep in class

Buku saya terbawa oleh kamuYou took my book by mistake

Tadi pagi saya terbangun jam limaThis morning I woke at five o’clock

Obat itu terminum oleh sayaThe medicine was accidentally drunk by me

when i- or kan- are the suffix usually dropsExamples: - Agassi dan Graf tersingkir (Agassi and

Graf were eliminated)- Kita memang mudah terpesona oleh

barang-barang mahal (We are indeed easily enticed by expensive goods)

Abilitative ter- verbsIndicate that the agent has the ability to

perform the actionexample:- Mobil itu tidak terbeli oleh saya.- I can’t afford to buy that car.

All abilitative constructions are transitive and passiveexample:Suaranya terdengar oleh saya. = His voice is heard by me.

Abilitative ter- verbsAbilitative verbs are usually negated,

indicating the inability of the agent to perform the action.example:- Pertanyaan itu tidak terjawab oleh Saya.- I can’t answer that question.

Abilitative ter- verbsFrequently an agent is not exposed:

Gambarnya tidak terlihat dari sini.That picture can’t be seen from here.

For abilitative ter- verbs, if a basic verb has suffix –kan or –i, it will be retained. example:terpecahkan, terselesaikan, terhindari, teratasi

Abilitative ter- verbsIt is possible to use abilitative ter- verbs

without negation.example:Masalah itu akhirnya terselesaikan.

Abilitative ter- verbsThere is nowadays a tendency for

redundant dapat ‘can’ to occur if the verb is not negated.example:Bunyi telepon itu dapat terdengar dari sini.The sound of that phone can be heard from here.

Abilitative ter- verbsInstead of a ter- verb, a basic di- verb with

bisa or dapat very frequently occurs to indicate ability:example:Masalah ini belum dapat dipecahkan.This problem cannot yet be solved.

Potentially ambiguous ter- verbsSome ter- verbs are potentially ambiguous as

to accidental and abilitative action.example:AbilitativeApa terbawa oleh kau paket sebesar itu?Were you able to carry that big parcel?AccidentalMaaf, koran saudara terbawa oleh Saya.Sorry, I took your newspaper by mistake.

Potentially ambiguous ter- verbsIt is possible for a word to be ambiguous to all

three basic functions of ter-.example:StativePintu terbukaThe door is open.

Potentially ambiguous ter- verbs

AccidentalMatanya terbuka lebar karena keheranan.His eyes opened wide with amazement.AbilitativeAkhirnya pintu itu terbuka juga olehnyaFinally he did manage to open the door.

Retention and loss of suffixes with ter- verbs

If a basic transitive verb has a suffix, this is retained with an abilitative ter- verbExample:- teratasi- terselesai

but usually dropped with an accidental verb.Example:- tertidur- terjatuh

Other forms with ter-There are many ter- verbs which do not fit

easily into any of those three categories. Some verbs like ‘tertawa’ (laugh) and

‘tersenyum’ (smile) can be grouped with intransitive accidentals.

Some words with ter- are not verbs. Such words include ‘terlalu’ (too), ‘terlambat’ (late), ‘terhadap’ (towards), ‘terutama’ (especially), ‘termasuk’ (including).

Verbs with circumfix ke-…anWith few exceptions this verbs are

adversatives. It means that they indicate that the subject undergoes unpleasant or undesired experience or event.

Unlike basic verbs, adversative verbs explicitly focus attention on the adverse effect of the event on the subject.

Verbs with circumfix ke-…anThe following sentences can be translated in

the same way:Tomo’s car was stolen.1)Mobil Tomo dicuri.2)Tomo kecurian mobil.

The first sentence is simply a statement of what happened to Tomo’s car, while the second sentence specifically indicates that Tomo undergoes something unpleasant.

Subgroups of Ke-..an Circumfix

Subgroup 1Verbs in subgroup 1 derive from basic

intransitive verbs in clauses whose subject noun phrase contains a head noun and a possessor.example:Uang Tomo hilang.Tomo’s money is lost.

Verbs with circumfix ke-…anFrom that example, the possessor (Tomo)

becomes the subject of the ke-…an verb and the original head noun (uang) is expressed as a complement.Tomo kehilangan uang.Tomo has lost his money.

Verbs with circumfix ke-…anIn this subgroup, the word ‘keguguran’ does

not have a complement.example:Ibu Asma keguguran tadi malam.Mrs. Asma had a miscarriage last night.

Verbs with circumfix ke-…anAlthough the complement is always

something possessed by the subject, possessive –nya is rare, but can occur.example:Dia kehilangan ayah(nya).He lost his father.

Subgroup 2correspond to transitive passive verbs. Have a complement indicating

something possessed by the subject.Some verbs can occur without complement

e.g: Saya kecopetan (dompet) di bus.

Subgroup 3Based on nounsThe subject is adversely affected by what

the base indicates.e.g: Dia kemalaman di hutan.The subject is unpleasantly affected by

malam.

Subgroup 4• Based on adjectives• The subject suffers from what the base

indicates to a severe degree• Must be distinguished from homophonous

nouns derived from the same adjectives. E.g: Ketakutan

• Must also be distinguished from colloquial adjectives meaning ‘too (base)’. E.g: Kedinginan

Subgroup 5• Verb have the same meaning as corresponding

basic verbs with affixation di-…-i , except that the action is explicitly adversative.e.g: kedatangan – didatangi- Bu Hartini didatangi wartawan- Bu Hartini kedatangan wartawan

• The noun following the verb is the agent. If it is perceived as the human instigator of the action, then it can be preceded by oleh.e.g: Dia ketahuan (oleh) ayahnya.

If it is inanimate then the use of oleh is unacceptable to many peoplee.g: Dia kejatuhan durian. (not kejatuhan oleh durian).

The verbs ketahuan and kedapatan allow a verb complemente.g: Dia kedapatan menggelapkan uang negara.He was caught embezelling state funds.

• A few verbs in subgroup 3 can also occur in subgroup 5

Subgroup 3 – based on nouns and do not have an agent.

e.g: Kota itu kebanjiran.Subgroup 5 – correspond to di-…-i verbs and can have an agent.

e.g: Kota itu kebanjiran (oleh) turis asing.

Subgroup 6 Includes several verbs whose subject is

not the person adversely affected but the thing possessed by that person.e.g: Rumah saya kebobolan.

The word ketinggalan ‘be left behind’ a person can be subject only if he or she is the ‘thing’ left behinde.g: Saya ketinggalan bus.

Two ke-…-an verbs are not adversative: Kelihatan dan Kedengaran.

Meaning ‘can be seen/heard’ these verbs function like passive verbs and can take agent.e.g: Musik itu kedengaran dari rumahku.

If the verb means ‘seems (looks/sounds)’ it cannot take agent, but can have adjectival compliment and can take –nya.e.g: Dia kelihatannya sakit. ( He looks sick. )

Acting like kelihatan are the afixless verb nampak and tampak ‘can be seen, visible’.e.g: Wajahnya tampak bercahaya.

Verbs with prefix ke-Only a few verbs occuring with prefix ke-Regarded as non-standard to some degree –

borrowing from JavaneseAlmost all ke- verbs correspond to ter- accidental

verbs.e.g:Ketipu (tertipu)Kesasar (tersasar)

A few verbs that are not ter- accidental verbs are having different form:Ketemu (bertemu)Ketimbang (dibandingkan dengan)

Thank You! Terima Kasih!