sociologiis sesavali pirveli leqcia · pdf filedakavsirebuli saqmianobis. magalitad, mesame...
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sociologiis Sesavali – pirveli leqcia
1. sociologia rogorc mecniereba.
2. sociologiuri midgomebi.
3. mikro da makro sociologiuri Teoriebi.
4. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi
5. sociologia da sxva socialuri mecnierebebi
6. Teoriuli dilemebi:
a. struqtura da aqtori;
b. konfliqti da konsensusi;
g. samyaros ganviTarebis modelebi;
d. genderuli dilema.
daskvna
neil smelzeri
1. sociologia rogorc mecniereba. sociologia, martivad rom vTqvaT, adamianis Seswavlis erT-erTi saSualebaa. sociologebi
cdiloben gaigon ratom iqcevian adamianebi garkveuli saxiT, ratom qmnian jgufebs, midian
omSi, Tayvans scemen rames, qorwindebian, xmas aZleven, e.i. yvelaferi rasac adgili aqvs
adamianebTan, rodesac isini erTmaneTTan urTierToben. Mmokled, sociologia SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, rogorc sazogadoebisa da socialuri uirTierTobebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
ra gvaqvs Cven mxedvelobaSi, rodesac vsaubrobT sazogadoebis mecnierulad Seswavlaze?
Ees rom naTeli gaxdes ganvixiloT, magaliTad, gamokvleva, romelic Caatara Cemma erT-erTma
studentma. (Cveni gansazRvrebis meore da mesame nawils Cven detalurad SevexebiT am wignis me-3-e TavSi).
Cemma studentma, markma, gadawyvita gaego Tu rogor uyureben adamianebi TaRliTobas. man
moamzada anketebi da dauriga studentebs berklis, kaliforniis universitetis teritoriaze
(stroul plazasa da aleaze). anketaSi iyo ramodenime kiTxva. students jer unda gaeca
pasuxi kiTxvaze Tu ra ufro cudia _ gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli sicrue Tu daxmarebebTan
dakavSirebuli TaRliToba. (gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli sicrue niSnavs Seni Semosavlis
Sesaxeb waradgino araswori cnobebi da Tavi aarido savaldebulo gadasaxads; daxmarebebTan
dakavSirebuli TaRliToba _ es aris saxelmwifosagan im fulis miReba, romelic Sen kanoniT
ar gekuTvnis).
anketaSi studentebma miuTiTes asaki, ganaTleba, mSoblebis saqmianoba, ojaxis Semosavali. sul gamokiTxul iqna 100 studenti. studentebma gamoTqves TavianTi azri Tu romeli
TaRliToba ufro gansakicxia. Seagrova ra yvela monacemebi, e.i. pasuxebi, marks unda SeerCia
maTi klasifikaciis meTodi, raTa gamokvlevas qonoda azri. man Tavidan sakuTar Tavs dausva
ramodenime kiTxva. vin ufro cdilobs Tavi aaridos dadgenil gadasaxads _ Raribebi Tu
saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi? albaT saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli, im martivi mizezis
gamo, rom mas meti fuli aqvs da maSasadame, upriania iTaRliTos gadasaxadebze. ician ra, rom
motyueba ar SeiZleba, saSualo Semosavliani ojaxi cdilobs imarTlos Tavi, irwmunebian, magaliTad, rom mTavroba Zalze did daaqveiTebs akeTebs maTi xelfasebidan, rom gadasaxadis
sidide imaT daadgines, vinc ukanonod Rebulobs daxmarebas. aseTi ojaxebidan gamosul
studentebze gavlena aqvs mSoblebis Sexedulebebs, da isinic albaT Tvlian, rom daxmarebis
arakanonieri miReba uaresia, vidre savaldebulo gadasaxadebisagan Tavis arideba.
Semdeg marki ayalibebs Tavis hipoTezas: saSualo Semosavliani ojaxidan gamosuli
studentebi Tvlian, rom daxmarebis arakanonieri miReba uaresia, vidre dadgenili
gadasaxadebisaTvis Tavis arideba. ra viTarebaa Raribi ojaxebidan gamosul studentebTan mimarTebaSi? xom ar miaCniaT maT,
rom gadasaxadebisagan Tavis arideba meti gankicxvis Rirsia, vidre daxmarebis ukanono miReba?
maT SeuZliaT miiRon daxmareba an icxovron siRaribis doneze. amitom isini, albaT dadebiTad CaTvlidnen saxelmwifosagan raimes miRebisaken miswrafebas. Ggarda amisa, SeiZleba es
studentebi gaaRizianos bevri fulis mqone adamianebma da CaTvalon, rom mdidrebs ufro
maRali gadasaxadebi unda qondeT. Mmarkis hipoTeza: dabalSemosavliani adamianebis azriT
dadgenili gadasaxadebisagan Tavis arideba ufro gasakicxia, vidre daxmarebis arakanonieri
miReba.
#1 cxrilis gacnobisas Tqven darwmundebiT, rom markis mier miRebuli monacemebi
asabuTeben mis hipoTezas: rogorc etyoba, marTlac arsebobs kavSiri ojaxis Semosavalsa da
TaRliTobis sxvadasxva saSualebebTan studentebis damokidebulebas Soris. garda amisa,
studentTa Sexedulebebze gavlena aqvs mSoblebis ganaTlebas. 1-2 cxrilebi mowmoben, rom:
rac ufro maRalia mSoblebis ganaTlebulobis done, miT ufro metia albaToba, rom maTi Svilebi mzad arian gakicxon daxmarebebis ukanono miReba. rac ufro dabalia es done, meti
albaTobaa, rom Svilebi gakicxaven gadasaxadebze Tavis aridebas.
miRebuli monacemebis analizis Sedegad marki akeTebs Ddaskvnas, rom gansaxilveli
problemisadmi gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba ganapiroba sazogadoebriv klasebs Soris
gansxvavebam. saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi naklebad kicxaven gadasaxadebze Tavis aridebas,
xolo dabali klasi _ daxmarebis ukanono miRebas, magram, rogorc Cans, erTi socialuri
klasis warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT midrekileba gakicxon meoris qceva da ara sakuTari.
cxrili #1.
mSoblebis Semosavlis gavlena damokidebulebaze ori saxis TaRliTobasTan. Semosavali Seadgens 15000 dolarze mets
weliwadSi (52 gamokiTxuli)
Semosavali Seadgens 15000 dolarze naklebs weliwadSi
(48 gamokiTxuli)
kiTxva
daxmarebis ukanono
miReba ufro cudia
gadasaxadebisgan Tavis
arideba ufro cudia
daxmarebis ukanono miReba ufro cudia
gadasaxadebisgan Tavis
arideba ufro cudia
studentebi pasuxi %
87 13 42 56
cxrili#2.
mSoblebis ganaTlebis done da damokidebuleba or saxis TaRliTobasTan. erT – erTi mSobeli mainc or weliwadze mets
swavlobda kolejSi (53 gamokiTxuli)
orive mSobeli or weliwadze naklebs swavlobda
kolejSi
kiTxva
daxmarebis ukanono
miReba ufro cudia
gadasaxadebisgan Tavis
arideba ufro cudia
daxmarebis ukanono miReba ufro cudia
gadasaxadebisgan Tavis
arideba ufro cudia
studentebi pasuxi %
75 25 32 68
gamokvlevis markiseuli proeqti SeiZleba CaiTvalos sociologiurad, oTxi mizezis gamo.
jer-erTi, monacemebi man aiRo realuri cxovrebidan _ miiRo Sesaswavli faqtebi. meore,
gamokvleva ise Camoayaliba, rom misi analizi SeiZleba Semadgeneli nawilebis mixedviT
(magaliTad, man mSoblebis Semosavali dayo or kategoriad: weliwadSi 1500 dolarze naklebi
da masze meti). Mmesame, man anketaSi mocemuli pasuxebis gansxvavebebi daasabuTa socialur
klasebze Teoriis daxmarebiT. Dda meoTxe, man gaaanaliza socialuri urTierTobebi,
gamoavlina Tu rogor moqmedebs Svilebze mSoblebis pozicia da cxovrebis wesi.
ra aris sociologia? markis gamokvleva SeiZleba CaiTvalos sociologiad miniaturaSi: faqtebi, ganzomileba,
hipoTezebis formulireba da socialuri urTierTobebis gamovlena. Mmarks surda ara
ubralod aexsna studentTa damokidebuleba sicruesa da TaRliTobasTan. is miiswrafvoda
aexsna es mecnierulad. Aam mizniT man Camoayaliba hipoTeza, Sekriba monacemebi da hipoTeza
Seamowma monacemTa analizis safuZvelze. swored aseTi midgoma gansazRvravs sociologias,
rogorc sazogadoebriv mecnierebas. gansakuTrebul mecnierebad Camoyalibeba sociologiam daiwyo mxolod ori saukunis win. Mmisi damfuZneblebi, XIX saukunis evropeli mecnierebi
(maTi ideebisa da Teoriebis mokle ganxilva mocemuli iqneba am wignis calkeul TavebSi)
cdilobdnen gaegoT da aexsnaT is uzarmazari cvlilebebi, romlebic gamoiwvia samrewvelo
revoluciebm, demokratiuli ideebisa da institutebis ganviTarebam. Aamerikuli sociologia,
romelic Camoyalibda XIX saukunis dasasruls, dakavSirebulia ZiriTadad samrewvelo
qalaqebis iseTi socialuri problemebis SeswavlasTan, rogorebicaa siRaribe, danaSauli da
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis depersonalizaciaa. aSS universitetebSi pirveli sociologiuri
fakultetebi gaixsna XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. Cveni saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ,,Cikagos
skolis” mecnierebma, romlebic iyvnen Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetis
TanamSromlebi, pirvelebma ganaxorcieles savele gamokvlevebi realur cxovrebiseul situaciebSi. Aaman mniSvnelovnad aamaRla sociologiuri dakvirvebebis sizuste. dReisaTvis
sociologia aRiarebuli saswavlo disciplinaa, Seiswavleba kolejebSi, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi disciplina, gamoiyeneba socialuri programebis SemuSavebisa da
ganxorcielebisaTvis, sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis gasaanalizeblad; is mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs kolejebis zogadsaganmanaTleblo programebSi. ganvixiloT detalurad
sazogadoebis Seswavlis es gansakuTrebuli saSualeba.
sazogadoeba mikroskopis qveS. Cveulebriv, gare samyaros Cven vyofT ,,faqtebis” sam gansxvavebul jgufad. Aarsebobs
biologiuri faqtebi: sunTqva, kveba, Zili da a.S. arsebobs fsiqologiuri faqtebi, magaliTad,
sasiyvarulo emociebi, siZulvili, an, vTqvaT aRqma, ferweruli naSromis WvretiT miRebuli
siamovneba. Dda arsebobs sociologiuri faqtebi, dakavSirebuli sazogadoebasTan da socialur
urTierTobebTan. Cven viRacasTan vmegobrobT, gvyavs TanamSromlebi, viricxebiT garkveul
jgufebSi. Tu samyaros amgvarad SevxedavT, TiTqosda logikis mixedviT mecnierebis yoveli
sfero unda swavlobdes faqtebis garkveul jgufs da ar unda exebodes sxva faqtebs. Mmagram sinamdvileSi es midgoma uvargisia. erTi da igive faqtiT SeiZleba dainteresdes mTeli rigi
mecnierebebi.
ganvixiloT qcevis martivi magaliTi: qalbatoni yidulobs oTx bileTs havais
kunZulebze gadasafrenad, sadac is da misi ojaxi gaatarebs orkvirian Svebulebas.
fsiqologma moisurva gaego, Tu am qalbatonma ratom airCia maicdamainc havais kunZulebi.
ekonomisti bileTebis SeZenas ganixilavda im kuTxiT, Tu rogor SeeZlo am qabatons sxvagvarad daexarja Tavisi fuli. sociologi aRniSnavda, rom sami sxva mgzavri aris am
qalbatonis meuRle da Svilebi; mas daebadeboda kiTxva, rogor SeeZloT maT gavlena mis
gadawyvetilebaze. Tqven SeiZleba darwmundeT, rom gansxvavebuli mecnieruli disciplinebi
sxvadasxvagvarad xsnian qcevis erTsa da imave elementebs. Aanalizis Semdegi etapia swored
sociologiuris da ara sinamdvilis fsiqologiuri, ekonomikuri an sxva xasiaTis
interpretacia. (monaTesave sociologiur disciplinebze qvemoT visaubrebT).
2. sociologiuri midgomebi.
gansxvavebuli faqtebis asaxsnelad da Sesaswavlad sociologia iyenebs xuT ZiriTad midgomas.
1. pirvelia demografiuli midgoma. sityva ,,demografia” berZnuli sityva ,,demos”-isasgan modis rac ,,xalxs” niSnavs (,,demokratias” _ igive fuZe aqvs). Ddemografia _ mosaxleobis
Seswavlaa, gansakuTrebiT Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, migraciis da adamianebis amasTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianobis. magaliTad, mesame samyaros erebis demografiuli analizi mogvcemda
maTi ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis mizezis axsnas, rom isini iZulebuli arian saSualebebis didi nawili daxarjon swrafad mzardi mosaxleobis gamokvebaze (ufro detalurad
demografiuli Taviseburebebis aspeqtebs ganvixilavT 8 da 18 TavebSi).
2. meore midgomaa fsiqologiuri. Aadamianis qcevas is agvixsnis adamianis, rogorc
pirovnebisadmi misi mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT. Seiswavleba motivebi, azrebi, Cvevebi,
socialuri ganwyoba, adamianis Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze. aseTi midgoma axasiaTebs
fsiqologias, magram is aseve damkvidrda sociologiaSi. socialuri fsiqologebi mraval
problemebs Seiswavlian, maT Soris iseTebs, rogorebicaa Tu rogor yalibdeba socialuri
ganwyoba, socializaciis procesSi sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierToba, panikasa da
areulobebis situaciebSi ganwyobis formireba da gavrceleba (detalurad es sakiTxebi
ganixileba 4,5 da 19 TavebSi). 3. koleqtivisturi midgoma gamoiyeneba, rodesac Cven vswavlobT or an met adamians,
romlebic qmnian jgufebs an organizaciebs. rodesac sociologi Seiswavlis iseT pirvelad
jgufebs, rogoricaa ojaxi, iseT formalur organizaciebs rogorebicaa armia an kompania
,,jeneral motorsi”, eseni iTvlebian individebis koleqtivebad. Mmkvlevars SeuZlia aseTive
midgoma gamoiyenos ojaxis Seswavlisas, rodesac es ojaxi gegmavs mogzaurobas havais
kunZulebze. maT SeuZliaT ganixilon movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelTac xeli Seuwyves
dasasvenebeli adgilis SerCevas da Seecadon daiWiron aq garkveuli kanonzomiereba. maT
SeuZliaT aseve Seiswavlon ojaxis wevrebs Soris komunikaciis procesi da gaaanalizon, Tu
rogor Seuwyo xeli saboloo gadawyvetilebas Zalauflebis gavrcelebam ojaxSi. Qqonda Tu
ara ojaxis erT romelime wevrs sxvebze meti Zalaufleba? Tu qonda, ratom? Dda rogori gavlena qonda mas movlenaTa svlaze?
Mmocemuli midgoma SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas jgufebis, biurokratiuli organizaciebisa
da sxvadasxva gvaris erTobebis Seswavlisas. is daesmareba sociologs gaaanalizos
konkurencia politikur partiebs Soris, rasobriv safuZvelze arsebuli konfliqtebi, moqiSpe
jgufebi. is dagvexmareba agreTve gavigoT, Tu rogor xdeba erTi klasis, rasis, eTnikuri
warmomavlobis, an asakis, sqesis mixedviT adamianTa gaerTianeba sakuTari interesebis
dasacavad. Ggarda amisa es midgoma mniSvnelovania koleqtiuri qcevis Seswavlisas, magaliTad
brbos, auditoriis reaqciis, agreTve sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis, rogorebicaa feminizmi,
brZola moqalaqeobrivi uflebebisaTvis (am sakiTxebze visaubrebT 5,6,8,9,12 da 19 TavebSi).
4. meoTxe midgoma avlens urTierTmimarTebebs. sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ganixileba ara masSi monawile calkeuli adamianebis mixedviT, aramed maTi rolebiT gapirobebuli
urTierTobebiT maT Soris. roli ewodeba qcevas, romelsac adamianisagan moelian, rodesac mas
garkveuli pozicia ukavia jgufSi. magaliTad, msxvili korporaciis kadrebis ganyofilebaSi
Tqven RimiliT SegxvdebaT mosamsaxure, CamogarTmevT paltos, Semdeg mdivani mogawvdiT
anketas da Seatyobinebs Tqvens mosvlas. Dda bolos, gagesaubrebaT ganyofilebis ufrosi.
davadgenT ra jgufis SigniT arsebul rolebs, Cven SevZlebT gamovavlinoT urTierToba
jgufis wevrebs Soris da maSasadame, gavaanalizoT misi struqtura.
Cvens sazogadoebaSi asobiT roli arsebobs: politikosis, amomrCevelis, patronis,
mosamsaxuris saqmiani adamianis, momxmareblis, policielis, tusaRis da a.S. adamianTa qcevebi
garkveuli saxiT xorcieldeba am rolebis Sesabamisad ara mxolod SeyvarebulebTan an ojaxis doneze, aramed iseTi ZiriTadi socialuri institutebis donezec, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
ganaTleba da religia.
5. mexuTe, bolo midgoma kulturologiuria. is gamoiyeneba kulturis iseTi elementebis
safuZvelze qcevebis analizisas, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi wesebi (namdvili an
nagulisxmevi) da sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi (gamomdinare religiuri, politikuri da
socialuri interesebidan). Kkulturologiuri midgomisas, qcevis wesebi an normebi,
ganixilebian rogorc faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobeben calkeuli adamianebis qcevis wesebsa
da jgufebis qmedebebs. magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT mkvleloba,
gaupatiureba, gaqurdva isjeba. arseboben agreTve normebi, romlebic igulisxmeba: adamians nu
ucqer jiqur, nu uTiTeb TiTiT, nu iReWebi Ria piriT, Tu dReobaze midixar miitane saCuqari. ideebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Tu romeli sazogadoebricvi miznebia sasurveli, Sedian
kulturis sxva aspeqtSi. es ideebi cnebebia, maT eZaxian Rirebulebebs, isini gansazRvraven
socialur normebs. magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi sadac adamianis sicocxle fasobs
damkvidrebulia mkvlelobisa da sxvebisaTvis zianis miyenebis ganmkicxavi maRali, mdgradi
normebi (kulturologiuri midgomis specifikas ganvixilavT 2,4,5 da 15 TavebSi).
bagiris gadaqaCva. sociologebi iyeneben am xuT midgomas da isaxaven or ZiriTad mizans: kvlevis Sedegad
miRebuli monacemebis analizi; am monacemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli msgavsebisa da
gansxvavebisaTvis saukeTeso axsnis Zieba. monacemebis analizis procesSi sociologi Seiswavlis sazogadoebis stabilurobisa da cvlilebebis mizezebs. marTlacda, sazogadoebis
SigniT mudmivad mimdinareobs bagirebis gadaqaCva. socialuri Zalebis erTi Zlieri sistema
miiswrafvis stabilurobisaken, sazogadoebrivi institutebisa da sxva aspeqtebis
SenarCunebisaken. Zalebis meore sistema miiswrafvis cvlilebebisaken _ Zvelis darRvevisa da
axali sazogadoebrivi formebis Seqmnisaken. sazogadoebisa da misi institutebis sxvadasxva
doneze Seswavlisas Cven mraval konteqstSi SevniSnavT am daZabul process.
sociologiuri Tvalsazrisebi. xuTi sociologiuri midgoma, romlebzec axlaxan vsaubrobdiT, gviCveneben Tu ramdenad
didia gamokvlevebis sfero sociologiaSi. swored amitom sociologiaSi adgili aqvs
specializacias, zogierTi maTgani ikvlevs biurokratias, sxvebi gansxvavebul socialur
institutebs, magaliTad, ojaxs an religias, mesameni aanalizeben urTierTobebs socialur
klasebs Soris, da bolos, meoTxeni swavloben masobrivi kulturis movlenebs.
sociologebi gansxvavdebian ara mxolod kvlevis sferoebis mixedviT; maT aqvT
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi imaze, Tu ra uwyobs xels sakvlevi monacemebis miRebas, e.i.
romel faqtorebs aqvT meti zemoqmedebis unari sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. es gansxvavebebi asaxulia am wignis TiTqmis yovel TavSi, axla ki Cven ganvixilavT mxolod ZiriTad sadavo
sakiTxebs.
sociologebi ikvleven sazogadoebas or, mikro da makro doneze. mikrosociologia Seiswavlis adamianTa urTierTobebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi _ interaqcias, maT
urTierTqmedebebs. Aam kuTxiT moRvawe mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom socialuri movlenebis gageba
SesaZlebelia mxolod im sazrisebis analizis safuZvelze, romlebsac TviT adamianebi aniWeben
am movlenebs erTmaneTTan uTierTobebis procesSi. maTi kvlevis mTavari Temaa _ individebis
qceva, maT mier gadadgmuli nabijebi, motivebi, mniSvneloba, romlebic gansazRvraven
urTierTobebs adamianebs Soris da romlebic, Tavis mxriv zemoqmedeben sazogadoebaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebze an mis stabilurobaze. makrosociologia ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs qcevis modelebs, rac exmarebaT nebismieri
sazogadoebis arsis wvdomaSi. es modelebi, romelTac sxvagvarad struqturebs veZaxiT
gulisxmoben iseT socialur institutebs, rogorebicaa ojaxi, ganaTleba, religia, aseve
politikuri da ekonomikuri wyoba. Aadamianebi dabadebidanve CarTulni arian socialuri
struqturebis mocemul sistemaSi, ganicdian maT did gavlenas. makrosociologi ZiriTad
yuradRebas uTmobs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilebis urTierTobis Seswavlas, isini
cdiloben aseve gaigon Tu rogor icvlebian es urTierTobebi.
3. mikro da makro sociologiuri Teoriebi. mikrosociologiuri Teoriebi. sociologebma sazogadoebaSi adamianTa urTierTobebis aRwerisa da axsnis mizniT
Camoayalibes rigi Teoriebi. Jorj homansi (1973) Tvlis, rom adamianTa urTierTobebis gageba
SeiZleba waxalisebisa da dasjis principebis safuZvelze _ adamianebi mzad arian gaimeoron qmedebebis is modelebi, romelTa gamo isini uaxloes warsulSi ama Tu im formiT iqnen
dajildoebulni (qeba, aRfrTovaneba, siyvaruli, fuli da a.S.).
harold harfinkelma (1967) Seqmna eTnomeTodologiis Teoria, sadac mTavari yuradReba
eTmoba rwmenaze dafuZnebuli wesebisa da cnebebis Seswavlas, romlebic adamianebs Soris
urTierTobebis procesSi gansazRvraven maT qcevebs. Eervin hofmanis (1959) TvalsazrisiT,
cxovreba Teatrsa hgavs, da man adamianTa urTierTobebi aRwera ,,menejmentis STabeWdilebebis”
terminebSi. hofmanis azriT adamianebi sicocxleSi, rogorc msaxiobebi scenaze rolebs
TamaSoben, romlebsac cnobierad iReben sakuTar Tavze, raTa moaxdinon STabeWdileba da
gavlena sxva adamianebze.
mikrosociologiur doneze sxva mniSvnelovani midgoma iwodeba simbolur interaqcionizmad. Aam midgomis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom adamianebi gare samyaros zemoqmedebaze
reagireben, uSualod msgavsad bayayebisa, romlebic rogorc ki gaigoneben buzis
zuilsEavtomaturad akeTeben damWer moZraobebs eniT. Nnacvlad amisa adamianebi maTze
zemoqmedebis mqone stimulebs aniWeben gansazRvrul mniSvnelobebs da reagireben, pirvel
rigSi, am mniSvnelobebsa da simboloebze da ara uSualod gare samyaros stimulebze.
simbolo, romlebzec reagireben adamianebi SeiZleba iyos sityva, sagani, distancia
urTierTobaSi myof adamianebs Soris, saxis gamometyveleba, qcevebi.
sityva ,,sdeq”, an raime sxva, Cawerili lamaz samkuTxedSi da dakerebuli modur jinseba
an perangze, Tavis odnavi daqneva romliTc megobars aniSneben wasvlis dro ariso, aseve
warmoadgenen simboloebs. Aadrindeli gamocdileba da simbolobis mniSvnelobis urTierTgageba
umetes SemTxvevaSi aumjobesebs urTierTobas. Mmagram zogjer simboloebis mniSvneloba gaugebaria. aseT SemTxvevebSi adamianis qcevebi Zneladasaxsnelia. rodesac ucnobi saubars
gaabams TqvenTan, Tqven cdilobT CawvdeT misi qcevis azrs. iqneb mas Tqveni motyueba surs?
Aan misi interesi Tqvendami gamowveulia romantikuli mizezebiT? Aan SeiZleba es adamiani
daxmarebas saWiroebs? ramdenadac Cven araferi ar viciT ucnobze, Cven vcdilobT gavigoT misi
sityvebis azri, misi qmedebis motivebi, raTa pasuxad swori reaqcia gvqondes.
simboluri interaqcionizmis Teoriis momxreebi aanalizeben adamianebis qmedebebs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. isini aaSkaraveben im mniSvnelobebs, romlebsac adamianebi aniWeben
Tavis qcevebs da am mniSvnelobebis gampirobebel faqtorebs. simbolur interaqcionizmsa da
mikrosociologiis sxva koncefciebs Cven ganvixilavT am wignis me-5-e TavSi. makrosociologiuri Teoriebi.
Mmakrosociologiuri donis mkvlevarebi, rogorc wesi, ori urTierTkonkurentuli
ZiriTadi Teoriebidan: funqcionalizmisa da konfliqtebis Teoriidan emxrobian erT-erTs.
sazogadoeba, rogorc cocxali organizmi: funqcionalizmi. funqcionalizmis Tvalsazrisi sazogadoebasa da sazogadoebis struqturaze pirvlad
gamoxata herbert spenserma XIX saukuneSi. man sazogadoeba Seadara cocxal organizmebs,
adamianis sxeuls. Cvens sxeulSi yoveli organo _ guli, tvini kuWi da a.S. _ asruleben
adamianis sasicocxlod specifikur funqcias. organizmis sxvadasxva organoebi qmnian
urTierTdakavSirebul sistemas. Tu erTi organo wyvets funqcionirebas an arasakmarisad
intensiuria organizms ar ZaluZs normaluri funqcionireba da SeiZleba saerTod gamovides
mwyobridan. Ffunqcionalizmis mimdevrebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven rogorc mravali
nawilisagan Sedgenil organizms: samxedro, ekonomikuri, samedicino, religiuri da a.S.
sazogadoebis yoveli nawili asrulebs Tavis funqcias da rac ufro meti gansxvavebaa am
funqciebs Soris miT ufro Znelia erTi maTganis meoriT Canacvleba. spenserma safuZveli Cauyara funqcionalizms, didma frangma sociologma emil durkhemma
brwyinvaled ganaviTara is. durkhemi ase msjelobs: Tu sazogadoeba Sedgeba mravali
nawilebisagan da yovel maTgans gavlena aqvs mTeli sistemis funqcionirebaze, maSin
sazogadoebrivi movlenebis axsna SeiZleba sazogadoebriv sistemaSi misi nawilebis analizis
mixedviT. Ddurkhemis Teoria axsnis yvela sazogadoebriv movlenas, maT Soris deviantur
(normebidan gadaxrili) qcevebsac, Tumca erTi SexedviT arc ki Cans misi socialuri funqcia.
Mme-7-e TavSi SevityobT, rom durkhemis azriT socialurad aRiarebuli miznebisa da
Rirebulebebidan gadaxras aqvs garkveuli pozitiuri mniSvneloba. magaliTad, mkvleloba
adamianebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas dadebiTad Seafason wesebi, romlebic krZalavs mkvlelobas
da mkvlelis dasjiT isini gamoxataven TavianT Tanxmobas am wesebis mimarT. Tanamedrove funqcionalistebi _ talkot parsonsi, robert mertoni da kingsli devisi
_ spenserisa da durkhemis mimdevrebi arian. maTi ZiriTadi midgoma mdgomareobs sazogadoebis
nawilebis gansazRvraSi, maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi funqciebis gamovlenaSi, maT iseT
gaerTianebaSi, romelic iZleva sazogadoebis, rogorc organuli erTianobis suraTs. qvemoT
moyvanili xuTi punqti asaxavs Tanamedrove funqcionalizmis Teoriul CarCoebs.
1. sazogadoeba _ es aris erT mTlianobad Sekruli nawilebis sistema.
2. sazogadoebrivi sistemebi inarCuneben mdgradobas, radganc maTSi arsebobs kontrolis
iseTi Sinagani meqanizmebi, rogorc samarTaldamcavi organoebi da sasamarTlo.
3. disfunqcia, ra Tqma Uunda arsebobs, magram maTi daZleva xdeba TavisTavad da bolos da
bolis mkvidrdebian sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, 60-iani wlebis radikalebma da hipebma
bevri ram Secvales Cvens sazogadoebaSi: gare samyarosadmi axali midgoma, undobloba umaRlesi Zalauflebisadmi, qalisa da mamakacis Cacmulobis Tavisufali stili, magram
dRes, 20 wlis mere, radikalebi da hipebi Caylapa istebliSmentis garemom, romelSic
isini Sevidnen, gaxdnen iuristebi, pedagogebi, birJis maklerebi.
4. cvlilebebs Cveulebriv aqvs TandaTanobiTi da ara revoluviuri xasiaTi.
5. socialuri integracias anu imis SegrZnebas, rom sazogadoeba aris sxvadasxva
Zafebisagan Semdgari Zlieri qsovili, qmnis qveynis moqalaqeTa umravlesobis Tanxmoba
daicvan Rirebulebebis erTi da igive sistema. magaliTad, ingliselebi eTanxmebian
monarqiis aucileblobas; aSS Tanabari SesaZleblobebis principebis aRiareba qveynis
umravlesobis msoflmxedvelobaa.
RirebulebaTa es sistema _ yvelaze saimedo sayrdenia sazogadoebrivi sistemisaTvis (darendoerfi, 1959).
mdidrebi da Ratakebi; konfliqtis Teoria.
Kkonfliqtis Teoria ZiriTadad Camoyalibda karl marqsis nawarmoebebis safuZvelze, romelsac miaCnda, rom klasobrivi konfliqti Cadebulia sazogadoebis safuZvelSi.
klasobrivi konfliqti Cndeba imitom, rom adamianebis gayofili arian gansxvavebul klasebad,
rac asaxavs maT mdgomareobas ekonomikur sistemaSi. marqsis TvalsazrisiT burJuaziuri
sazogadoebis ZiriTadi klasebia kapitalistebi da daqiravebuli muSebi. Aam or klass ar
gaaCniaT saerTo Rirebulebebi, kapitalistemi miswrafian ibatonon muSebze da eqsploatacia
gauwion maT. Sedegad aRniSnuli klasebi mudmivad mtroben erTmaneTs.
Mmarqss miaCnda, rom politikuri konfliqtebis imravlesobis safuZvelia klasobrivi
brZola. Mman ivarauda, rom eqspluatirebuli klasi aRdgeba da revolucia gardaqmnis
sazogadoebas. marqsis Teoriis Tanaxmad klasobrivi brZola aris istoriis mamoZravebeli
Zala. (Cven kvlav davubrundebiT marqsis Teoriis zoierT aspeqtebs 9,15 da 20 TavebSi). Cvens saukuneSi Seiqmna konfliqtebis ramdenime Teoria. erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan
Tanamedrove Teoriad iTvleba germaneli sociologis ralf daredndorfis koncefcia.
darendoerfi uaryofs marqsis ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebis ZiriTadi konfliqtSi
myofi jgufebi _ esaa klasebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen ekonomikuri niSnebis mixedviT.
darendorfis azriT, konfliqtis mTavari mizezi is faqtia, rom adamianebs aqvT Zalaufleba
meore adamianze. ZiriTadi konfliqtebi xdeba imaT Soris visac aqvs es Zalaufleba da visac
is ara aqvs.
darendorfma Camoayaliba konfliqtis Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi.
1. nebismieri sazogadoebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia batonoba, konfliqti da
daTrgunva. 2. sazogadoebrivi struqtura efuZneba adamianTa erTi jgufis Zalauflebas meoreze,
magaliTad, muSebze mewarmeTa, jariskacebze oficrebisa, studentbze pedagogebis da
a.S.
3. TiToeuls am jgufTagan aqvT sakuTari interesebi, miuxedavad imisa jgufis wevrebs
gacnobierebuli aqvs es Tu ara; sxvadasxva jgufebis interesebi gansxvavebulia da
winaaRmdegobaSia erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, konfliqti SeiZleba gaCndes mogebis msurvel
saqmian adamianebsa da bunebis dacvis moZraobis aqtivistebs Soris, romelTac
ainteresebT haerisa da wylis sisufTave.
4. rodesac adamianebi gaacnobiereben TavianT saerTo interesebs, maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan sazogadoebrivi klasi, rac SeiZleba gamovlindes profkavSirul moZraobaSi,
politikuri partiis lobis saxiT da a.S.
5. klasobrivi konfliqti mwvavdeba Tu: mTeli Zalaufleba moqceulia ramodenime adamianis
xelSi, xolo danarCenebi absoluturaad uufleboni arian; uufleboebs
Zalauflebisaken gzebi gadaketili aqvT; adamianebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT politikuri
jgufebis Seqmna (darendorfi, 1959).
Sedareba da kontrasti. funqcionalizmi da konfliqtebis Teoria arsebiTad gansxvavdebian. funqcionalistebi,
Cveulebriv, sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorc savsebiT mdgrad da erT mTlianobas,
kinfliqtis Teoriis warmomadgenlebs ki miaCniaT, rom aq mudmivad mimdinareobs cvlilebebi da adgili aqvs konfliqtebs. Ffunqcionalistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben zogadi
Rirebulebebis mimarT sazogadoebis yvela wevris Tanxmobas, xolo konfliqtis Teoriis
warmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad yuradRebas uTmoben sazogadoebis erTi nawilis mier meoris
daTrgunvas. orive Teorias aqvs Tavisi naklovanebebi. Ffunqcionalistebi ugulvebelyofen im faqts,
rom sazogadoebebis umravlesobebSi arasodes ar miiRweoda sruli Tanxmoba Rirebulebebis
sakiTxebze; konfliqtebis Teoria ver arkvevs Tu rogor xerxdeba mudmivi cvlilebebis dros
sazogadoebebis SenarCuneba da arseboba. magaliTad, aSS ZiriTadi politikuri partiebi ver
Tanxmdebian ekonomikuri politikis sakiTxebSi, magram miuxedavad gansxvavebisa SexedulebebSi,
respublikelebic da demokratebic kompromisis wyalobiT yovel wels axerxeben federaluri
biujetis damtkicebas.
am Teoriebs Soris dava grZeldeba da albaT arc Sewydeba uaxloes xanebSi. magram, es
arcaa aucilebeli, radgan orive midgoma ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs samkvdro-
sasicocxlod. ra Tqma unda, sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs zogierTi zogadmiRebuli Rirebulebebis gareSe da unda miaRwios integrirebis raime dones, winaaRmdeg SeTxvevaSi ea
ar iqneboda sazogadoeba. meore mxriv, savsebiT gasagebia, rom sazogadoebis SigniT mravali
jgufi imyofeba erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi, rom cvlilebebi mudmivia. ufro swori iqneboda am
ori midgomis Teoriuli gaerTianeba.
4. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi faqtrobrivi monacemebis Sekreba. Cven SevexeT sxvadasxva midgomeb, romelTac iyenebs
sociologia da gavecaniT zogierT ZiriTad sociologiur Teorias. dRes, rodesac
sociologiis Teoriul aspeqtebze ukve gvaqvs met-naklebi Sexeduleba, saWiroa gavigoT Tu
rogor muSaoben sociologiebi? rogor axerxeben isini faqtobrivi masalis sekrebas? raSi
mdgomareobs sociologiuri gamokvleva?
hipoTezebi da Teoriebi. Ggamokvleba xSirad iwyeba maSin, rodesac intuicia gikarnaxebs ama
Tu im movlenis mizezs. magaliTad, Cemi studenti marki intuiciurad grZnobda, rom
gansxvavebebi studentTa socialur ganwyobebSi SeiZleba aixsnas maTi mSoblebis Semosavlebis mixedviT.
faqtebis or jgufs (magaliTadd, garkveuli socialuri klasis wevrobasa da
sazogadoebriv-politikur pozicias Soris) Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb varauds
hipiTeza ewodeba. HipoTeza ise unda iyos Camoyalibebuli, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi
uaryofa an damtkiceba.
hipoTezebi ar arseboben ideebTan kavSirebis gareSe. isini yovelTvis efuZnebian erT an ramdenime Teorias. Teoriebad iwodebian mtkicebebi, romlebic Seicaven urTierTdakavSirebul
hipoTezebs. Mmarkma SearCia garkveuli hipoTezebi imitom, rom Tavad emxroboda garkveul
Sexedulebebs adamianTa qcevebsa da poziciebze sazogadoebrivi klasis gavlenis Sesaxeb. misi
Sexedulebebi sxvagvari rom yofiliyo (mas rom ZiriTadi gavlenis SesaZlebloba
religiisaTvis mieniWebina) is Camoayalibebda hipoTezebis sxva sistemas, an gamoTqvamda
varauds im monacemebis kavSirebis Sesaxeb, romlebic man Sekriba.
maSasadame, sociologiuri codnis Semadgeneli nawilebia faqtebi, hipoTezebi da
Teoriebi. markis gamokvlevaSi faqtebia studentTa pasuxebi. Mmisi erT-erTi hipoTezis
Tanaxmad studentebis damokidebuleba TaRliTobisadmi kavSirSia maTi mSoblebis ganaTlebis
donesTan. is eyrdnoboda Teoriul wanamZRvrs, rom socialuri-klasobrivi interesebi didad ganapirobeben studentTa msoflmxedvelobas.
sociologiur meTodebad iwodebian is wesebi da saSualebebi, romelTa daxmarebiT
dgindeba kavSiri faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs Soris.
Semdeg ganyofilebaSi Cven mokled ganvixilavT zogierT meTodebs, danarTSi maT ufro
detalurad SevexebiT.
cvladebi. Cven ukve avRniSneT, rom sociologia miiswrafis mecnierulad axsnas sazogadoeba
da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi. marki Tavis gamokvlevaSi cdilobda aewera ara mxolod
studentebis damokidebuleba sicruisadmi. is cdilobda gamokiTxulTa pasuxebi aexsna maTi
mikuTvnebulobiT sazogadoebis romelime klasisadmi. Mmisi naSromi, rogorc yvela gamokvlevebi socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi efuZneboda im varauds, rom sazogadoebriv
movlenebs aqvT TavianTi mizezebi. adamianTa ama Tu im damokidebulebas TaRliTobisadmi aqvs
Tavisi mizezebi.
zustad aseve, gansazRvruli faqtorebi ganapirobeben adamianebis gadawyvetilebebs
qorwinebis Sesaxeb, xmis micemas, raimes Tayvaniscemas, plaJze wasvlas an aidaxos StatSi
gamgzavrevas. aseTi mizezebi rom ar arsebobdes iZulebuli viqnebodiT gveRiarebina, rom
socialuri qcevebi SemTxveviTia da auxsneli.
sociologebi cdiloben daadginon mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi, dainaxon damokidebuleba
cvlilebebs Soris. cvlads Cven vuwodebT cnebas, romelic sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs
Rebulobs. Aasaki cvalebadi movlenaa. Mmas mTeli rigi mniSvnelobebi aqvs: 6 Tve, 18 weli, 47 weli da a.S. marki socialuri klasis wevrobasa da studentTa mimarTebas sicruisadmi
ganixilavda, rogorc cvladebs. sazogadoebrivi klasis wevroba man ganszRvra Semosavlebisa
da ganaTlebis ori dinis gamoyofiT: maRali da ufro dabali, Semdeg sicruisadmi
damokidebulebis gamoavlenisas daeyrdno kiTxvebze pasuxebs: ra ufro dasaZraxia _
gadasaxadebze Tavis arideba Tu daxmerebis ukanono miReba. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis
umravlesoba cdilobs gamoavlinos da gazomos erTi specifikuri movlenisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli variaciebi (markis gamokvlevaSi _ damokidebuleba sicruisadmi), xolo Semdeg
axsnas es variaciebi sxva movlenis gavleniT (mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ sazogadoebrivi klasis
wevrobiT). Ppirvel movlenas ewodeba damokidebuli cvladi, meores, romelic axsnis an aris
pirvelis mizezi _ damoukidebeli cvladi. rodesac sociologi winaswar xvdeba kavSirs damoukidebel da damokidebul cvladebs Soris, is ayalibebs hipoTezas. Mmarkis gamokvlevaSi
studentTa mimarTeba sicruisadmi (damokidebuli cvladi) gapirobebulia maTi
mikuTvnebulobiT romelime socialuri klasisadmi (damoukidebeli cvladi). sxva sityvebiT,
damokidebul cvladze, anu qcevaze, gavlena aqvs damoukidebel cvlads.
vTqvaT, Tu Cemi studentebi wlis pirvel naxevarSi warmatebiT gaarTmevdnen Tavs swavlas, xolo meore naxevarSi moeSvebodnen, maTi niSnebi SegviZlia CavTvaloT cvladebad.
damoukidebel cvladad am SemTxvevaSi unda miviRoT swavlis wina periodis gamocdileba.
orive SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davadginoT erTi da igive mizezi, romlebmac gamoiwvia
studentebis reaqcia Cems leqciebze. albaT, pirvel semestrSi studentebs izidavda Cemi
loialuri damokidebuleba da studentebi kargad swavlobdnen; studentebi, romlebmac Cems
leqciebze siaruli meore semestridan daiwyes da sxva leqtorebisagan miCveuli iyvnen
moulodnel gamokiTxvebsa da aucilebel daswrebas, Cems loialobaze reagireba moaxdines
swavlis SesustebiT.
kvlevis meTodebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi sociologiam mravalgvari meTodi SeiZina sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebebis gamosavlenad. Cven maT mokled SevexebiT mocemul TavSi, xolo
danarTSi detalurad ganvixilavT.
SerCeviTi ganxilva. XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi mravali qveynis mTavrobebi regularulad atarebda mosaxleobis Tvlas an aRweras. dawyebuli 1790 wlidan aSS mosaxleobis aRwera
xorcieldeboda yovel 10 wliwadSi. sociologiuri gamokiTxva aRweria analogiuria. is
gamoiyena Carlz butma, rodesac ikvlevda siRaribis dones londonSi da frederik le pleim,
romelic ikvlevda safrangeTis mSromelTa klass. Aam da sxva evropeli sociologebis mier
SemuSavebul iqna SerCeviTi ganxilvis Tanamedrove meTodi. am meTodis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sistematurad ikribeba monacemebi adamianTa qcevisa da ganwyobis Sesaxeb da es keTdeba
respondentebis specialurad SerCeul jgufSi, romlebic mogviTxroben TavianT Sexaseb da
gamoxataven TavianT azrs sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
dReisaTvis SerCeviTi ganxilva, albaT, yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba socialur
mecnierebebSi. is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas socialuri faqtebis, rogorc aRweris, aseve axsnis mizniT. Mmkvlevari mondomebiT iwyebs Sesaswavli adamianebis jgufis (an sxva
erTobebisa, magaliTad ojaxis) dadgenas. am jgufs ewodeba generaluri erToba. aq Sedis
sazogadoebis yvela wevri, romlebsac axasiaTebs mkvlevarisaTvis saintereso Tviseba. SeiZleba
SevarCioT nebismieri niSani: demokratebi, romlebmac xma misces wina arCevnebSi, 20 wlamde
orsuli qalebi, zangebi, detroitis policielebi. sociologis mier Seswavlili erTobebi _
es aris adamianTa jgufebi, romelTac aqvT erTi an ramodenime saerTo Tviseba. xSirad jgufi
imdenad didia, rom TiToeulis ganxilva saWiroebs droisa da finansebis did xarjebs.
Aamitom, praqtikuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, Semdeg etapze mkvlevari iwyebs gansaxilveli
generaluri erTobis SerCeva _ gamoyofas. sworad SerCevis SemTxvevaSi vRebulobT
generaluri erTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel adeqvatur monacemebs. SerCevis Semdeg unda Camoyalibdes kiTxvebi SerCeuli respondentebisaTvis. aucilebelia
gamokiTxvis Sedegebis registracia, klasifikacia da dajameba (Cveulebriv kompiuteris
saSualebiT). SerCeviTi ganxilvis meTods didi upiratesobebi aqvs. es aris saukeTeso
saSualeba miiRo reprezentaciuli warmodgena adamianebis qcevebisa da maTi cxovrebiseuli
poziciis Sesaxeb. magram, radganac am SemTxvevaSi yvela pasuxebi miRebulia uSualod
respondentebisagan, zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom es meTodi bolomde ver wvdeba pasuxebis
siRrmes.
savele gamokvlevebi. aSS socialuri pirobebis pirvel did gamokvlevebSi mecnierebi
adamianebs akvirdebodnen realuri cxovrebis pirobebSi. Ees meTodi, cnobili savele
gamokvlevebis saxeliT, pirvlad gamoyenebul iqna Cveni saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ,,Cikagos skolis” warmomadgenlebis mier, romelic (rogorc ukve cnobilia) 40-ian wlebamde batonobda
amerikul sociologaSi. dResac savele gamokvlevebi aris sociologiuri gamokvlevebis erT-
erTi mTavari meTodi.
SerCeviT gamokiTxvasTan SedarebiT savele gamokvlevebs aqvT erTi upiratesoba.
gamokiTxvisas mkvlevari Txovs adamianebs gaixsenon, Tu rogor iqceodnen isini da ras
grZnobdnen, adre romeliRac situaciaSi. Sedegad, miRebuli monacemebi mowyvetilia realur
cxovrebas. savele gamokvlevebSi mkvlevaro moxsnis am problemas: isini imyofebian moqmedebis
adgilze da uSualod akvirdebian maTTvis saontereso movlenaTa svlas. magaliTad, kolejis
gundis wevri studenti-sociologi uSualod xedavs, rogor iyeneben gundis wevrebi dopings
da ra Tqma unda, miiRebs ufro realur monacemebs, vidre is, romelic ubralod ekiTxeba fexburTelebs dopingis Sesaxeb.
yovelive amis gamo, savele gamokvlevebiT miRebuli informacia ufro saimedoa, vidre
gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli. Aamave dros, savele gamokvlevebis monacemebic SezRudulia,
radganac ixilaven mxolod erT viTarebas. amitom erTi gundis mier dopingis gamoyenebis
gamokvleva bevrs gveubneba am jgufis Sesaxeb, magram saeWvoa es informacia gamogvadges sxva
gundebze misi gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi.
meTodebi da gazomva. faruli dakvirveba. vTqvaT, Cven gvainteresebs, zrdis Tu ara informacia aviakatastrofebis Sesaxeb transportis am saxeobis mimarT adamianebis SiSs. Ppasuxis miRebis erTi saSualebaa _
daveyrdnoT martiv gamokiTxvas: aviakatastrofis Semdeg SevarCioT mgzavrebis erTi jgufi
Cikagos aeroportSi da meore jgufi drois im monakveTSi, rodesac katastrofebi ar xdeboda,
SeiZleba SevadaroT orive jgufis simSvide maTive sityvebze dayrdnobiT. magaram,
katastrofebis Semdeg SiSis Temaze kiTxvebiT pirdapiri mimarTva mgzavrebisadmi, ver
mogvcems saimedo Sedegebs. Aadamianebs xSirad aseT grZnobebze saubris survilic ara aqvT, ara aqvT survili sustebadD CaTvalon. xSirad arc SeuZliaT TavianTi grZnobebis gamoTqma,
arc imaze saubari, rom aforiaqebuli arian.
amasTan dakavSirebiT fsiqologebma da sociologebma SeimuSaves rigi meTodebi
katastrofebis informaciiT gamowveuli SiSis Sesafaseblad, romlebic efuZneboda adamianebis
qcevebze dakvirvebebs da ara maT pasuxebs dasmul kiTxvebze. erT aspirants undoda
Seemowmebina hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aisaxeba es SiSi alkoholuri sasmelebiT
vaWrobaze Cikagos aeroportSi. Mmagram man ver moaxerxa Caetarebina es eqsperimenti, radganac
aeroportis barebi mudmivad gadavsebuli iyo momxmareblebiT, ZiriTadad imitom, rom maTi
farTobi obieqturad ver Seesabameboda aeroportis mgzavrebis mzard simravles. Aam
situaciaSi SeiZleba aRniSno mxolod mgazavrebis mzadyofna moTminebiT daelodon zant barmens.
Aaspiranti ukan ar ixevda, man gadawyvita Seeswavla Tu ra gavlenas axdens informacia
katastrofebis Sesaxeb salaroebSi aviabileTebis raodenobis gayidvaze. Mman Seadara
raodenobrivi monacemebi mgzavrebis Sesaxeb Cikagos or aeroportSi da daadgina, rom, rogorc
Cans, informacia katastrofebis Sesaxeb mxolod drois mokle monakveTebze amcirebs
mgzavrebis raodenobas. SemdgomSi sociologebma iujin uebma da donald kempbelma Seiswavles
sahaero katastrofebis gavlena aeroportebSi gayiduli sadazRvevo polisebis raodenobis
zrdasa da fasze. Aamgvarad, adamianebis mousvenrobisa da wuxilis done kvlav Semowmda ara
maTi uSualo gamokiTxviT, aramed maT qcevebze dakvirvebiT. Tu barebis tevadoba sakmarisi
iqneboda albaT moxerxdeboda SiSis indeqsis dadgena sami maCveneblis mixedviT: cvlilebebi
alkoholuri sasmelebis, sadazRvevo polisebisaa da samgzavro bileTebiT vaWrobaSi. aseTi mravalganzomilebiani kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba Sedarebul iqnas SiSi Sesaxeb mgzavrebis
monayolTan. G
gamokvleva, romlis drosac adamianebma ar ician, rom adgili aqvs maTi qcevebis analizs
faruli dakvirveba ewodeba. es meTodi mniSvnelovania, radgan amcirebs mkvlevaris gavlenas
adamianis qcevebze. zogierTi sociologi, romelic am meTods iyenebs Tvlis, rom aq miRebuli
Sedegebi ufro saimedoa, vidre gamokiTxvis Sedegebi. faruli dakvirvebis meTodis efeqturoba
ver icavs mas erTi, eTikuri problemisagan. SeiZleba dadgindes cvlilebebi alkoholuri
sasmelebis, sadazRvevo polisebis, bileTebis gayidvaSi ise, rom ar Seexo pirovnebebs, _ am
SemTxvevaSi eTikuri problema minimumzea dayvanili. magram, rodesac monacemebs agrovebT
konkretul adamianebze, romelTac ar ician, rom maTi qcevebi kvlevis obieqtia, Cndeba kiTxva Cveni Carevis Sesaxeb maT pirad cxovrebaSi. es gansakuTrebiT naTelia iseTi saCoTiro
sakiTxebis kvlevisas, rogoricaa Tambaqos moweva, sma, narkotikebi an seqsualuri cxovreba.
mokled, faruli dakvirvebis meTodTan dakavSirebiT Tavs iCens winaaRmdegoba mecnierul
Rirebulebebs Soris, e.i. SedarebiT zusti da dasabuTebuli monacemebisaken swrafva, da
sazogadoebis eTikuri Rirebulebebi.
istoriuli analizis meTodi. didma germanelma sociologma maqs veberma gamoiyena
kvlevis istoriuli meTodi, rodesac aanalizebda kavSirs religiur da socialur
cvlilebebs Soris. is darwmunebuli iyo rom protestantizmSi da gansakuTrebiT Jan kalvinis
(XVIs.) moZRvrebaSi Cadebulia garkveuli mowodeba TviTdisciplinisaken, rac aucilebeli pirobaa saqmiani warmatebisaTvis amis dasamtkiceblad man yuradRebiT Seiswavla didi
protestantebis qadagebebi, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideboda maT azrebs Tavdadebuli
Sromis, TviTSezRudvis, droisa da fulis gonivrulad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
aseve aanalizebda benJamin franklinis nawarmoebebs, romelic didad afasebda saqmian
warmatebebs. garda amisa man Seiswavla ramodenime religiis istoria _ magaliTad, indoeTisa
da CineTis, _ sadac saqmian warmatebebs ar eqceoda iseTi yuradReba, rogoric protestantul
evropaSi, da aRmoaCina, rom es Temebi ar gvxvdeba yvela religiaSi.
hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad istoriuli dokumentebis gamoyeneba mravali sociologisaTvis
kvlevis mniSvnelovani meTodia. isini swavloben mosaxleobis warsulSi Catarebuli aRweris
masalebs, sasamarTlo oqmebs da saeklesio davTrebSi Canawerebs, raTa gaigon rogor icvleba ojaxebis Semadgenloba da maTi migraciis xasiaTi. did revoluciebSi monawile adamianTa
xasiaTebis Taviseburebebis gasagebad isini ecnobian policiis arqivebs. istoriulo meTodi
mniSvnelovania imaTTvis, visi azriTac warsulis Seswavla ara nakleb Rirebulia
sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gasagebad, vidre maTi dRevandeli
mdgomareobis kvleva.
eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebi. XIX saukunis bolosaTvis sociologebma daiwyes
bunebaTmecnierebebisa da fsiqologebis mier Camoyalibebuli eqsperimentuli kvlevis
principebis gamoyeneba. aRmoCnda, rom eqsperimentuli kvlevis Tavisebureba _ situaciis
kontrolireba _ did daxmarebas uwevs sociologs adamianTa mcire jgufebis Seswavlis dros. Ees meTodi dRemde farTod gamoiyeneba, rodesac sociologs saqme aqvs liderobasTan
dakavSirebul problemebTan, TanamSromlobisa da konkurenciis pirobebSi qcevis modelebTan.
aseTi gamokvlevebis zogierTi Sedegebi moyvanilia me-5-e TavSi. eqsperimentuli kvlevis arsis
gasagebad ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi.
mkvlevars undoda gaego, maswavleblis Sesaxeb studentis Sexedulebaze axdens Tu ara gavlenas am maswavleblis SarSandeli studentebis msjeloba amave maswavleblis Sesaxeb.
eqsperimentatorma SearCia studentTa ori jgufi, romlebSic sakmaod msgavsia studentTa
raodenoba, asaki, qal-vaJTa Sefardeba. pirvel jgufs eubneba, rom maswavleblis SarSandeli
studentebi Zalze dabal Sefasebas aZlevs maswavlebels. meore jgufs ki aranair informacias
ar aZlevs studentTa Tvalsazrisze. mecadineorbis damTavrebis Semdeg yovel jgufs sTxoven
maswavleblis daxasiaTebas.
pirveli jgufi eqsperimentulia _ masze moaxdina gavlena SarSandelma studentebma,
romelic damoukidebeli cvladia. meore jgufs sakontrolo ewodeba, damoukidebel cvlads
masze gavlena ar qonia.
an martivad. gamoiyeneba arsebiTad ori identuri jgufi. Ppirveli Rebulobs stimuls (magaliTad informacias SarSandeli studentebisagan), meore ki ara. Sedegebis Sedarebisas
sociologi akeTebs daskvnas stimulis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
cvladebis kontroli. Cvens mier moyvanil martiv eqsperimentSi mkvlevari darwmunda,
rom jgufebi analogiuri arian raodenobrivi SemadgenlobiT, asakis mixedviT da qal-vaJTa
SesabamisobiT. es aris kontrolis gamoyenebis magaliTi. jgufebi rom gansxvavebulebi
yofiliyvnen amas eqneboda gavlena Sedegze. magaliTad, didi jgufis studentebi ufro dabal
Sefasebas miscemdnen maswavlebels, vidre mcire jgufebis studentebi: maT ufro nakleb
intensiuri kontaqtebi aqvT maswavleblebTan. Tu jgufi romelmac miiRi SarSandeli
studentebisagan informacia da jgufi, romelsac es informacia ar miuRia gansxvavebuli
iqnebodnen raodenobrivad, maSin Cven ver davadgendiT Tu ram ganapiroba gansxvaveba SexedulebebSi _ SarSandeli studentebis mier miwodebulma informaciam Tu jgufSi
studentTa raodenobam. raodenobrivi da sxva cvladebiT (magaliTad asakiT) jgufebis
SerCevisas, gansxvavebis es albaTuri mizezebi Cven migvaCnia mudmivebad, e.i. vakontrolebT maT
da vrwmundebiT, rom SarSandeli studentebis Tvalsazrisi _ erTaderTi damoukidebeli
cvladia (albaT gansxvavebis safuZveli) mocemul eqsperimentSi.
ama Tu im socialuri problemis eqsperimentuli Seswavlisas mkvlevars saqme aqvs
damoukidebeli cvladebis simravlesTan, Tanac bundovania maTi erTmaneTTan kavSiri da kavSiri
damokidebul cvladTan. Kkvlevis procesSi aucilebelia cvladebis raodenobis Semcireba, maTi
erTmaneTisagan izolireba da am gziT yoveli maTganis gavlenis gansazRvra. es xorcieldeba
specialuri kontrolis saSualebiT. Eeqsperimentuli kvlevis Catarebisas es ar warmoadgens gansakuTrebul siZneles: damoukidebeli cvladi SeyavT mxolod eqsperimentul jgufSi,
sakontrolo jgufSi ara. orive jgufidan miRebuli Sedegebis gansxvaveba gvawvdis
informacias damoukidebeli cvladis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli saxis kontrolis gamoyeneba sxvagvari gamokvlevebis dros, magaliTad,
SerCeviTi ganxilvis dros, cota ufro Znelia. studentTa sicruisadmi damokidebulebis
Seswavlisas markma ori kavSiri gamoavlina:
1. mSoblebis Semosavalsa da studentTa Tvalsazriss Soris;
2. mSoblebis ganaTlebasa da studentTa Sexedulebebs Soris.
miRebuli pasuxebis religiuri poziciebis Sesabamisad, klasificirebis SemTxvevaSi marki
albaT aRmoaCenda, rom protestantebis TvalsazrisiT ufro dasaZraxi iqneboda daxmarebebis
ukanono miReba, vidre gadasaxadebisaTvis Tavis arideba, maSin, rodesac kaTolikebi
sawinaaRmdego poziciaze iqnebodnen.
magram SeiZleba ki religiuri mrwamsis mizezobriv faqtorad miReba? aris ki protestantizmsa da kaTolicizmSi iseTi rame, rasac SeuZlia gavlena iqonios studentebze
aRniSnul viTarebaSi? iqneb gansxvaveba imiT aris gamowveuli, rom aSS ganaTlebis done da
Semosavali Cveulebriv protestantebs ufro maRali aqvT, vidre kaTolikebs? sociologia
cdilobs pasuxi gasces amgvar kiTxvebs da iyenebs cvladebis kontrolisaTvis specialur
meTodebs.
5. sociologia da sxva socialuri mecnierebebi
sociologia sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTagan erT-erTia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis qcevebs
da sazogadoebrivi institutebis funqcionirebas. codnis am sferoTagan yovels gaaCnia
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, magram xSirad isini erTmaneTs emTxvevian.
anTropologiaSi gamoiyeneba sociologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali meTodi, magram
anTropologia Seiswavlis ZiriTadad mcire zomis aradasavlur tomebs, maSin rodesac sociologia ikclevs Tanamedrove did sazogadoebebs evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi.
magaliTad, anTropologebis Seswavlis obieqtia indielTa kvakiutlis tomis ,,potCatlis”
saxeliT cnobili ceremoniebi, romlis procesSi mamakaci acxadebs Tavis pretenziebs ufro
maRali mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da anadgurebs Tavis simdidres.
ekonomika _ es aris warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis gansxvavebuli resursebis kvleva.
ekonomistebi ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmoben iseTi Temebis Seswavlas, rogorebicaa umuSevroba,
inflacia da saerTaSoriso vaWroba. ekonomistebisaTvis tipiuria inflaciis gavlenis kvleva
momxmareblis SemsyidvelobiT unarze.
politikuri mecniereba Seiswavlis adamianebis ZalauflebaSi mosvlis gzebs da aseve
sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawilebas. Ppolitologia ZiriTadad garTulia mTavrobis, politikuri partiebis, saerTo interesebis mqone erTobebis saqmianobiT, agreTve amomrCevelTa
qcevis specifikis SeswavliT. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT daadginon ratomaa, rom erTi da igive
pirveladi jgufebis wevrebi, rogorc wesi, xmas yovelTvis aZleven erTsa da imave kandidats.
da bolos, fsiqologia _ es aris individualuri qcevis mecnieruli kvleva.magaliTad,
fsiqologi aanalizebs, Tu rogor SeiZines adamianebma metyvelebisa da kiTxvis Cvevebi. rodis
mimarTaven swavlis procesSi waxalisebasa da dasjas; rodis yalibdeba pirovnebis
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da mimarTeba gare samyarosTan. erTi cnobili fsiqologiuri
eqsperimenti xazs usvams adamianebis mzadyofnis dones daqvemdebarebodnen avtoritetis nebas,
maSinac ki, rodesac sTavazobdnen umweo msxverplze eleqtruli deniT zemoqmedebas.
sociologia da sazogadoeba rogorc yvela mecnieri sociologic miznad isaxavs gazardos
codna samyaros Sesaxeb, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. Ees Rirebulia ara mxolod Tavis Tavad,
aramed mniSvnelovania agreTve Tanamedrove civilizaciis ganviTarebisaTvis.
SeiZleba ise Candes, rom, radgan sociologTa umravlesoba muSaobs kolejebsa da
universitetebSi, isini mowyvetili arian biznesisa da politikis samyaros. studentebi xSirad
adareben erTmaneTs TavianT swavlebas kolejebSi da realur cxovrebas, da gamoTqma ,,spilos Zvlis koSkebi” gulisxmobs maswavlebelTa mowyvetas realurobidan. Aam stereotips
SecdomaSi SevyavarT, sociologiasa da realur samyaros Soris uamravi kavSirebia.
sociologia da sazogadoebrivi problemebi. Upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis,
saWiroa garkveuli politikuri klimati, romelic xels Seuwyobs mis srulyofasa da
ayvavebas. axali codnis misaRebad aucilebelia kvlevis Tavisufleba, misi Sedegebis
gamoqveynebis Tavisufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rogor Sexvdebian mas, da aseve darwmunebuli unda iyo, rom ar eqneba adgili religiuri da politikuri motivebiT devnas. totalitarul
sazogadoebaSi sociologiis ganviTareba da sxva sazogadooebrivi mecnierebebisac,
paralizebulia Zalauflebis xSiri Carevisa da represiebis gami misi mxridan. sociologiis
ganviTarebaze uSualod zemoqmedeben sazogadoebrivi problemebi da krizisebi. 30-iani wlebis
didi depresiis periodSi sociologebi ZiriTad yuradReba uTmobdnen umuSevrobis kvlevas da
mis gavlenas ojaxur cxovrebaze; meore msoflio omis dros sociologTa didi nawili
swavlobda propagandis rols da mis gavlenas mosaxleobis moralur cnobierebaze.; SfoTian
60-ian wlebSi sociologebis interesi mimarTulia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis iseTi mxareebis
mimarT, rogorebic iyo studenturi moZraobebi da brZola moqalaqeobrivi uflebebisaTvis.
Cvens sinamdvileSi sociologebi did yuradRebas uTmoben seqsisa da qalisa da mamakacis uTanasworobis problemebs. es magaliTebi cxadyofen Tu rogor asaxavs sociologia
mTlianobaSi sazogadoebriv problemebs. bevri misi kerZo sfero, magaliTad kriminologia,
siRaribis sociologia, fsiqikuri janmrTelobisa da fsiqikuri avadmyofobis sociologia,
aseve mowmoben mis mWidro kavSirs sazogadoebriv problemebTan.
amave dros, is faqti, rom sociologia ikvlevs raRac movlenebsa da procesebs,
adasturebs masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis seriozulobas. aSS gunar mirdalis mier
Catarebul rasobrivi urTierTobebis klasikur gamokvlevebs, romelTa Sedegebi gamoqveynda
1944 wels, uzarmazari gavlena qonda, ara mxolod imitom, rom damajereblad aCvena am qveyanaSi zangebis Cagruli mdgomareoba, aramed imitomac, rom cxadi gaxada am viTarebis
pirdapiri winaaRmdegoba amerikaSi gamocxadebuli Tanasworobis ideebTan.
sociologiis gamoyeneba. sociologiuri codna mravali gziT Sedis sazogadoebis farTo
fenebSi. jer-erTi, specialistTa mzardi raodenoba iyenebs Tavis sociologiur momzadebas
iseT samTavrobo dawesebulebebSi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, mosaxleobis aRweris biuro
(Bureau of the Census), agreTve organizaciebSi, romelTac saqme aqvT alkoholisa da
narkotikebis borotad gamoyenebasTan.
meore, sociologebisa da sxva sazogadoebaTmcodneebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi
Seiswavleba da gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferos specialistebis mier. naTeli magaliTia _ sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva _ ZiriTadad sociologebisa da statistikosebis mier
damuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli isini did rols asruleben bazrisa da sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokvlevebSi.
garda sociologiis gaoyenebis ukve miTiTebuli sferoebisa, sociologTa da sxva
sazogadoebaTmcodneTa moRvaweoba uzrunvelyofs farTo informacias, rac aucilebelia
socialur politikaSi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. magaliTad, Tu aSS jandacvisa da
socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministro gadawyvets literaturis gavrcelebis sakiTxs,
romelic xels Seuwyobda qorwinebagareSe bavSvebis raodenobis Semcirebas, sociologia
miawvdis informacias mosaxleobis jgufebze, romlebSic aRiniSneba ukanonod dabadebulTa
maRali done, imis Sesaxeb, ra zomiT miaRwevs am jgufebamde es kompania, ramdenad efeqturad gaakontrolebs literaturis gavrceleba Sobadobis process. bolos, sociologiuri
gamokvlevebi daexmarebian socialuri politikis gatarebis Semdeg Sedegebis Semowmebis
saqmeSi. magaliTad, sociologebma Seafases ,,gonebrivi ganviTarebis” programis Sedegebi,
romelic gamiznuli iyo skolebSi wasvlis wina periodSi Raribi ojaxebis bavSvebisaTvis.
am programis Seswavlam aCvena, rom is zrdida bavSvebis gonebrivi ganviTarebis
koeficients. marTalia, Semdgomma gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom es bavSvebi ori wlis mere aRar
gansxvavdebodnen am maCveneblebiT sxva bavSvebisagan. Mmagram samagierod, siymawvileSi isini
ukve iSviaTad CamorCebodnen swavlaSi, xSirad amTavrebdnen saSualo skolas da ufro miiswrafodnen umaRlesi saswavleblebisaken, vidre am programis gareT darCenili bavSvebi.
(brauni, grotbergi, 1980). aseTi saxis gamokvlevebs SefasebiTi ewodeba da is farTod
gavrcelda bolo 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
6. Teoriuli dilemebi
sociologiaSi oTxi ZiriTadi Teoriuli mimarTuleba arsebobs:
1. funqcionalizmi – konti, diurkemi. romelime sociologiuri moqmedebis an
institutis funqciis Seswavla niSnavs SeviswavloT da gavaanalizoT maTi wvlili
sazogadoebis rogorc mTelis funqcionirebisa da gaviTarebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. sazogadoeba superorganizaciaa.
2. struqturalizmi. sosiuris Tanaxmad enis struqturis analizi niSnavs im wesebis
Ziebas, romlebic Seadgenen enis uxilav da ganuyrel safuZvels. ena da mniSvneloba. sosiuri
amtkicebda, rom sityvaTa mniSvnelobebi warmoiqmneba enis struqturebis meSveobiT da ara im
obieqtebiT romlebsac es sityvebi aRniSnaven.
3. simboluri interaqcionizmi. simboluri interaqcionizmi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
aqtiur da Semoqmed individs, vidre sxva danarCeni Teoriuli midgomebi.
4. marqsizmi. marqsistebi gansxvavebiT sxva sociologebisgan gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWeben sazogadoebis klasobriv dayofas, klasTa konfliqts, agreTve
Zalauflebisa da ideologiis problemebs.
Teoriuli dilemebi
rogoria am oTxi Teoriuli poziciis SedarebiTi Rirebuleba? TiToeul maTgans yavs
mxurvale momxreebi, magram cxadia rom zogierT mimarTebaSi es koncefciebi avseben erTmaneTs.
funqcionalizmi da marqsizmis versiaTa umravlesoba koncentracias axdenen socialuri
jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis cxovrebis msxvil masStabiani aspeqtebis Seswavlaze. isini
principulad orientirebulni arian “did sakiTxebze” – “rogor uzrunvelyofen sazogadoebebi
TavianT mTlianobas”? an “rogoria socialur cvlilebaTa ZiriTadi mizezebi”?
simboluri interaqcionizmi, piriqiT yvelaze metad dakavSirebulia socialuri
cxovrebis pirovnul mxareebთან. struqturalizmi sxva midgomebisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom Tavis yuradRebas ZiriTadad
socialuri saqmianobis kulturul Tvisebebze amaxvilebs.
amgvarad, sociologiuri problemebis ganxilvisas zogierTi xarisxiT SeiZleba
visargebloT yvela Teoriis nayofiT, Tumca gansazRvrul mimarTebebSi isini Riad
upirispirdebian erTmaneTs.
arsebobs ამ მიდგომების შესაბამისი ოთხი ZiriTadi Teoriuli dilema - sakiTxebi, romlebic warmoadgenen mudmivi kamaTisa da diskusiis wyaros
1. rogori xarisxiT varT Cven SemoqmedebiTi sawyisebis srulfasovani matareblebi,
romlebic aqtiurad vaxdenT sakuTari cxovrebis warmoebas? SeiZleba Cveni moqmedebebis
didi nawili aris Cvengan damoukideblad arsebuli fundamenturi Zalebis gavlenis
Sedegi? am sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba yovelTvis yofda da yovelTvis gayofs
sociologebs. simboluri interaqcionizmi xazs usvams adamianuri qcevis aqtiur
SemoqmedebiT Semadgenel elementebs. sami danarCeni midgoma (marqsizmis zogierTi aspeqtis gamoklebiT) aqcents akeTebs Cvens saqmianobaze socialuri institutebis
gavlenis maiZulebel xasiaTze.
2. meore dilema dakavSirebulia sazogadoebaSi arsebul Tanxmobasa (konsesussa) da
konfliqtTan. zogierTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad pirvel adgilze dgas sazogadoebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli wesrigi da harmonia. am Sexedulebebis momxreebi, memkvidreobiTobas da
konsesuss sazogadoebaTa yvelaze bunebriv maxasiaTeblebad Tvlian, rogor Zlieradac
ar unda Seicvalos isini droTa ganmavlobaSi. sxva sociologebi, xazs usvamen
socialuri konfliqtis siRrmiseul bunebas. isini Tvlian rom sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia interesTa danawevreba – danawileba, daZabuloba da
brZola. maTi azriT, mtkiceba rom adamianebi ZiriTadad mSvidobis moyvarulni, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisken midrekilebis mqone arsebebi arian, mcdaria. TviT im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac aris Ria konfrontacia, sazogadoebaSi arsebobas inarCunebs
interesTa principuli sxvaoba, romelic gansazRvrul momentSi SeiZleba aqtiur
konfliqtad iqces.
3. mesame dilema dakavSirebulia ara imdenad adamianuri saqmianobis an mTlianad
sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebTan, ramdenadac Tanamedrove socialuri ganviTarebis
TvisebebTan. bWoba exeba im faqtorebs romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebis TviT bunebaze. es dilemma momdinareobs aramarqsistuli da marqsistul
midgomebs Soris gansxvavebebidan. igi koncentrirdeba Semdegi sakiTxis garSemo: rogori
xarisxiTa da doniT gansazRvravs Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebas marqsis mier gamoyofili ekonomikuri faqtorebi? meores mxriv, rogori xarisxiT SeuZlia
alternatiul faqtorebs(socialurs, politikurs da kulturuls) gansazRvron
socialuri ganviTareba Tanamedrove epoqaSi.
4. arsebobs Teoriis meoTxe fundamenturi problema, romelic saeWvoa warmoSobiliyo
orTodoqsaluri koncefciis CarCoebSi, magram romlis ignorireba metad aRar SeiZleba.
problema isaa rom sociologiur analizSi Semoyvanil unda iqnes genderis gageba.
warsulis yvela didi figura sociologiaSi iyvnen mamakacebi, da Tavis SromebSi isini
praqtikulad yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen im faqts, rom adamianuri arsebebi qalebad da
mamakacebad iyofian. maT SromebSi individebi warmogvidgeba abstraqtul “moqmed
pirebad”, romlebic “saSualo sqess” miekuTvnebian da ara rogorc qalebi da kacebi. ramdenadac tradiciul sociologiaSi genderis problemis dayenebisas ar arsebobs
raime safuZveli, romelsac SeiZleba daeyrdnoT, amitom es problema SesaZloa dRes
yvelaze rTulia am oTxidan.
genderis problemasTan dakavSirebuli erTerTi Teoriuli dilema Semdegia: SemovitanoT
Tu ara “genderi” rogorc sociologiuri kategoria Teoriul sociologiaSi? SeiZleba
ukeTesi iyos genderis sakiTxebis ganxilva Tu mas davanawevrebT mTel rig specifikur
faqtorebad, romlebic gansazRvraven qalebis maiZulebel qcevas sxvadasxva situaciebSi?
xolo Tu sxva mxridan mivudgebiT, arsebobs ki yvela kulturaSi is maxasiaTeblebi romlebi
ganasxvaveben “qalebisa da kacebis socialur qcevebs”? anda genderuli dayofa SeiZleba avxsnaT sxva socialuri gansxvavebebis (mag. klasobrivi dayofa) terminebSi?
struqtura da moqmdeba
erT - erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tema, romelic diurkemma warmoWra da Semdeg ki sxvebma ganaviTares, aris is, rom sazogadoeba romelic gvaerTianebs rogorc Tavis wevrebs namdvilad
uqmnis Tu ara Cvens saqmianobas socialur SezRudvebs. diurkemi amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebas
individze upiratesoba prioritetad aqvs. igi aris raRac ufro meti vidre individualur
aqtTa ubralo jami, amitom socialuri struqturis kvlevisas, Cven vejaxebiT “myari” da
“magari”, “xisti” Tvisebebis mqone maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic SeiZleba materialuri garemos
struqturebs SevadaroT. warmovidginoT adamiani, romelic imyofeba ramdenime karian oTaxSi.
oTaxis agebuleba zRudavs individis SesaZlo moqmedebebis wres. magaliTad kedlebisa da
karebis ganlageba gansazRvravs gasasvlelisa da Semosasvlelis ganlagebas. diurkemis azriT
socialuri struqtura msgavsi wesiT ukeTebs reglamentirebas Cvens saqmianobas.igi sazRvrebs
uwesebs Cvens individualur moqmedebebs. CvenTvis igi iseTive “garegania” rogorc dasaxelebuli oTaxis kedlebi. mocemuli Tvalsazrisi diurkemis mier gamoTqmulia mis
cnobil SeniSvnaSi:
„rodesac vmoqmedeb rogorc Zma, qmari an moqalaqe,rodesac vasruleb imas,rac
xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli, me vasruleb Cemi pirovnebisa da Cemi qmedebebis miRma
samarTliTa da adaT – CveulebebiT dadgenil movaleobebs. maSinac ki, rodesac isini
eTanadebian Cems sakuTar grZnobebs da Sinaganad gaTavisebuli maqvs maTi realoba, es
ukanaskneli mainc erTgvarad obieqturi rCeba, radgan aRniSnuli movaleobebi piradad Cemi
qmnadobis nayofi ki ar aris, aramed aRzrdis wyalobiTaa SeZenili. amasTan, xSirad xdeba, rom
Cven ZirisZirobamde ar vicnobT Cvenze dakisrebul movaleobebs da iZulebuli varT, kodeqsSi
veZioT an rCeva vkiTxoT maTi ganmartebis unaris mqone pirebs! zustad aseve, daibada Tu ara, morwmune adamians Tavisi religiis mzamzareuli, Camoyalibebuli wes – Cveulebebi da
miTiTebebi daxvda; raki isini arsebobdnen amqveynad mis movlinebamde, maSasadame,arsebobdnen
mis miRma. leqsikur niSanTa maragi, romliTac vsargeblob Cemi azrebis gadmosacemad;
savaluto sistema, romelsac viyeneb valebis gadasaxdelad; kreditis saSualebebi,romlebiTac
vsargeblob Cem komerciul urTierTobebSi; Cveulebebi, romelTac vicav Cem profesiul
saqmianobaSi da a.S. – yovelive es moqmedebs maSinac, roca me maT ar viyeneb. dae, Tundac es
yovelive ganixilon saTiTaod, sazogadoebis yvela wevris mimarT, Sedegi erTnairi iqneba.
maSasadame.azrovneba, moqmedeba da grZnoba xasiaTdebian im yuradsaRebi saSualebebiT, romlebic
arseboben individualuri cnobierebisagan damoukidebld, mis sazRvrebs miRma.“ (e. diurkemi
sociologiis meTodis wesebi. Tbilisi, 2001, gv.36–37).
diurkemis Tvalsazriss mravali momxreebi yavs, magram igi mZafr kritikas iwvevs. ra aris
“sazogadoeba” kiTxuloben kritikosebi, Tu ara mraval individualur aqtTa erToblioba? Tu
Cven vswavlobT romelime jgufs, vxedavT am dros ara koleqtiur arsebas aramed individTa
jgufs, romlebic erTmaneTTan imyofebian sxvadasxvagvari wesiT urTierTqmedebaSi.
”sazogadoeba” aris mxolod individTa simravle, romlebic asruleben mowesrigebul
moqmedebebs erTmaneTis mimarT. mocemuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad Cven vmoqmedebT mizandasaxul
– Tu mimarTulad ukve imis ZaliT, rom varT adamianebi da vsuldgmulobT, varsebobT
samyaroSi, romelic gamsWvalulia kulturuli sazrisebiT. am poziciis Tanaxmad socialuri
movlenebi ar arian sxva nivTebis msgavsi, rameTu damokidebulni arian im simbolur mniSvnelobebze romlebiTac Cven aRvWurvavT Cvens moqmedebebs – vasazrisianebT Cvens
moqmedebebs. Cven varT ara sazogadoebis qmnilebani, aramed misi Semqmnelni.
Sefaseba
saeWvoa rom es winaaRmdegoba odesme bolomde amoiwuros ramdenadac igi arsebobs im momentidan, rac Tanamedrove moazrovneebma pirvelad daiwyes adamianuri saqmianobis axsnis
sistemuri kvleva-Zieba. ufro metic kamaTi ar SemoisazRvreboda mxolod sociologiiT. Tqven
TviTon unda gadawyvitoT romeli poziciaa WeSmaritebasTan axlos.
da mainc ar unda gavazviadoT moyvanil TvalsazrisTa gansxvavebebi. rasakvirvelia, am
midgomebidan arcerTs ar SeuZlia absoluturi WeSmaritebis floba, magram Zalian advilad
SeiZleba SevniSnoT kavSiri maT Soris. cxadia, zogierT situaciaSi upiratesoba diurkemis
Tvalsazriss aqvs. socialuri institutebi winuswreben nebismier individs, magram aseve
ueWvelia isic, rom maT Cveni SezRudvis SesaZleblobac aqvT. ase, magaliTad, me aravar
fuladi sistemis gamomgonebeli, romelic Cvens qveyanaSi arsebobs. me aseve ara maqvs arCevani, visargeblo imiT Tu ara, Tu me msurs miviRo saqoneli da momsaxureba, romelic fulze
iyideba. sxva tradiciuli institutebis msgavsad fuladi sistema arsebobs sazogadoebis
yvela calkeuli wevrisgan damoukideblad, da reglamentacias uwesebs mis saqmianobas.
meores mxriv, aSkarad mcdaria debuleba, rom sazogadoeba CvenTan mimarTebaSi imdenadve
“garegania” rogorc fizikuri samyaro . fizikuri samyaro arsebobas gaagrZelebs maSinac ki
erTi adamianic ki rom ar arsebuliyo dedamiwis zurgze, magram igive amtkico sazogadoebis
Sesaxeb- cxadi uazrobaa. sazogadoeba aris garegani calkeuli individebis mimarT, magram igi
Tavisi gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad SeuZlebelia garegani iyos yvela individebisTvis.
ufro metic Tumca diurkemis “socialur faqtebs” ZaluZT Cveni saqmianobis SezRudva,
magram maT ar ZaluZT misi determinireba Tu gansazRvra. me SemiZlia vicxovro ise rom ar
visargeblo fuliT, Tu mtkiced gadavwyvet amas, Tumca aseTi gadawyvetilebisas SesaZloa
Zalian cud viTarebaSi Cavvarde. adamianma mudmivad unda akeTos arCevani, ara ubralod
pasiurad reagirebdes mis garSemo mimdinare xdomilebebze. “struqturuli” da “saqmianobiTi”
midgomebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvas SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos imis
gacnobierebam, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri saqmianobis msgavsad Cven aqtiurad vqmniT da vcvliT
socialur struqturas. magaliTad, Cvens mier fuladi sistemis gamoyeneba umniSvneloa, magram
igi aucilebeli wvlilia am sistemis arsebobis SenarCunebaSi. Tu yvela adamiani, anda maTi
umravlesoba, romeliRac momentSi miiRebs gadawyvetilebas Tavi aaridos fuliT sargeblobas, maSin fuladi sistema daiSleba.
konfliqti da konsesusi konfliqtis da konsesusis problemebis Sesaxeb TvalsazrisTa Sedareba upriani da
mizanSewonili iwqneba Tu mas kvlavac diurkemidan daviwyebT. diurkemi sazogadoebas
ganixilavs rogorc urTierTdamokidebul nawilTa erTobliobas. funqcionalistTa
umravlesobas sazogadoeba warmoudgeniaT rogorc gaerTianebuli mTlianoba, romelic
erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli struqturebisgan Sedgeba. es debuleba gansakuTrebiT
exmianeba diurkemis azrs “socialur faqtTa” maiZulebel “garegan” xasiaTze. magram analogia
am SemTxvevaSi tardeba ara Senobis kedlebTan, aramed adamianis sxeulTan, tanTan.
adamianis organizmi (sxeuli) mravali sxvadasxva nawilisgan Sedgeba(rogoricaa, tvini,
guli, filtvebi, RviZli da a.S.) misi SenarCunebisa da funqcionirebis saqmeSi organoebi
erTmaneTTan harmoniaSi unda muSaobdnen, Tu aseT harmonias adgili ara aqvs maSin mTeli
organizmi safrTxeSi aRmoCndeba. diurkemisa da agreTve parsonsis Tanaxmad igive xdeba
sazogadoebaSic. raTa sazogadoebam SeZlos arsebobis gagrZeleba aucilebelia misma Semadgenelma specializirebulma instututebma (politikuri sistema, religia, ojaxi,
ganaTlebis sistema) erTmaneTTan harmoniulad unda imoqmedon. amgvarad sazogadoebis arseboba
damokidebulia kooperaciaze (Sromis danawilebaze) romelic Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs
sazogadoebis Semadgeneli nawilebis saerTo konsesuss . (sayovelTao Tanxmobas anu rogorc
konti ityoda consensus omnium), anu sazogadoebis wevrebis Tanxmobas ZiriTad
Rirebulebebze. isini ki vinc konfliqtis problemas ganixilaven, gansxvavebul poziciaze
dganan. . maTi ZiriTadi debulebebi SeiZleba Zalian advilad vaCvenoT, Tu magaliTis saxiT
gamoviyenebT marqsis mier mocemul klasobrivi konfliqtis cnebas. marqsis Tanaxmad
sazogadoeba iyofa klasebad, ramdenadac resursebis gansxvavebul odenobas floben. ramdenadac
arsebobs gamoxatuli uTanasworoba, amdenad SeimCneva interesTa sxvaoba, romelic “CaSenebuli” aRmoCndeba socialur sistemaSi. interesTa es konfliqti gansazRvrul momentSi
klasebs Soris aqtiur brZolaSi gadadis, romelmac SeiZleba dabados radikaluri
cvlilebebis procesi. am midgomis yvela momxre ase did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen klasebs
rogorc marqsi. zogjer gansxvavebaTa safuZvels, romlebic mniSvnelovani aRmoCndeba
konfliqtis dros, rasobriv jgufTa an politikur fraqciaTa Soris damokidebulebebSi
xedaven. magram, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo konfliqturi jgufebi, sazogadoeba Tavidanve
ganixileba rogorc daZabulobebiT savse ram da TviT yvelaze stabiluri socialuri
safuZvelic ki gamoiyureba antagonistur dajgufebaTa Soris aramyari balansis saxiT.
Sefaseba
debulebebi konfliqtisa da konsesusis Tanafardobis Taobaze saeWvoa rodesme dasruldes.
miuxedavad amisa konsesusis da konfliqtis poziciebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba, Cemi azriT,
imaze ufro radikalurad gamoiyureba vidre es sinamdvileSia. am ori poziciis savsebiT
SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb bWoba araa gamarTlebuli. nebismier sazogadoebas aqvs da aerTianebs
gansazRvruli gvaris erTianoba ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb da nebismieri sazogadoeba,
ueWvelia, gulisxmobs konfliqtis arsebobas.
ufro metic, sociologiuri analizis erTerT ZiriTad wess swored socialuri sistemis
SigniT konfliqtsa da konsensuss Soris kavSirebis kvleva warmoadgens. gansxvavebul jgufTa mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi da maTi wevrebis mier dasaxuli miznebi, xSirad asaxaven
saerTo da dapirispirebul interesTa narevs. TviT marqsistuli midgomac ki aRiarebs, rom
antagonistur klasebs Soris raRac saerTo interesebi arsebobs, mag. kapitalistebs
esaWiroebaT muSebi TavianTi sawarmoebis gasamarTavad xolo muSebs amave zomiT esaWiroebaT
kapitalistebi, romlebic maT gasamrjelos aZleven. msgavs viTarebebSi Ria konfliqti
xangrZlivi ver iqneba, ufro savaraudoa moxdes ise rom orive mxarisTvis saerTo gadawonis
gansxvavebebs, Tumca zogjer SeiZleba piriqiTac ki moxdes.
aseve sasargeblo cneba, romelic warmosdgeba konfliqtis da konsesusis analizis dros
aris ideologia – Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis erToblioba romelic xels uwyobs ufro Zlieri jgufebis poziciebis SenarCunebas ufro nakleb Zlierebis mqone jgufebis mimarT,
xels uwyobs maTi batonobis SenarCunebas. Zalaufleba, ideologia da konfliqti mudam
mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. mravali konfliqti warmoiSoba Zalauflebis
mopovebis gamo, rameTu igi mis mompoveblebs privilegiebsa da upiratesobebs aZlevT.
Zalauflebis mqoneT SeuZliaT Tavisi batonobis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyenon ideologiuri
saSualebebi, magram aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi maT ZaluZT Zalis gamoyenebac. mag: feodalizmis epoqaSi aristokratebis batonoba ganmtkicebuli iyo ideiT, rom rCeul adamianTa mcire
nawili dabadebuli iyo imisaTvis rom ebatonaT. magram aristokratebi xalisiT mimarTavdnen
Zaladobas imaT mimarT, vinc gabedavda da xels aRmarTavda maT Zalauflebaze.
Tanamedrove msoflios saxeebi
marqsistuli perspeqtiva. rogorc adrec aRvniSneT marqsi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs
ganixilavda rogorc kapitalisturs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi mimdinare socialuri cvlilebebis safuZvelSi mdebare wamyvani impulsi ekonomikuri transformaciebis moTxovnilebaa. romlebic
kapitalisturi warmoebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenen. kapitalizmi – gacilebiT
dinamiuri ekonomikuri sistemaa, vidre yvela misi winamorbedi sistema iyo. kapitalistebi
erTmaneTs ejaxebian im SesaZleblobebisTvis raTa SeeZloT miyidon TavianTi saqoneli
momxmareblebs. raTa SeinarCunon arseboba da gadarCnen sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi,
firmebma TavianTi produqcia rac SeiZleba efeqturad da iafad unda awarmoon. amas ki
mivyavarT mudmiv teqnologiur inovaciebTan. ramdenadac sawarmoo procesebSi gamoyenebuli
teqnologiebis efeqturobis amaRleba, warmoadgens erTerT saSualebas da wess, romlis
mixedviTac kompaniebs ZaluZT dajabnon TavianTi konkurentebi.
aseve seriozuli stimulebi arsebobs saqonlis gasaRebis bazrebis ZiebisaTvis, iafi
nedleulis SeZenis SesaZleblobebi da iafi muSaxelis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi. amitom
kapitalizmi, marqsis mixedviT warmoadgens mudmivad gafarToebad sistemas, romelic mTels
msoflios ipyrobs. aseTi wesiT xsnis marqsi dasavluri industriis gavrcelebas globaluri
masStabiT.
marqss hyavs, rogorc mrvalricxovani momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi da kritikosebi .
kritikosebi cdiloben marqsis Sexedulebebis uaryofas da gvTavazoben alternatiul
midgomebs im faqtorTa analizisaTvis romlebic gansazRvraven Tanamedrove msoflios.
praqtikulad yvela mkvlevari eTanxmeba imas, rom kapitalizmma didi roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove msoflios CamoyalibebaSi. magram sociologTa nawili amtkicebs, rom marqsma
gadaWarbebiT Seafasa is roli romelic iTamaSa momxdar cvlilebebSi wmindad ekonomikurma
faqtorebma, da garda amisa, aRniSnaven, rom kapitalizmi ar aris Tanamedrove socialuri
ganviTarebis centri, rogorc amas marqsi varaudobda. avtorTa umetesoba aseve skeptikurad
afaseben mis mtkicebas, rom socialisturi sistema aucileblad Secvlis kapitalizms.
maqs veberis Tvalsazrisi
marqsis kritikosebidan erTerTi pirveli da yvelaze seriozuli kritikosi maqs veberi
iyo. maqs veberis mier SemuSavebuli marqsis poziciis alternatiuli pozicia dResac inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas. misi azriT, Tanamedrove socialur ganviTarebSi gadamwyveti
roli araekonomikurma faqtorebma iTamaSes. maqs veberis yvelaze cnobili da sakamaTo Sroma
“protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis goni” amtkicebs, rom kapitalisturi
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis dros fundamenturi mniSvneloba hqondaT religiur
Rirebulebebs gansakuTrebiT im Rirebulebebs romlebic dakavSirebuli iyvnen puritanobasTan.
marqsis sawinaaRmdegod es msoflmxedveloba warmoiSva ara ekonomikuri cvlilebebisgan rogorc aseTisgan.
veberis azriT, kapitalizmi rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianobis organizaciis gansazRvruli
wesi, aris mravalTagan mxolod erTi faqtori, romelmac gavlena iqonia socialur
ganviTarebaze Tanamedrove periodSi. kapitalisturi ekonomikuri meqanizmis ufro
fundamentur safuZvlad mogvevlina mecniereba da biurokratia. mecnierebam Camoayaliba
Tanamedrove teqnologia. Tavis mxriv , biurokratia warmoadgens adamianTa didi jgufebis
efeqturi organizaciis erTaderT wess, da amitom igi gardauvlad gaizrdeba da
gafarTovdeba ekonomikuri politikuri zrdis zomis Sesabamisad. mecnierebis, Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis da biurokratiis gamovlenas veberi arsebiTad aRwers rogorc racionalizacias. racionalizacia niSnavs ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis organizaciis
efeqturobis principis Sesabamisad teqnikuri codnis safuZvelze.
Sefaseba
orive pozicia jerjerobiT kvlav inarCunebs arsebobis uflebas rameTu kargad gvixsnis
Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebas, xolo Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis gzebis
faqtologiuri kvlevebi gvexmareba imis garkvevaSi msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebebi orive
mxaris poziciebs rogor ganamtkicebs.
genderis problema
marTalia am problemas ar ukavia centraluri adgili. Tanamedrove sociologiis
fuZemdeblebTan. magram zogierTi nawyveti maTi Sromebidan gvaZlevs saSualebas vilaparakoT
am problemis maTeuli xedvis specifikaze. mag. diurkemi Tavis EerTerT SromaSi
“TviTmkvleloba” SeniSnavs rom “mamakaci mTlianad aris sazogadoebis produqti” maSin
rodesac qali mniSvnelovnad didi zomiT bunebis produqtia”. aviTarebs ra am dakvirvebebs igi
mamakacis Sesaxeb wers: “misi gemovneba, miswrafeba da iumori ufro koleqtiuri warmoSobisaa,
maSin rodesac misi Tanamgzavris igive Tvisebebi ufro organizmiT ganisazRvreba. kacis
moTxovnilebebi amgvarad Zlier gansxvavdeba qalis moTxovnilebebisgan. : sxva sityvebiT mamakaci da dedakaci igiveobrivni ar arian, maT aqvT gansxvavebuli gemovneba da midrekilebebi,
vinaidan qalebi nakleb socializebulni arian da ufro axlos arian bunebasTan vidre
mamakacebi.
dRes msgavs Tvalsazriss aravin gaiziarebs, vinaidan qalis specifikuri individualoba
igive zomiT yalibdeba socializaciis saSualebiT , rogoradac kacis individualoba. da
mainc, zogierTi Sesworebebis Setanis Semdeg diurkemis mtkiceba-dasabuTeba genderis bunebis
formirebis xedvis erT-erTi SesaZlo wesTagani aRmoCndeba. mxedvelobaSi aqvT is, rom
genderuli gansxvaveba ZiriTadad qalsa da kacs Soris arsebul biologiur gansxvavebebs
emyareba. aseTi Tvalsazrisi aucileblad ar niSnavs imas, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi uwinares yovlisa TanSobilia. piriqiT, igi varaudobs rom qalis socialuri pozicia misi
qaluroba, ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba bavSvTa SobiT da aRzrdiT. Tu es Tvalsazrisi sworia,
maSin genderuli gansxvaveba nebismieri sazogadoebis atributia. mamakacebis da dedakacebis
uTanasworoba Zalauflebis flobaSi im faqts asaxavs, rom qalebi zrdian bavSvebs da arian
maTi mTavari aRmzrdelebi, maSin rodesac mamakacebi moqmedeben, “saWiro sferoebSi” :politikaSi, omSi da a.S.
marqsis Tvalsazrisi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba am poziciidan. marqsisaTvis genderuli
gansxvaveba Zalauflebasa da statusSi mxolod sxva gansxvavebas, uwinares yovlisa, klasobriv
gansxvavebas asaxavs. misi azriT, primitiul sazogadoebaSi ar aris arc klasobrivi da arc
genderuli gansxvaveba. mamakacis batonoba qalze warmoiSoba mxolod klasebis gaCenasTan
erTad. rodesac Cndeba qorwinebis instituti, qalebi mamakacTa “kerZo sakuTrebis” erT erT
formad gardaiqmnebian. qalebi amgvar monobas maSin daaRweven Tavs rodesac sazogadoebis
klasobrivi dayofa daZleuli iqneba. da kvlavac mxolod Zalian cota vinme Tu daeTanxmeba am
azrs dRes, magram is SeiZleba ufro misaRebi gaxdes Tu Teziss ganvaviTarebT. klasobrivi faqtori ar aris erTaderTi im socialuri gansxvavebebis gansazRvrebaSi romlebic moqmedeben
qalebisa da kacebis socialur qcevaze. sxva faqtorTagan aRsaniSnavia eTnikuri da
kulturuli mikuTnebuloba da identoba. magaliTad savsebiT SesaZlebelia rom eTnikuri
umciresobebis kuTvnili qalebi (mag: zangebi amerikaSi) . ufro Tanaswor damokidebulebaSi
arian Tavisive jgufis mamakacebTan mimarTebaSi, vidre umravlesobisadmi kuTvnil qalebTan
mimarT e.i. TeTr qalebTan mimarTebaSi.an SeiZleba moxdes ase, rom, qalebi romlebic
gansazRvrul kulturas miekuTvnebian ufro meti saerTo niSnebi aqvT amave kulturis mqone
mamakacebTan, vidre industriuli sazogadoebis qalebTan.
Sefaseba
am dilemaSi CarTuli sakiTxebi friad mniSvnelovania da pirdapir dakavSirebulia im
gamowvevasTan romelic sociologebs avtorma – feministebma (qalebma) esroles. miuxedavad
imisa rom dRes sociologiaSi momravlda qalebisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebi dRemde rCeba
iseTi sferoebi romlebSic qalTa specifikuri saqmianoba da interesebi jer kidev sustadaa
Seswavlili. “qaluri problematikis Setana” sociologiaSi TavisTavad ar niSnavs genderuli
problemis gadaWras ramdenadac genderi gulisxmobs gansxvavebas rogorc qalebis ise
mamakacebis identurobasa da qcevebSi, moqmedebebSi. dRes Riad rCeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogori xarisxiT SeiZleba axsnili iqnas genderuli gansxvavebebi sxva sociologiuri
konteqstebis da cnebebis meSveobiT da piriqiT, rogori xarisxiT esaWiroeba sxva danarCen socialur movlenebs genderul terminebSi axsna. rasakvirvelia sociologias rogorc
amxsneli mecnierebis zogierTi mniSvnelovani amocana am problemebis efeqtur gadawyvetasTan
iqneba dakavSirebuli.
daskvna
ogiust konti (AUGUSTE CONTE) (1798-1857)
ogiust konts xSirad moixsenieben sociologiis mamad: man sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad
pirvelma gamoiyena mecnieruli meTodi. is varaudobda, rom mecniereba daexmareba sazogadoebis
marTvis faruli kanonebis wvdomaSi. aseT midgomas man Tavidan socialuri fizika daarqva, Semdeg ki sociologia, rac niSnavs ,,mecnierebas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb”.
konti daibada safrangeTSi 1798 wels. masze Rrma gavlena moaxdina safrangeTis
revoluciiT gamowveulma socialurma da politikurma Zvrebma. Tavis ZiriTad naSromebSi konti gamodis ganmanaTleblobis epoqis metafizikuri Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg, rac gabatonebuli
iyo revoluciamdel safrangeTSi. konti miiswrafis sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad SeimuSavos racionaluri meTodi, romlis safuZveli iqneboda dakvirveba da eqsperimenti. mas imedi qonda,
rom aseTi, xSirad pozitivizmad wodebuli, midgoma uzrunvelyofda ufro mdgradi
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis praqtikul safuZvels.
kontis pozitivisturi sociologia ori koncefciisagan Sedgeba: socialuri statika da
socialuri dinamika. socialuri statika naTels fens urTierTobebs socialur institutebs
Soris. sazogadoebaSi, varaudobda konti, rogorc cocxal organizmSi, nawilebi harmoniul
urTierTobaSi arian. Kkonti drwmunebulia, rom sazogadoebas axasiaTebs stabiluroba,
magram mas mainc ainteresebda socialuri dinamika, socialuri cvlilebebis procesebi.
socialuri dinamikis Seswavla mniSvnelovania imitom, rom es xels uwyobs reformebs da
exmareba bunebrivi cvlilebebis gamokvlevaSi, rasac adgili aqvs socialuri struqturebis gardaqmnisa da daSlis Sedegad.
sociologiis ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi ori idea ikveTeba. Oorive maTganis saTave
ogiust kontis Sromebia. Ppirvelia _ mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyeneba sazogadoebis
Sesaswavlad. Mmeorea _ mecnierebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba socialuri reformebis
Casatareblad. Kkonti darwmunebulia, rom mecnieruli codna SeiZleba emsaxuros
sazogadoebis keTildReobas.
mokle Sinaarsi.
1. sociologia _ es aris sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Seswavla. is
monacemebs (faqtebs) iRebs realuri samyarodan da cdilobs maT axsnas mecnierul
analizze dayrdnobiT. sociologiam mecnierebad Camoyalibeba daiwyo daaxloebiT ori
saukunis ukan.
2. sociologebi iyeneben ramodenime ZiriTad midgomas. Demografiuli midgoma gvaZlevs
sazogadoebis daxasiaTebas Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis da migraciis Seswavlis gziT.
fsiqologiuri midgoma aanalizebs adamianTa qcevebs, qcevis motivebs, azrs, socialur
ganwyobas. Koleqtivisturi midgoma gamoiyeneba jgufebisa da organizaciebis Seswavlisas.
meoTxe midgoma gulisxmoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Seswavlas. mexuTe, kulturologiuri _ aanalizebs qcevbs kulturis iseT
elementebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi normebi da Rirebulebebi.
3. sociologia Seiswavlis sazogadoebas or, mikro da makrodoneze. mikrosociologia
ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs adamianTa yoveldRiur urTierTobebs, makrosociologia
ikvlevs sazogadoebis ZiriTad struqturebs.
4. mikrosociologiur doneze ZiriTadi aris simboluri urTierTqmedebis (interaqcionizmis)
Teoria. am Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom adamianebi garkveul mniSvnelobas (simboloebs)
aniWeben gare samyaros zemoqmedebas da metwilad am simboloebze reagireben da ara TviT
zemoqmedebaze. warsulis gamocdileba da yvelas mier gaziarebuli, erTnairad gagebuli
simboloebi aadvileben urTierTobebs. 5. makrosociologiur doneze arsebobs ori Teoria: funqcionalizmi da konfliqtis Teoria.
funqcionalistebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebis
sistemas, romelTagan yovelive axdens gavlenas mTelis funqcionirebaze. sxvadasxva
nawilebis normaluri funqcionirebis Sedegad vRebulobT mdgrad, erTian sazogadoebas.
konfliqtis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens marqsis debuleba, rom adamianebi ekonomikur
sistemaSi maTi adgilebis Sesabamisad, dayofili arian klasebad da konfliqti am klasebs Soris garduvalia. Kkonfliqtis Teoriis zogierTi Tanamedrove mimdevari ZiriTad
mniSvnelobas aniWebs Zalauflebis danawilebis sistemas da ara ekonomikur gansxvavebas.
6. sociologiuri gamokvleva iwyeba hipoTeziT _ debulebiT, romelic varaudobs, rom erTi
faqti mizezSedegobrivad aris dakavSirebulia meoresTan. Teoria aris
urTierTSesabamisobaSi moyvanili hipoTezebis sistema. sociologiuri meTodebi _ es aris
wesebi da saSualebebi, romlebic erTmaneTs gadaabamen faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs.
7. cvladi aris cneba, romelmac SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva mniSvneloba. sociologiis
umravlesi gamokvleva cdilobs gamoavlinos romelime garkveuli movlenis cvlilebebi, es
aris damokidebuli cvladi, xolo Semdeg axsnas es cvlilebebi sxva movlenebTan kavSirSi,
es aris damoukidebeli cvladi. 8. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi meTodebia SerCeviTi ganxilva, savele gamokvleva,
istoriuli meTodi da eqsperimenti. am meTodebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevari cdiloba
gaakontrolos Sesaswavli movlenis yvela SesaZlebeli mizezi, ixilavs ra maT cal-calke.
Eqsperimentis an sxva meTodiT kvlevis dros sociologi amcirebs damoukidebeli
cvladebis raodenobas.
9. sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia politikuri klimati, romelic xels
Seuwyobs mkvlevaris Tavisuflebas, gamokvlevis Sedegebis publikaciis SesaZleblobas da
gamoricxavs represiis muqaras. sociologiis ganviTarebaze gavlena aqvs sazogadoebriv
problemebsa da krizisebs. Tavis mxriv, sociologebis moRvaweoba exmareba sazogadoebas
problemebis dadgenasa da maTdami yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi. 10. sociologiuri codna sazogadoebaze gavlenas Semdegnairad axdens:
1). specialisti sociologebi muSaoben saxelmwifoebriv da kerZo organizaciebSi;
2). sociolgebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sxva sferoebSi;
3). sociologebs SeuZliaT Secvalon adamianTa damokidebuleba movlenebisadmi, aseve
miawvdian informacias socialuri politikis sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad;
4). sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gvexmareba arsebuli socialuri politikis qmediTobis
SemowmebaSi.
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