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Cellular Respiration
Sheriff Kubeka201201410Cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration
When we eat, we get energy (glucose and other sugars)
Food energy is broken down into usable energyEnergy used to bond phosphate groups to ADP to make ATP
Cellular RespirationWhat is cell respiration???
Respiration: the process of breaking down food molecules into usable energy
THE GOAL:Create ATP for cells to useFree up electronshave high energy
Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular RespirationTypes of cell respiration
Aerobic Processes:REQUIRE oxygen to take placeA lot of energy available (efficient)
Anaerobic Processes:DO NOT require oxygen to take placeGet energy quickly (inefficient)
GlycolysisInvolves breaking down 6-carbon sugarsBreak sugars into pyruvic acid molecules3-Carbon molecules
This process is ANAEROBICNo oxygen necessary
Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells
GlycolysisYou will need to know this
Glycolysis
Just Kidding
GlycolysisGlycolysis also creates hydrogen ions and free electronsThe whole point of respiration = high energy
H + ions bond with NAD+ to form NADH + H +NADH carries electrons and H + ions
This process uses 2ATP molecules and creates 4 ATP molecules
GlycolysisTOTAL ATP PRODUCTION:
Glycolysis Step 1 uses 2 ATP molecules
Glycolysis Step 2 converts 4 ADP molecules into 4 ATP molecules
Net ATP production = 2 ATP for every glucose molecule
Glycolysis
GlycolysisOxygen is our friend
When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs
Happens in the mitochondria
GlycolysisBreaking down Pyruvic AcidOccurs in the mitochondria
Pyruvic Acid = 3-carbon compound
Broken down into2-Carbon compoundacetic acidCarbon Dioxide
GlycolysisIntermediate Step in Glycolysis
2-Carbon CompoundAcetic AcidCombined with coenzyme A (CoA)Forms compound called acetyl-CoA
This is only an intermediate stephave to move pyruvic acid into Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Glycolysis =2 ATP
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Produces more ATP and releases more electronsElectrons picked up by NAD + and FADOrganic carrier molecules
Occurs inside mitochondriaMitochondrial Matrix
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon moleculeCitric Acid
Citric Acid broken down into a 5-carbon compoundNAD + removes electrons (NADH + H +)CO2 released
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
5-carbon compound broken down into a 4-carbon compoundATP createdNAD + removes electrons (NADH + H +)CO2 released
4-carbon compound (oxaloacetic acid) is createdUsed to bond with acetyl- CoA to restart cycle
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle =2 ATPCellular respiration
Electron Transport ChainWhat is the ETC???A series of molecules along which electrons are transferred, releasing energy
Occurs in the mitochondriawall of mitochondria
Aerobic processOxygen is involvedActs as the electron acceptor
Electron Transport Chain
As the electrons are passed between carrier proteins, energy is releasedATP is created
Electrons are given up by the carrier moleculesNADH and FADH2 ------- NAD + and FAD
Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain
As the electrons (H + ions) travel down the chain, they bond with oxygen2 H + + 1 O = water (H2O)Electron acceptor
Carbon is given off as carbon dioxide
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
ETC =34 ATP
Electron Transport ChainA problem exists if there is no oxygenAnaerobic process
When oxygen is used up, electrons cannot be removedTraffic jam in the mitochondria
KEY POINT Electron Transport Chain cannot run without oxygen
Anaerobic RespirationIf no oxygen present after glycolysis, pyruvic acid can still be broken downFermentation
2 ATP made during fermentation
Uses electrons carried by NADH + H + so that NAD+ can regenerate for glycolysis
Anaerobic RespirationTwo types of fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic FermentationGlucose2 Pyruvic Acid2 Lactic Acid
Glucose2 Pyruvic Acid2 Ethanol + 2 CO2
Anaerobic RespirationLactic Acid FermentationNADH produce during glycolysis transfers H atoms to pyruvate reducing it to lactate.
Muscle fatigueWhen your muscle cells require more energy than can be producedLack of oxygenLactic acid build up = muscle fatigue
When oxygen is present, lactic acid breaks down
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic RespirationAlcohol Fermentation
Occurs in bacteria, plants and most animals
Can you think of a bacteria that is used for fermentation???
Pyruvic Acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
Dacrboxylate pyruvate , releasing CO2 and forming 2-C compound called acetaldehyde.NADH produced during glycolysis transfers hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, reducing it to ethyl alcohol.Basis for the production of beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages.
Electron Transport chainOccurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.Energized electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the top of the chain. The electrons are passed from protein to protein within the membrane, slowly releasing their energy in steps. Some of that energy is used directly to form ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration
Cellular Respiration
General FormulaC6H12O6 + 6 O26 CO2 + 6 H2O
Reference list Durana. Y . (2011) . Cellular respiration. http://www.slideshare.net/yang286/cellular-respiration-9394052
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