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Cellular Respiration

Sheriff Kubeka201201410Cellular respiration


When we eat, we get energy (glucose and other sugars)

Food energy is broken down into usable energyEnergy used to bond phosphate groups to ADP to make ATP

Cellular RespirationWhat is cell respiration???

Respiration: the process of breaking down food molecules into usable energy

THE GOAL:Create ATP for cells to useFree up electronshave high energy


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Cellular RespirationTypes of cell respiration

Aerobic Processes:REQUIRE oxygen to take placeA lot of energy available (efficient)

Anaerobic Processes:DO NOT require oxygen to take placeGet energy quickly (inefficient)

GlycolysisInvolves breaking down 6-carbon sugarsBreak sugars into pyruvic acid molecules3-Carbon molecules

This process is ANAEROBICNo oxygen necessary

Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

GlycolysisYou will need to know this

Glycolysis

Just Kidding

GlycolysisGlycolysis also creates hydrogen ions and free electronsThe whole point of respiration = high energy

H + ions bond with NAD+ to form NADH + H +NADH carries electrons and H + ions

This process uses 2ATP molecules and creates 4 ATP molecules

GlycolysisTOTAL ATP PRODUCTION:

Glycolysis Step 1 uses 2 ATP molecules

Glycolysis Step 2 converts 4 ADP molecules into 4 ATP molecules

Net ATP production = 2 ATP for every glucose molecule

Glycolysis

GlycolysisOxygen is our friend

When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs

Happens in the mitochondria

GlycolysisBreaking down Pyruvic AcidOccurs in the mitochondria

Pyruvic Acid = 3-carbon compound

Broken down into2-Carbon compoundacetic acidCarbon Dioxide

GlycolysisIntermediate Step in Glycolysis

2-Carbon CompoundAcetic AcidCombined with coenzyme A (CoA)Forms compound called acetyl-CoA

This is only an intermediate stephave to move pyruvic acid into Krebs Cycle

Glycolysis

Glycolysis =2 ATP

Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

Produces more ATP and releases more electronsElectrons picked up by NAD + and FADOrganic carrier molecules

Occurs inside mitochondriaMitochondrial Matrix


Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon moleculeCitric Acid

Citric Acid broken down into a 5-carbon compoundNAD + removes electrons (NADH + H +)CO2 released


5-carbon compound broken down into a 4-carbon compoundATP createdNAD + removes electrons (NADH + H +)CO2 released

4-carbon compound (oxaloacetic acid) is createdUsed to bond with acetyl- CoA to restart cycle


Citric Acid Cycle =2 ATPCellular respiration

Electron Transport ChainWhat is the ETC???A series of molecules along which electrons are transferred, releasing energy

Occurs in the mitochondriawall of mitochondria

Aerobic processOxygen is involvedActs as the electron acceptor

Electron Transport Chain

As the electrons are passed between carrier proteins, energy is releasedATP is created

Electrons are given up by the carrier moleculesNADH and FADH2 ------- NAD + and FAD



As the electrons (H + ions) travel down the chain, they bond with oxygen2 H + + 1 O = water (H2O)Electron acceptor

Carbon is given off as carbon dioxide


Glycolysis

ETC =34 ATP

Electron Transport ChainA problem exists if there is no oxygenAnaerobic process

When oxygen is used up, electrons cannot be removedTraffic jam in the mitochondria

KEY POINT Electron Transport Chain cannot run without oxygen

Anaerobic RespirationIf no oxygen present after glycolysis, pyruvic acid can still be broken downFermentation

2 ATP made during fermentation

Uses electrons carried by NADH + H + so that NAD+ can regenerate for glycolysis

Anaerobic RespirationTwo types of fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic FermentationGlucose2 Pyruvic Acid2 Lactic Acid

Glucose2 Pyruvic Acid2 Ethanol + 2 CO2

Anaerobic RespirationLactic Acid FermentationNADH produce during glycolysis transfers H atoms to pyruvate reducing it to lactate.

Muscle fatigueWhen your muscle cells require more energy than can be producedLack of oxygenLactic acid build up = muscle fatigue

When oxygen is present, lactic acid breaks down

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic RespirationAlcohol Fermentation

Occurs in bacteria, plants and most animals

Can you think of a bacteria that is used for fermentation???

Pyruvic Acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide

Dacrboxylate pyruvate , releasing CO2 and forming 2-C compound called acetaldehyde.NADH produced during glycolysis transfers hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, reducing it to ethyl alcohol.Basis for the production of beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages.

Electron Transport chainOccurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.Energized electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the top of the chain. The electrons are passed from protein to protein within the membrane, slowly releasing their energy in steps. Some of that energy is used directly to form ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration


General FormulaC6H12O6 + 6 O26 CO2 + 6 H2O

Reference list Durana. Y . (2011) . Cellular respiration. http://www.slideshare.net/yang286/cellular-respiration-9394052

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