scientific method & measurement 1. name the part of the scientific method being described....

SCIENTIFIC METHOD & MEASUREMENT1. Name the part of the scientific method being described.

a. Educated Guess• Hypothesisb. Testing the

hypothesis• Experimentc. Stating whether or not

the hypothesis is correct

• Conclusion

d. In the form of a question•Probleme. Data, graphs, charts•Observations

2. What part of an experiment:•a. changes in each setup •Independent variable•b. consists of the measurements taken/data obtained•Dependent variable

3. Read the experiment below to answer the questions below.John is testing whether or not fertilizer increases plant growth. His hypothesis was that fertilizer would make plants grow more. He uses 2 plants. Plant A was grown in soil and Plant B was grown in soil with fertilizer added to it. John gave each plant the same amount of water, and the same amount of sunlight. He measured the height of each plant once a week for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the height of Plant A was 10 cm and the height of Plant B was 15 cm.

a. IV•Fertilizerb. DV•heightc. Control group•Plants Ad. Experimental group•Plant B

e. What are 2 factors that must remain constant?•Type of plant, same amount of soil, same amount of water, temperature•f. Describe what can be done to make the results of this study more reliable. •Repeat or increase sample size.

MEASUREMENT4. What is mass? •The amount of matter in an object (grams)5. What is volume? •The amount of space an object takes up

6. Convert the following:

a. 2.5 cL = ____mL•25 mL

6. Convert the following:

c. 7.4 g = ____mg•7400 mg

6. Convert the following:

d. 1 km = ___m•1000 m

8. An object has a length of 2 cm, a height of 3.2 cm and a width of 0.23 cm. What is the volume of the object! Show all work!

•V = L x W x H•V = 2 cm x 3.2 cm x 0.23 cm•V = 1.472 (always round to nearest tenth)•V = 1.5 cm3

8. The volume of water in a graduated cylinder is 30mL. A marble is placed into the graduated cylinder. The volume of the water is now 34mL.a. What is the volume of the marble?•34-30 = •4 mL

9. According to the triple beam balance at the right, what is the mass of the object?•62.4g

11. What is the length of the object below in centimeters? (The object starts at zero)

•41.9cm

12. What is the volume of the liquid in each graduated cylinder shown below?

12 mL 16 mL

12. Identify the following temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius.a. melting point of water? •0°C, 32°Fc. boiling point of water? •100°C, 212°Fb. freezing point of water? •0°C, 32°F

C. MICROSCOPE 15. Label the diagram of the microscope: •a. eyepiece•b. body tube•c. fine adj•d. nosepiece•e. objective lens•f. diaphragm•g. base•h. coarse adj•i. arm•j. stage clips•k. stage•l. mirror/light source

MICROSCOPE 14. Label the diagram of the microscope: a. _________________________ b. _________________________ c. _________________________ d. _________________________ e. _________________________ f. _________________________ g. _________________________ h. _________________________ i. _________________________ j. _________________________ k. _________________________ l. _________________________

a

b

c d

e

f g

h

i

j

k

l

f

g

h

i

kl

15. Which part of the microscope controls the amount of light used?•diaphragm16. Why shouldn’t the coarse adjustment knob of a microscope be used under high power?•You could break the lens or the slide.17. When switching from low to high power, what happens to the field of view?•It decreases

18. Draw what the letter “e” looks like when looking at it under a microscope.

19. What is the total magnification of a microscope with an eyepiece of 10x and an objective lens of 40x? •10 x 40•400x20. a. 1mm = _________________um •1000

• 21.What is the diameter of the field of view below in millimeters and micrometers?

• 3.5 mm• 3500 um

• 22. What is the length of the object in the field of view below in millimeters and micrometers?

• 1.5 mm• 1500 um

__________________________ 21. What is the length of the object in the field of view below in millimeters and micrometers? = 22. When preparing a wet mount, why must the cover slip be lowered onto the slide on an angle? __________________________________________________________________________________________________

6 mm

23. When preparing a wet mount, why must the cover slip be lowered onto the slide on an angle?•To avoid air bubbles.

D. CHEMISTRY24. Label the subatomic particles of the atom below and indicate its charge.

A. Electron ( negative)

C. Proton ( positive)

B. Neutron (no charge)

25. Identify each phase below (solid, liquid, gas). Write the name of the phase to the right of each diagram as well as the positioning and speed of the molecules.

Gas

Very far apart

Very fast

solid

Close together

Vibrate

Liquid

Some space between

Slide past each other

26. For the following questions, choose the phase change that is described by each statement. Melting Evaporization Condensation Freezing Sublimation

a. Gas loses heat energy. •condensationb. When liquid absorbs heat energy. •evaporationc. The solid absorbs heat energy.•meltingd. Solid changes directly to the gas phase.•sublimatione. Liquid loses heat energy.•freezing

27. For the following questions, determine if a physical (P) or chemical change (C) is being described.

a. Iodine reacts with hydrogen to form a gas.

•C

b. Shattering of a glass

•P

c. Rust on a garden tool.

•C

d. Freezing of ice.

•P

e. Evaporation of a mud puddle.•Pf. Burning of a piece of paper•Cg. Explosion of fireworks•Ch. Drying of wet laundry.•P

28. The following statements are false. Change the underlined word to make the statement correct.

a.In a compound, elements are physically combined. •mixtureb. In a mixture, substances cannot be separated by physical means. •compoundc. A compound cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. •Element

29. For the questions below, select the family below being described (Metals - M, Nonmetals - N, Metalloids - ME, Noble Gases - NG)

a.Very ductile and malleable.•Mb. Brittle•Nc. Good conductors of heat and electricity•Md. On the right side of metalloids on the periodic table.•N & NGe. Can be shiny or dull•ME

f. Also called inert.•NGg. No luster. •N & NGh. Non-reactive•NGi. On the left side of metalloids on the periodic table.•M

30. Identify the following information for the element below.

a. Atomic mass =

b. Mass number =

c. Number of protons =

d. Number of neutrons =

e. Atomic number =

f. Number of electrons =

112.41

112

48

64

48

48

31. Use the Periodic Table below to answer the following questions.

a. Which letter represents the metals?

b. Which letter represents the noble gases?

c. Which letter represents a period?

d. Which letter represents a group?

e. Which letter would contain some metalloids?

C

E

A

B & E

D

CELLS32. List the 3 parts of the Cell Theory.•Cells are the basic unit of function in all living things.•Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things.•All cells come from preexisting cells.

33. Identify the scientist who made the following contributions to the cell theory:a. All animals are made of cells. •Schwannb. Cells come from preexisting cells.•Virchowc. All plants are made of cells. •Schleidand. Looked at cork & named cells. •Hooke

34. Which part of the cell: a. transports materials•ERb. carries out respiration•mitochondriac. stores materials•vacuoled. produces proteins•ribosomese. is semi-permeable•Cell membranef. Carries out photosynthesis•chloroplast

g. packages and ships materials•Golgi bodiesh. gives a plant cell it’s shape•Cell walli. aids in cell division in animal cells•centriolesj. controls the cell•nucleusk. digests materials in animal cells•lysosome

35. Where is DNA found in a cell? •On chromosomes in the nucleus.36. List the 5 levels of organization of a multicellular organism from smallest to largest.•Cells tissues organs organ systems organism

37. Label the plant and animal cells below.A. Chromosomes (DNA)B. ERC. NucleolusD. NucleusE. Nuclear membraneF. CytoplasmG. MitochondriaH. Golgi BodiesI. RibosomesJ. VacuoleK. Cell membraneL. VacuoleM. Cell WallN. Chloroplast

40. Label the plant and animal cells below.

A

M

B C D

E

F

G

H

I

L

K J

N

O. CentriolesP. CytoplasmQ. ERR. DNAS. NucleolusT. Nuclear MembraneU. RibosomeV. Golgi BodiesW. MitochondriaX. Cell Membrane

40. Label the plant and animal cells below.

W

V

O

Q

R

S

U

P

T

Y X

38. Below is a diagram of two spaces being separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

.a. If the particles in the diagram represent carbón dioxide molecules and are moving from A B, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur?

b. If the particles in the diagram represent carbón dioxide molecules and are moving from B A, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur?

Diffusion, no energy needed

Active transport, yes

c. If the particles in the diagram represent wáter molecules and they are moving from A B, what process does that represent? Is energy needed for this process to occur?

Osmosis, no

39. What happens when salt water is added to a(n):a. Animal cell = •Cell shrivels up because water leaves the cell.

b. Plant cell =•The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall as water leaves the cell. The cell wall is unaffected.

40. What is respiration? •The production of energy (ATP) in the mitochondria of cells.41. What is produced by respiration which is needed for the life processes of every organism? •Energy, ATP42. Which nutrient is needed for each type of respiration to occur? •glucose

44. Identify the type of respiration being described:

a. Requires oxygen

•Aerobic

b. Fermentation

•Anaerobic

c. Occurs in the muscles in the absence of oxygen

•Lactic Acid Fermentation

d. Carried out by yeast

•Alcoholic Fermentation

e. produces 36 ATP

•Aerobic

f. occurs in mitochondria 

•Both

e. occurs in mitochondria 

45. The sum total of all life processes is known as•Metabolism46. Maintaining a stable, internal environment in a living thing is known as•Homeostasis

CLASSIFICATION46. List the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest.•Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species47. An organism that produces it’s own food is known as a(n) •autotroph48. An organism that cannot produce it’s own food is known as a(n) •heterotroph

49. What two words are used to name an organism?•Genus species50. A cell that contains a nucleus is known as a _____ cell.•eukaryotic

51. What kingdom(s) contain organisms that are:a. unicellular •Eubacteria, Archaebacteria & Protistsb. only heterotrophic •Animals & Fungic. prokaryotic •Eubacteria, Archaebacteria •d. heterotrophic or autotrophic •Eubacteria, Archaebacteria & Protists

G. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM52. Label the digestive system diagram below.

mouth

liver

Gall bladder

Small intestine

esophagus

stomach

pancreasLarge intestine

rectum

53. How is energy measured in food? • calories54. Where does the chemical digestion of carbohydrates

begin?• mouth55. How does mechanical digestion happen in the

mouth? • teeth chew and grind food56. Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?• stomach57. Where does digestion end?• Small intestine/duodenum58. Where does most digestion occur?• Small intestine/duodenum

59. Where does peristalsis occur? • esophagus & the rest of the digestive system60. Where are nutrients absorbed into the

bloodstream? • villi in the small intestine61. Where is water absorbed back into the body? • large intestine62. The stomach produces gastric juice. What is this

juice made of?• hydrochloric acid and pepsin63. Where is bile produced? Where is bile stored? • Liver, gall bladder

56. What are the functions of the digestive system?•To break down food into pieces small enough to enter cells.57. What carries nutrients from the digestive system to the cells?•Blood/circulatory system58. What is chemical digestion?•Digestion of food using enzymes.•Breaking down complex molecules of food into more simple molecules.

REVIEW1. What is the volume of the liquid in the graduated cylinder below?

8.6 mL 23.0 mL 30.0 mL

a. b. c.

2. An experiment was done to determine if growth solution affects plantgrowth. Two groups of 5 plants of the same species we kept in identicalconditions except the plants in Group A were given a growth solution every3 days. The plants in Group B were not given the solution. The heights ofthe plants in both groups were recorded at the beginning of the study andat the end of a 3 week period.a. State the problem of the experiment.b. Come up with a hypothesis.c. Identify the independent variable.d. Identify the dependent variable. e. List 3 constants in the experiment.f. Identify the control group. g. What is the conclusion of the experiment?h. What must be done to make the experiment more valid?