santhosh - positive thinking
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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Introduction:
Personality is a complex phenomenon.Personality is the set of distinctive characteristics of the individual
that he manifests in a variety if situations.
Public, Blind, Private and unknown personality these four aspects
of the personality are shown diagrammatically.
Known to self Not known to
self
Known toacquanintances
Publicpersonality
Blind spots
Not known to
acquanintances
Private
personality
Unknown
personality
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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
NATURE
In the study of personality, there distinctproperties are of central importance:
1.Personality reflects individual differences
Because the inner characteristics thatconstitute and individual's personality are aunique combination of factors, no twoindividuals are exactly alike.
2. Personality Is Consistent and Enduring :while an individuals personality may be
relatively stable, specific needs or motives,attitudes, reactions to group pressures, andeven responses may cause a change in the
persons behavior.3.Personality Can Change:
An individuals personality may bealtered by major by major life events, such asthe birth of a child, the death of a loved one, adivorce, or a significant career promotion. Anindividual's personality changes not only in
response to abrupt events, but also as part ofa gradual maturing process
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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT FREUDIAN THEORY
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory
of personality is the cornerstone of modernpsychology. This theory was built on thepremise that unconscious needs or drives,especially sexual and other biologicaldrives, are at the heart of human motivationand personality.
Id, Superego, and EgoBased on his analyses, Freud proposedthat the human personality consists threeinteracting systems: the id, the superego,and the ego.
The id was conceptualized as awarehouse of primitive and impulsivedrives-basic physiological needs such as
thirst, hunger, and sex- for the specificmeans of satisfaction.
In contrast to the id, the superego isconceptualized as the individuals internalexpression of societys moral and ethicalcodes of conduct. The superegos role is tosee that the individuals satisfies needs in asocially acceptable fashion. Thus, the
superego is a kind of brake that restrainsor inhibits the impulsive forces of the id.
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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Finally, the ego is the individual'sconscious control. It function as an internalmonitor that attempts to balance theimpulsive demands of the id and thesociocultural constraints of the superego.
To specify a structure for personality,Freud emphasized that an individualspersonality is formed as he or she passesthrough a number of distinct staged of infantand childhood development. There are the
oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages.Freud labeled four of these stages ofdevelopment to conform to the area of thebody on which he believed the child's sexualinstincts are focused at the time.
According to Freudian theory, an adultspersonality is determined by how well he orshe deals with the crises that experiencedwhile passing through each of these stages.
If a childs oral needs are not adequatelysatisfied at the first stage of development, theperson may become fixated at this stage, andas an adult display a personality that includessuch traits as dependence and excessive oralactivity (e.g., gum chewing and smoking).
When an individual is fixated at the analstage, the adult personality may display othertraits, such as an excessive need for
neatness.
FREUDIAN THEORY
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NEO-FREUDIAN PERSONALITYTHEORY
Several of Freud's colleaguesdisagreed with his contention thatpersonality is primarily instinctual andsexual in nature. Instead, these neo-Freudians believed that social relationshipsare fundamental to the formation anddevelopment of personality
Alfred, Adler viewed humanbeings as seeking to attain various rationalgoals, which he called style of life. He alsoplaced much emphasis on the individualsefforts to overcome feelings of inferiority
Harry Stack Sullivan, anotherneo-Freudian, stressed that peoplecontinuously attempt to establishsignificant and rewarding relationships withothers. He was particularly concerned withthe individuals efforts to reduce tensions,such as anxiety.Horney proposed individuals be classifiedinto three personality groups:
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
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TRAIT THEORY
Trait theory constitutes a major departure from thequalitative measured that typify the Freudian and neo-Freudian movements (e.g., personal observation, self-reportedexperiences, dream analysis, projective techniques.)
A traits defined as any distinguishing, relatively enduringway in which one individual differs from another. Traittheorists are concerned with the construction of personalitytests that enable them to pinpoint individual differences interms of specific traits.
Locus of control: Is a dimension of personality that explains the degree to
while people believe that they, rather than external forces,determine their own lives.
People who believe that what happens to them dependson themselves are internals.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
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TRAIT THEORY
Authoritarianism Is the degree to which a [person believes that status and
power differences are appropriate is an organization. Peoplehigh in authoritarianism tend to be autocratic and demandingwith subordinates but are likely to accept orders anddirections from superiors without question.
Dogmatism Refers to the degree of flexibility or rigidity of a persons
views. Those high in dogmatism tend to be rigid and closed.They often view the world as threatening and cling to theirbeliefs. People low ion dogmatism are more open-mindedand receptive to considering views that differ from their own
Machiavellianism Is a personality attribute that describes the extent towhich a person manipulates others for personal gain.
Machiavelli believed that the end justifies the means.Psychologists have developed instruments designed tocompare a persons orientation with that of Machiavelli. HighMachs perform better in loosely structured situations andwhen they interact face to face with others
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
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TRAIT THEORYRisk propensity
Refers to a person's willingness to take risks.People with a high propensity for risk makedecisions faster and are willing to take chances.Risk- aversive people are more cautious, makedecisions more carefully, and try to minimize risk.
High-risk may make costly decisions, although theyalso may enable their organization to respondedquickly to fast-changing environments.
Self-esteem
Is the judgment one makes about one's worth.People with high self-esteem tend to likethemselves, have high expectations for success,
and feel confident they can achieve their goals.Those with low self-esteem lack confidence and lookto others for praise and reinforcement.
Self-monitoring
Refers to the degree to which people aresensitive to other and adapt their behavior to meetexternal expectations and situational needs. High
self-monitors are similar to actors in that they canassume a personality to satisfy an audience.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
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THE BIG FIVEPERSONALITY
FACTORSPersonality is comprised of many
elements, psychologists work to identifycritical factors that help people observe andunderstand An individuals style anddifferences. One such set of factors isreferred to by some psychologists as theBig Five.
Expressive Style: How individuals expressthemselves verbally and behaviorally.
Interpersonal style: How individuals behavewhile interacting with others.
Work style: How people work and meetresponsibilities.
Emotional style: How people express theiremotions.
Intellectual style: How individuals learn,think, and decide.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
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Difference in Personality Personality is the set of traits and
behaviors that characterizes an individual. Thelonger better we know someone, the more likelywe are to recognize the pattern of how that
individual responds to various people andsituations. The clearer and more enduring thepattern of responses, the more we attribute it tothe individuals personality.
HEREDITY AND LEARNING DETERMINEPERSONALITY
Personality emerges over time from theinteraction of genetic and environmental factors.To a large extent, genes predetermine anindividuals physical characteristics, and theycontribute to other important personalitycharacteristics such as intelligence andtemperament. Gender, race, size, appearance,and even health and energy are influencedsi nificantl b enes.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
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HEREDITY AND LEARNING DETERMINE
PERSONALITY
One of the major characteristics that
distinguishes humans from other species isthat people have a significantly greater
capacity to learn, remember, and think about
what has happened in the past, is happening
in the present, and might happen in the future.
Peoples personalities become clearer andmore stable as they grow older. Personality
can change and may do so slowly over the
years. The more set an individuals personality
becomes, the greater the need for conscious
effort to modify it.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
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TECHNIQUES TO
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
1. Negotiations Skill
2. Presentation Skill
3. Stress Management Skill
4. Conflict Management Skill
5. Time Management Skill
6. Group Dynamism Skill7. Effective Communication Skill
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Negotiation is an everyday activity
First principle- virtually everything in life is negotiatedSecond Principle- Practice improves negotiation skills
Third Principle- Negotiation tasks place everywhere
Negotiation Concludes with Agreement
Fourth Principle - Successful negotiation requires
agreement, though agreement does not necessarily
mean a successful negotiation has taken place.Win - Win Negotiating
Fifth Principle- win-win negotiations maximize
satisfaction and bring long term benefits.
Stages in the Negotiating Process
TECHNIQUES TO
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
Negotiations
Skill I
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TECHNIQUES TO
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
Stages in Negotiation
Get to know the participants
Table goals and objectives
Ask for and provide clarification
Offers, assessment and conflict
Resolution and agreement
Sixth Principle- every negotiation
moves through stages; recognize the
stages, and avoid allowing the negotiation
to move backwards.
Negotiations
Skill II
TECHNIQUES TO
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TECHNIQUES TO
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENTTip 1- Separate the people from the problem
Tip 2- Act inconsistently with perceptions held by
the other side
Tip 3- Avold using of being the victim of the
foregone conclusionTip 4- One small slice off the cheese at a time
approach
Tip 5- Change locations or viewpoint
Tip 6- Determine your position ahead of time
Tip 7- Be aware of the Influence of timeTip 8- Dont underestimate body language
Tip 9- Set aside sticky issues
Tip10- Look for the Alternatives
Negotiations
Skill III
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TECHNIQUES TO
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
Develop a Personal Sense of TimeIdentify Long-Term Goals
Make Middle-Time Plans
Plan the Day
Make the Best Use of your BestTime
Time
Management
Skill I
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TECHNIQUES TO
PERSONALITYDEVELOPMENT
Organize your Office WorkManage Meetings
Delegate Effectively
Make use of your Committed
TimeManage your Health
Time
Management
Skill II
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1. Communication by Speaking
2. Communication by speaking and
Listening
3. Communication by Speaking andWriting
4. Communication by speaking and
writing-Writing
5. Communication by General Reading
6. Communication by General Attitude7. Communication by General
Behavioural
8. Communication By General
Miscellaneous
Effective Communication Skills
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Communication
by Speaking
Know what you want to say
Control Fear
Stop Talking and Listen
Think before you Talk
Believe in your MassageRepeat Major Points
Find out what your Listener
wants
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Communication By General
Behavior
Use Good MannersRecognize Manipulative Behaviour
Recognize Condescending Manners
Avold words that Hurt
Handle Disagreements With Tact
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Communication By
General Miscellaneous
Tips
Organize Productive Meetings
Consider The Experience Level
Of The Other Person's
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NON VERBEL
COMMUNICATIONPersonal territorial, zones and
basics
Palm gestures
Hand and arm gestures hand-to-face
gestures
Barriers-arm and leg
Other popular gestures and actions
Eye signals
Carbon copies and mirror imagesDesks, tables and seating
arrangements
Putting it all together
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The eyes optic nerves contain eighteen
times as many neurous as the cochlear
nerves of the ear, suggesting that aroundeighteen times more information flows along
them
-David Lewis, author ofThe Secret
Language of SuccessIve found that people dont trust you as
much if they cant see your hands. So
keeping both hands in your pockets is not
only too informal but may also be interpretedas untrustworthy
-Jane Wilger,President, Wilger Image
Development
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The eye obeys exactly the action ofthe mind
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
He that has eyes to see and ears to
hear may convince himself that nomortal can keep a secret. If his lipsare silent, he chatters with hisfingertips; betrayal oozes out of himat every pore
-Sigmund Freud
TECHNIQUES TO PERSONALITY
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TECHNIQUES TO PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT I
Realistic; Activitiesthat requireskill,strength,andcoordination
Shy,genuine,persistent,stable,conforming,practical
Mechanic,drillpress operatorassembly-lineworker, farmer
Investigative:Activities thatinvolvethinking,organizing,a
nd understanding
Analytical,orginal,curious,independent
Biologiest,economist,mathematician,news reporter
Social: Activities thatinvolve helping anddeveloping others
Sociable,friendly,cooperative,understanding
Socialworker,teacher,counselor,clinical psychologist
Typology of Personality by HollandsTypology of Personality by Hollands
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TECHNIQUES TO PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT II
Conventional:Rule-regulated,orderly,andunambiguous activities
Conforming,efficient,practical,unimaginative,inglexible
Account, corporatemanager, bankteller, file clerk
Enterprising;Verbal activities inwhich there areopportunities toinfluence othersand attain power
Self-confident,ambitious,energetic,domineering
Lawayer,real estateagent, publicrelations specialist,small businessmanger
rtistic: Ambiguousand unsystematicactivities that allowcreative expression
Imaginative,disorderly,idealistic,emotional,impractical
Painter,musician,writer,interiordecorator
Typology of Personality by HollandsTypology of Personality by Hollands
STEPS TO BUILDING
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STEPS TO BUILDING
A POSITIVE
PERSONALITY IAccept Responsibility
Consideration
Think win/win
Choose your words
carefullyDont criticize andcomplain
Smile and be kind
But positiveinterpretation on
other peoplesbehavior
When we make a mistake,we should accept itimmediately and willingly
When the other personrealizes and admits that hehas made a mistake,congratulate him and give
him a way out to save
STEPS TO BUILDING A
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STEPS TO BUILDING A
POSITIVE PERSONALITY
IIDiscuss but dontargue
Dont gossip
Turn your promisesinto commitments
Be grateful but donot expect gratitude
Be dependable andpractice loyalty
Fractice honesty,integrity andsincerity
Practice humilityBe understandingand caring
Practice humility
Practice courtesyon a daily basis
Develop a senseof humor
STEPS TO BUILDING A
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STEPS TO BUILDING A
POSITIVE
PERSONALITY IIIDont be sarcastic
and put others
down
To have a friend,be a friend
Show empathy
Be enthusiastic
faceBe a good listener
Give honest and
sincere
appreciation
Avold bearinggrudges.Forfiv
e and forget
But positiveinterpretation
on other
peoples
behavior
But positive
interpretation
on other
peoples
behavior
Traits Judged by experts
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Traits Judged by experts
as closest to ideal
personality ICourage and independence1. Courageous in convictions
2. Independent in thinking
3. Independent in Judgment
4. Unwilling to accept say-so
Risk Taking1. Willing to take risk
2. Adventurous
3. A self-starter Persistence1. Persistent
2. Determined
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Traits Judged by experts as
closest to ideal personality
II
Self-sufficiency1. Welcomes Preoccupied with tasks
2. Self-confident
3. Self-assertive
Inquisitiveness1. Curious
2. Always asking question complexity
3. Intuitive
4. Visionary
5. Emotionally sensitive
6. Strives for distant goals
7. Attempts difficult tasks
T it J d d b t
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Traits Judged by experts as
closest to ideal personality
III
Passivity1. Timid
2. Reserved3. Bashful
4. Quiet
5. Obedient
6. Willingness to accept judgment of others
Abrasiveness1. Haughty and self-satisfied2. Domineering
3. Stubborn
4. Negativistic
T it J d d b t
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Traits Judged by experts
as closest to ideal
personality IV
Attractiveness to others1. Courteous
2. Popular, well-liked by peers
3. Altruistic
Others1. Physically strong
2. Talkative
3. Sophisticated
4. Does work on time
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