santhosh - positive thinking

7/31/2019 Santhosh - Positive Thinking

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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Introduction:

Personality is a complex phenomenon.Personality is the set of distinctive characteristics of the individual

that he manifests in a variety if situations.

Public, Blind, Private and unknown personality these four aspects

of the personality are shown diagrammatically.

Known to self Not known to

self

Known toacquanintances

Publicpersonality

Blind spots

Not known to

acquanintances

Private

personality

Unknown

personality


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NATURE

In the study of personality, there distinctproperties are of central importance:

1.Personality reflects individual differences

Because the inner characteristics thatconstitute and individual's personality are aunique combination of factors, no twoindividuals are exactly alike.

2. Personality Is Consistent and Enduring :while an individuals personality may be

relatively stable, specific needs or motives,attitudes, reactions to group pressures, andeven responses may cause a change in the

persons behavior.3.Personality Can Change:

An individuals personality may bealtered by major by major life events, such asthe birth of a child, the death of a loved one, adivorce, or a significant career promotion. Anindividual's personality changes not only in

response to abrupt events, but also as part ofa gradual maturing process


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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT FREUDIAN THEORY

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory

of personality is the cornerstone of modernpsychology. This theory was built on thepremise that unconscious needs or drives,especially sexual and other biologicaldrives, are at the heart of human motivationand personality.

Id, Superego, and EgoBased on his analyses, Freud proposedthat the human personality consists threeinteracting systems: the id, the superego,and the ego.

The id was conceptualized as awarehouse of primitive and impulsivedrives-basic physiological needs such as

thirst, hunger, and sex- for the specificmeans of satisfaction.

In contrast to the id, the superego isconceptualized as the individuals internalexpression of societys moral and ethicalcodes of conduct. The superegos role is tosee that the individuals satisfies needs in asocially acceptable fashion. Thus, the

superego is a kind of brake that restrainsor inhibits the impulsive forces of the id.


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Finally, the ego is the individual'sconscious control. It function as an internalmonitor that attempts to balance theimpulsive demands of the id and thesociocultural constraints of the superego.

To specify a structure for personality,Freud emphasized that an individualspersonality is formed as he or she passesthrough a number of distinct staged of infantand childhood development. There are the

oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages.Freud labeled four of these stages ofdevelopment to conform to the area of thebody on which he believed the child's sexualinstincts are focused at the time.

According to Freudian theory, an adultspersonality is determined by how well he orshe deals with the crises that experiencedwhile passing through each of these stages.

If a childs oral needs are not adequatelysatisfied at the first stage of development, theperson may become fixated at this stage, andas an adult display a personality that includessuch traits as dependence and excessive oralactivity (e.g., gum chewing and smoking).

When an individual is fixated at the analstage, the adult personality may display othertraits, such as an excessive need for

neatness.

FREUDIAN THEORY


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NEO-FREUDIAN PERSONALITYTHEORY

Several of Freud's colleaguesdisagreed with his contention thatpersonality is primarily instinctual andsexual in nature. Instead, these neo-Freudians believed that social relationshipsare fundamental to the formation anddevelopment of personality

Alfred, Adler viewed humanbeings as seeking to attain various rationalgoals, which he called style of life. He alsoplaced much emphasis on the individualsefforts to overcome feelings of inferiority

Harry Stack Sullivan, anotherneo-Freudian, stressed that peoplecontinuously attempt to establishsignificant and rewarding relationships withothers. He was particularly concerned withthe individuals efforts to reduce tensions,such as anxiety.Horney proposed individuals be classifiedinto three personality groups:

PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT


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TRAIT THEORY

Trait theory constitutes a major departure from thequalitative measured that typify the Freudian and neo-Freudian movements (e.g., personal observation, self-reportedexperiences, dream analysis, projective techniques.)

A traits defined as any distinguishing, relatively enduringway in which one individual differs from another. Traittheorists are concerned with the construction of personalitytests that enable them to pinpoint individual differences interms of specific traits.

Locus of control: Is a dimension of personality that explains the degree to

while people believe that they, rather than external forces,determine their own lives.

People who believe that what happens to them dependson themselves are internals.



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TRAIT THEORY

Authoritarianism Is the degree to which a [person believes that status and

power differences are appropriate is an organization. Peoplehigh in authoritarianism tend to be autocratic and demandingwith subordinates but are likely to accept orders anddirections from superiors without question.

Dogmatism Refers to the degree of flexibility or rigidity of a persons

views. Those high in dogmatism tend to be rigid and closed.They often view the world as threatening and cling to theirbeliefs. People low ion dogmatism are more open-mindedand receptive to considering views that differ from their own

Machiavellianism Is a personality attribute that describes the extent towhich a person manipulates others for personal gain.

Machiavelli believed that the end justifies the means.Psychologists have developed instruments designed tocompare a persons orientation with that of Machiavelli. HighMachs perform better in loosely structured situations andwhen they interact face to face with others



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TRAIT THEORYRisk propensity

Refers to a person's willingness to take risks.People with a high propensity for risk makedecisions faster and are willing to take chances.Risk- aversive people are more cautious, makedecisions more carefully, and try to minimize risk.

High-risk may make costly decisions, although theyalso may enable their organization to respondedquickly to fast-changing environments.

Self-esteem

Is the judgment one makes about one's worth.People with high self-esteem tend to likethemselves, have high expectations for success,

and feel confident they can achieve their goals.Those with low self-esteem lack confidence and lookto others for praise and reinforcement.

Self-monitoring

Refers to the degree to which people aresensitive to other and adapt their behavior to meetexternal expectations and situational needs. High

self-monitors are similar to actors in that they canassume a personality to satisfy an audience.



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THE BIG FIVEPERSONALITY

FACTORSPersonality is comprised of many

elements, psychologists work to identifycritical factors that help people observe andunderstand An individuals style anddifferences. One such set of factors isreferred to by some psychologists as theBig Five.

Expressive Style: How individuals expressthemselves verbally and behaviorally.

Interpersonal style: How individuals behavewhile interacting with others.

Work style: How people work and meetresponsibilities.

Emotional style: How people express theiremotions.

Intellectual style: How individuals learn,think, and decide.



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Difference in Personality Personality is the set of traits and

behaviors that characterizes an individual. Thelonger better we know someone, the more likelywe are to recognize the pattern of how that

individual responds to various people andsituations. The clearer and more enduring thepattern of responses, the more we attribute it tothe individuals personality.

HEREDITY AND LEARNING DETERMINEPERSONALITY

Personality emerges over time from theinteraction of genetic and environmental factors.To a large extent, genes predetermine anindividuals physical characteristics, and theycontribute to other important personalitycharacteristics such as intelligence andtemperament. Gender, race, size, appearance,and even health and energy are influencedsi nificantl b enes.



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HEREDITY AND LEARNING DETERMINE

PERSONALITY

One of the major characteristics that

distinguishes humans from other species isthat people have a significantly greater

capacity to learn, remember, and think about

what has happened in the past, is happening

in the present, and might happen in the future.

Peoples personalities become clearer andmore stable as they grow older. Personality

can change and may do so slowly over the

years. The more set an individuals personality

becomes, the greater the need for conscious

effort to modify it.



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TECHNIQUES TO

PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT

1. Negotiations Skill

2. Presentation Skill

3. Stress Management Skill

4. Conflict Management Skill

5. Time Management Skill

6. Group Dynamism Skill7. Effective Communication Skill


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Negotiation is an everyday activity

First principle- virtually everything in life is negotiatedSecond Principle- Practice improves negotiation skills

Third Principle- Negotiation tasks place everywhere

Negotiation Concludes with Agreement

Fourth Principle - Successful negotiation requires

agreement, though agreement does not necessarily

mean a successful negotiation has taken place.Win - Win Negotiating

Fifth Principle- win-win negotiations maximize

satisfaction and bring long term benefits.

Stages in the Negotiating Process

TECHNIQUES TO

PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT

Negotiations

Skill I


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TECHNIQUES TO

PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT

Stages in Negotiation

Get to know the participants

Table goals and objectives

Ask for and provide clarification

Offers, assessment and conflict

Resolution and agreement

Sixth Principle- every negotiation

moves through stages; recognize the

stages, and avoid allowing the negotiation

to move backwards.

Negotiations

Skill II

TECHNIQUES TO


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TECHNIQUES TO

PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENTTip 1- Separate the people from the problem

Tip 2- Act inconsistently with perceptions held by

the other side

Tip 3- Avold using of being the victim of the

foregone conclusionTip 4- One small slice off the cheese at a time

approach

Tip 5- Change locations or viewpoint

Tip 6- Determine your position ahead of time

Tip 7- Be aware of the Influence of timeTip 8- Dont underestimate body language

Tip 9- Set aside sticky issues

Tip10- Look for the Alternatives

Negotiations

Skill III


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TECHNIQUES TO

PERSONALITY

DEVELOPMENT

Develop a Personal Sense of TimeIdentify Long-Term Goals

Make Middle-Time Plans

Plan the Day

Make the Best Use of your BestTime

Time

Management

Skill I


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TECHNIQUES TO

PERSONALITYDEVELOPMENT

Organize your Office WorkManage Meetings

Delegate Effectively

Make use of your Committed

TimeManage your Health

Time

Management

Skill II


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1. Communication by Speaking

2. Communication by speaking and

Listening

3. Communication by Speaking andWriting

4. Communication by speaking and

writing-Writing

5. Communication by General Reading

6. Communication by General Attitude7. Communication by General

Behavioural

8. Communication By General

Miscellaneous

Effective Communication Skills


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Communication

by Speaking

Know what you want to say

Control Fear

Stop Talking and Listen

Think before you Talk

Believe in your MassageRepeat Major Points

Find out what your Listener

wants


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Communication By General

Behavior

Use Good MannersRecognize Manipulative Behaviour

Recognize Condescending Manners

Avold words that Hurt

Handle Disagreements With Tact


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Communication By

General Miscellaneous

Tips

Organize Productive Meetings

Consider The Experience Level

Of The Other Person's


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NON VERBEL

COMMUNICATIONPersonal territorial, zones and

basics

Palm gestures

Hand and arm gestures hand-to-face

gestures

Barriers-arm and leg

Other popular gestures and actions

Eye signals

Carbon copies and mirror imagesDesks, tables and seating

arrangements

Putting it all together


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The eyes optic nerves contain eighteen

times as many neurous as the cochlear

nerves of the ear, suggesting that aroundeighteen times more information flows along

them

-David Lewis, author ofThe Secret

Language of SuccessIve found that people dont trust you as

much if they cant see your hands. So

keeping both hands in your pockets is not

only too informal but may also be interpretedas untrustworthy

-Jane Wilger,President, Wilger Image

Development


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The eye obeys exactly the action ofthe mind

- Ralph Waldo Emerson

He that has eyes to see and ears to

hear may convince himself that nomortal can keep a secret. If his lipsare silent, he chatters with hisfingertips; betrayal oozes out of himat every pore

-Sigmund Freud

TECHNIQUES TO PERSONALITY


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DEVELOPMENT I

Realistic; Activitiesthat requireskill,strength,andcoordination

Shy,genuine,persistent,stable,conforming,practical

Mechanic,drillpress operatorassembly-lineworker, farmer

Investigative:Activities thatinvolvethinking,organizing,a

nd understanding

Analytical,orginal,curious,independent

Biologiest,economist,mathematician,news reporter

Social: Activities thatinvolve helping anddeveloping others

Sociable,friendly,cooperative,understanding

Socialworker,teacher,counselor,clinical psychologist

Typology of Personality by HollandsTypology of Personality by Hollands


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DEVELOPMENT II

Conventional:Rule-regulated,orderly,andunambiguous activities

Conforming,efficient,practical,unimaginative,inglexible

Account, corporatemanager, bankteller, file clerk

Enterprising;Verbal activities inwhich there areopportunities toinfluence othersand attain power

Self-confident,ambitious,energetic,domineering

Lawayer,real estateagent, publicrelations specialist,small businessmanger

rtistic: Ambiguousand unsystematicactivities that allowcreative expression

Imaginative,disorderly,idealistic,emotional,impractical

Painter,musician,writer,interiordecorator

Typology of Personality by HollandsTypology of Personality by Hollands

STEPS TO BUILDING


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STEPS TO BUILDING

A POSITIVE

PERSONALITY IAccept Responsibility

Consideration

Think win/win

Choose your words

carefullyDont criticize andcomplain

Smile and be kind

But positiveinterpretation on

other peoplesbehavior

When we make a mistake,we should accept itimmediately and willingly

When the other personrealizes and admits that hehas made a mistake,congratulate him and give

him a way out to save

STEPS TO BUILDING A


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STEPS TO BUILDING A

POSITIVE PERSONALITY

IIDiscuss but dontargue

Dont gossip

Turn your promisesinto commitments

Be grateful but donot expect gratitude

Be dependable andpractice loyalty

Fractice honesty,integrity andsincerity

Practice humilityBe understandingand caring

Practice humility

Practice courtesyon a daily basis

Develop a senseof humor

STEPS TO BUILDING A


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STEPS TO BUILDING A

POSITIVE

PERSONALITY IIIDont be sarcastic

and put others

down

To have a friend,be a friend

Show empathy

Be enthusiastic

faceBe a good listener

Give honest and

sincere

appreciation

Avold bearinggrudges.Forfiv

e and forget

But positiveinterpretation

on other

peoples

behavior

But positive

interpretation

on other

peoples

behavior

Traits Judged by experts


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as closest to ideal

personality ICourage and independence1. Courageous in convictions

2. Independent in thinking

3. Independent in Judgment

4. Unwilling to accept say-so

Risk Taking1. Willing to take risk

2. Adventurous

3. A self-starter Persistence1. Persistent

2. Determined


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Traits Judged by experts as

closest to ideal personality

II

Self-sufficiency1. Welcomes Preoccupied with tasks

2. Self-confident

3. Self-assertive

Inquisitiveness1. Curious

2. Always asking question complexity

3. Intuitive

4. Visionary

5. Emotionally sensitive

6. Strives for distant goals

7. Attempts difficult tasks

T it J d d b t


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Traits Judged by experts as

closest to ideal personality

III

Passivity1. Timid

2. Reserved3. Bashful

4. Quiet

5. Obedient

6. Willingness to accept judgment of others

Abrasiveness1. Haughty and self-satisfied2. Domineering

3. Stubborn

4. Negativistic

T it J d d b t


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as closest to ideal

personality IV

Attractiveness to others1. Courteous

2. Popular, well-liked by peers

3. Altruistic

Others1. Physically strong

2. Talkative

3. Sophisticated

4. Does work on time

santhosh - positive thinking

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