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Promise of Giant Micro-photonics for Energy - Ubiquitous High Power Lasers -
Takunori TAIRA taira@ims.ac.jp
Institute for Molecular ScienceFellow of OSA, SPIE, and IEEE
Micro Solid-State Photonics
Interaction between Light and Matter
・Light control by domain・Coherence length building block・Enhance optical function
Dipole momentum ! Polarization
P(t) = !0"(1)E(t)+!0"
(2)E2 (t)+!0"(3)E 3(t)+ ...
PNL (t):Nonlinear term
! (1) = "!e # i ""!e
Emission/Absorption
Nonlinear wavelength conv.
SHG/OPG/DFG...Order the micro-domains to enhance its optical functions
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! Gibbs Free Energy
Crystal growth
(traditional)
Grain growth
Stress control
Electric control
Magnetic control
Nd:YVO4 Yb:YAG
T. Taira et al., Opt. Lett.16, 1955 (1991).
Gibbs Free Energy
T. Taira et al., Opt. Lett.
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T. Taira et al.JSAP 21aE7, 893 (1994),
IEEE JSTQE. 3, 100 (1997)
T. Taira et al.
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T. Taira et al., OSA TOPS 19, 430 (1998),
I. Shoji et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 939 (2000).
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S. Kurimura et al., OYOBUTURI, 69, 548 (2000),
M. Harada et al., J. Materi. Res. 19, 969 (2004).
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H. Ishizuki et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.82, 4062 (2003).
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J. Akiyama et al., Opt. Lett. 35, 3598 (2010).
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dG = !SdT + µidNii" ! Vi!GBd 1
ri
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i, j"
● Laser Ignition for Engine✴ Energy saving
● New Material for Fusion Driver✴ New energy
Outline
��������������������������Ref.:総合研究開発機構「エネルギーを考える」
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tionRenoir Engine (1860)
Ref.:総合研究開発機構「エネルギーを考える」
curv
e
Laser (Maiman) 1960
Electromagnetism
Quantum Electronics
Nat
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Ene
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Wat
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illW
indm
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Despoliation: deforestation
Pomp works (Loss)
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! High pressure ! large !! Lean mixture ! large " Low temp. combustion
! low NOx
! High pressure ! large !
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! Large EGR ! High-efficiency! low NOx
Adiabatic process
Adiabatic process
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Isochoric process
Isochoric process
QH
QC
Combustion works (Power)
V
P
BDC(Bottom dead center)
TDC(Top dead center)
Ignition is difficult !
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ε: compression ratio
κ: ratio of specific heat!th =
WQH
=1! TC
TH
=1! 1"#!1
PistonCylinder
TDC
BDC
" Admission # Compression $ Combustion/ Expansion % Exhaustion
Nikolaus August Otto, 1832-1891 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cycle
http://www.naoj.org/Pressrelease/2009/01/22/fig01_l.jpgSpiral Galaxy M33 (Messier 33)
= 30,000 Kh!
Temperature of single photon (~500nm)
* Unit photon energy (VIS.): E = h! ~ 2.5 eV* Unit thermal energy (300K): E = kT ~ 0.025 eV
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e-
E
e-
+
e-
e-
-20~30kV
Electron avalanche
Ignition Time = ~1ms
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Whence the first electron?
+
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Ignition Time = 0.5~10ns
Electromagnetism Quantum Electronics
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~100GW/cm2
Electron avalanche+
e-
e-
+
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+
3rd Laser Ignition Conference at USA! T3A.1 The First Laser Ignition Engine Experiment (c.a. 1976)
J. D. Dale and P. R. SmyUniversity of Alberta, Canada
Abstract: The first use of a focused laser beam acting as the ignition source for an I.C. engine is described.Experimental results show faster combustion, higher efficiency and extended A/F operation compared with a conventional ignition system.
! 1J, 50ns, 10Hz, 14ft. long CO2laser
! 1.5 kW of electrical power
Ref. SAE Paper 780329, “Laser Ignited Internal Combustion Engine – an Experimental Study”, Trans. SAE, 1978, pp 1539-1548
! Much faster combustion! More engine power and better
thermal efficiency! Higher NO (higher cylinder
temp. by faster combustion)! Require E.G.R.
Engine
Laser
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Piston
10% for electrode
Spark plug
50% for grand electrode
40% for combustion
Quenching by cold cylinder wall
Piston
Laser beamWindow / optics
! Fast and Intense Ignition! Flexible Position Ignition (Optimization)! Multi Points and Multi Pulses Ignition! Reduced Electrode Loss and Quenching Ignition! Benefit for High Pressure Ignition
����������������������������
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���������������������������������! 4f electron: not full! Outer (5s25p6) : full
RE3+ properties as laser4fn : forbidden transition
! Sharp and strong emission! Long lifetime! Broad emission bandwidth! Highly emission efficiency! Isolated from crystal field
Shilded by outerlying 5s25p6 electrons
Radia
l dis
trib
ution function
Spatial distribution of 4f, 5s,5p,5d,6s electrons**Science of rare earths, Kagaku-dojin p.5 (1999) in Japanese
Radius (!)
Natural Quantum Box
Energy storage ! Q-sw.! Giant-pulse generationGiant-pulse generationGiant-pulse generation
200µs = 2x10-4s 200ps = 2x10-10s
x106
Sun’s temperature:TB = 6,000 K
1016 times higher than the Sun
! Pulse energy: 0.96 mJ! Pulse width: 480ps! Peak power: 1.7 MW! Transverse mode : M2 = 1.05! Linewidth: < 5.1 pm! Electrical Power: <20 mW/pulse
Brightness temperature of micro-laser:TB = ~2 x 1020 K
B = 115kW/sr-cm2
B = 140TW/sr-cm2
Ref. N. Pavel, T. Taira, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 40(3A), 1253 (2001). H. Sakai, H. Kan, T. Taira, Opt. Express, 16(24), 19891 (2008)
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! ��������������������������
- Microchip: Short cavity, Wide beam area- Intense, short period pump (qCW): High-efficiency, high-peak power: Energy-saving, low-thermal problem
Ref. Taira et al., US6950449, US6931047 (2001)
B =P
S!=
PM 2"( )2
Brightness:
Power/(Area x Solid angle)
BL(!) = B ! 1000"!
Brilliance:
… per wavelength!
! Giant-pulse Nd:YAG micro-laser! 1mJ, 500ps, 1.06 μm" Brightness, B=1.7 x 1014 (W/sr•cm 2)" Brilliance, BL=1.93 x 1027 (photon/s•mm 2(mrad)2•0.1%b.w.)" Brightness temperature, TB=1.58 x 1020 (K)
Giant-pulse micro-laserBL=1.93 x 1027 (個/s•mm 2(mrad)2•0.1%b.w.)
Q-sw. マイクロチップレーザー
LD
P=30Wtp=200µsM2=200!"=3nm
P=2MWtp=0.5nsM2=1.02#$<5pm
B=0.11MW/sr.cm2
B=0.17PW/sr.cm2
#=17%
Giant-pulse micro-laser
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Power, P
Spectral purity, f("!)
BrightnessBrightness Temperature
TB
Temporal coherence
Spatial coherenceBeam quality, f(M2)
B =P
M 2!( )2
TB =P
M 2( )2kB!"
Maximum temperature of black body by absorption
Luminance of light source
for unit aria and solid angle
Equivalent black body temperature for limited area and spectrum.
Luminance at focus point
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! Constant volume combustion chamber (no flow)! Air fuel (C3H8) ratio 15.3 (stoichiometric mixture)! Atmospheric pressure and room temperature
35mJ 2.7 x 4 mJ
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slow motion:x1000
Nature photonics, 2 (9), 515 (2008).
Ref OSA Topical Meeting on Advanced Solid-State Photonics, Nara, Japan, January 27-30, MB4 (2008)
PERFORMANCE OF LASER IGNITION FOR STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE
Micro LaserSpark Plug
Measured by schlieren optical system
Microchip Laser
Holding mirrors
Transmission lens (f=300mm)
Focus Lens (f=10mm)
Engine
Metal FlameOptical Path ~830mm
F r a m e g r o w t h w a s visualized by schlieren optical system through the transparent window
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・High speed camera: Flame rate 5000・Slow motion: x 1667
! 2.0L straight-4 piston engine with direct injection (bore and stroke are 86mm)
! A/F (Gasoline) = 14.5 (stoichiometric)! 1600rpm (ignition repetition rate is 13.3Hz)
Ref: 1) IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 46 (2), 277-284 (2010). 2) Advances in Solid-State Lasers: Development and Applications, (Book edited by: Mikhail Grishin, ISBN 978-953-7619-80-0, February 2010, INTECH, Croatia), Chapter 10, 195-212 (2010).
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(ignition repetition rate is 13.3Hz)
Advances in Solid-State Lasers: Development and Applications, (Book edited by: Mikhail Grishin, ISBN 978-953-7619-80-0, February 2010, INTECH, Croatia), Chapter 10, 195-212 (2010).
Spark Plug Microchip Laser40!s
600!s
1000!s
1800!s
35mJ 2mJ
! Advantages of ceramics# Faster production times# Solid solution allowing the fabrication of
multi-phase-transition materials# Highly homogeneous materials# Flexibility of doping elements and levels # Ability to engineered profiles and
structures before sintering
Scattering sources in ceramics
Pores
Surfaceroughness
Birefringence
2nd phase
•Isotropic cubic material•Sintering aid
Solution
A.C. 1998, JFCC/IMS, Japanhttp://www.pref.aichi.jp/touji/index.htmlB.C. 3000, Japan
Unsuitable for laser due to scattering
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! Composite, all-ceramics, high-peak power Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam output for engine ignition・N. Pavel, M. Tsunekane and T. Taira, "Composite, all-ceramics, high-peak power Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam output for engine ignition," Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 9378-9384 (2011)
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・T. Taira, "Domain-controlled laser ceramics toward giant micro-photonics [Invited]," Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1040-1050 (2011). DOI: 10.1364/OME.1.001040
:YAG monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam output for engine ignition
:YAG monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam output for engine ignition," Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 9378-9384 (2011)
T. Taira, "Domain-controlled laser ceramics toward giant micro-photonics [Invited]," Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 1,
:YAG monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam output for engine ignition
:YAG monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam output for engine ignition," Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 9378-9384 (2011)
T. Taira, "Domain-controlled laser ceramics toward giant micro-photonics [Invited]," Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 1, T. Taira, "Domain-controlled laser ceramics toward giant micro-photonics [Invited]," Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 1, T. Taira, "Domain-controlled laser ceramics toward giant micro-photonics [Invited]," Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 1,
CLEO Press ReleaseApril 20 - May 18
Web Total: > 360
http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/cc7aa4ef#/cc7aa4ef/50
! LIC3-1 World First Laser Ignited Gasoline Engine Vehicle
T. Taira,1) S. Morishima,2) K. Kanehara, 2) N. Taguchi,3) A. Sugiura 3), and M. Tsunekane 1) ; 1) Institute for Molecular Science, 2) Nippon Soken,Inc., 3) DENSO CORPORATION
Abstract: The world first micro-laser ignited self-consisted gasoline engine vehicle has been operated by “Giant Micro-Photonics”. Advantages of lean-mixture combustion should also show benefits in realization of an efficient and clean electric power cogeneration system.
-Engine room-
Cooling tube
Optical fiber
Laser Ignition Plug
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International Energy Agency (IEA), “World Energy Outlook 2013,” ISBN 978-92-64-20130-9.
・ Gasoline Engine for Car (Lean burn, Highly efficiency)・ Cogeneration
Gas Engine (Long lifetime, Fast Ignition )
Innovation of Ignition
Contribution for HCCINew Application
Microchip Laser
Pump DiodeFiber
Automobile
Ship Aircraft
Gas CogenerationBenefits of Laser Ignition! Multi Points Ignition! Multi Pulses Ignition! High Energy Ignition! Flexible Position Ignition
OSA News Releasehttp://www.osa.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/releases/04.2011/lasersparksrevolution.aspx
BBC Newshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13160950
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Space, RocketSpace,
Highly Fuel Efficiency
CO2 10-30%NOx Reduction・high pressure・lean mixture
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13160950http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13160950
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! Are there any interesting phenomenas?! Are there any giant-pulse lasers to bridge?
fs ps ns µsTime
Mode Lock Ti:S Laser
MicrochipMicrochipQ-sw. Laser
NormalQ-sw. Laser
OPCPA+ HHG
“Pulse-Gap”
OPCPAMid-IR based HHG
• Material process
• Photo ionization• Wavelength conversion
• Plasma interaction
!! !t " 0.441
Fourier Limit
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Conversion efficiency SHG
efficiency:
85%
FHG
efficiency:
51%
FHG
efficiency:
60%
118 nm
VUV
generation
������������������������������
EB for taget selection
EB for cutting
UV l
FIB
FIB for spattering
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Ionization by UV microchip lasers
IC card imaging Illegal drags imaging
THz wave imaging -No exposure, safety -Transparency (paper, plastics, etc.) -Sub millimeter resolution -Finger print spectrum
-Security, biomedical application!Kawase G. web page; http://www.riken.jp/lab-www/THz/jp/index.html
Problem: pump source!
Imaging System by using THz Parametric Oscillator
IC card imagingIC card imaging
THz wave imaging THz wave imaging -No exposure, safety -Transparency (paper, plastics, etc.) -Sub millimeter resolution -Finger print spectrum
! Flash lamp pumped SSL! Pulse duration: 15 ns! Output power: 45 mJ/pulse (3MW)! Size: 1470 x 390 x 170 mm3
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Security, biomedical application!http://www.riken.jp/lab-www/THz/jp/index.html
IC card imaging
Security, biomedical application!Kawase G. web page; http://www.riken.jp/lab-www/THz/jp/index.html
��������������������������������
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Pumping energy: 0.6 mJ/pulseSeeding power: 80 mW
Max. output ~ 10 W (peak)
Max. output ~ 120 W (peak)
Max. output : up to 50 kW
Pumping energy: 12 mJ/pulseSeeding power: 80 mW
Pumping energy: 12 mJ/pulseSeeding power: 500 mW
Opt. Express, 20 (3), 2811 (2012), INVITED
J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves, 35 (1), 25 (2014)
Max. output ~ 10 W (peak)
Max. output ~ 120 W (peak)Opt. Express, 20 (3), 2811 (2012),
Max. output ~ 120 W (peak)
Max. output ~ 10 W (peak)
Opt. Express, 20 (3), 2811 (2012),
Ref. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | 4 : 5045 | DOI: 10.1038/srep05045URL: www.nature.com/scientificreports
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�����������������������By down sizing, THz power up to 100kW from 200mW!
!���������������������������!��������������
! �������������������������������!�����������
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fb
915
nm94
196
8
1048
1029
1024
785612565
0 cmN1
F27/2
-1
965
969
986
994
999
1016
fa
! no ESA/ETU! low quantum defect! no concentration Yb3+-doping! broad absorption/emission spectrum! long upper state lifetime! large reabsorption loss! small cross-section (fatal issue)
Ref. T. Taira et al., Appl. Opt., 36(9), 1867 (1997), 55th Autumn Meeting for Jpn. Society of Appl. Phys., 21a-E-7, p.893 (1994.9)
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2
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! no ESA/ETU! low quantum defect! no concentration Yb! broad absorption/emission spectrum! long upper state lifetime
1,000,000 times improvement !LLNL <https://str.llnl.gov/AprMay09/moses.html>
! Lasers for 2.2MJ 3ω generation
Ref. OMEx, 1(7) 1341 (2011).
�����������������������������Cryogenic cooled Yb:YAG ceramics vs. RT Yb:S-FAP single crystal?
! Nd:glasses:1 or few shot/day ! Power generator:10Hz
����������������
! Yb:YAG ceramics : scalable, but cryogenic cool! Yb:FAP single crystal : room temp., but small size
����������������
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!! Lasers for 2.2MJ 3ω generation
Cryogenic cooled Yb:YAG ceramics vs. RT Yb:S-FAP single crystal
LLNL < < <https://str.llnl.gov/AprMay09/moses.htmlhttps://str.llnl.gov/AprMay09/moses.htmlhttps://str.llnl.gov/AprMay09/moses.htmlhttps://str.llnl.gov/AprMay09/moses.html>
! Nd:glasses:1 or few shot/day ! Power generator:10Hz
����������������
TransparentCeramics
Large DiameterYb:S-FAP
Future Materials
14.0 cm
! Advantages of ceramics# Faster production times# Solid solution allowing the fabrication of
multi-phase-transition materials# Highly homogeneous materials# Flexibility of doping elements and levels # Ability to engineered profiles and
structures before sinteringScattering sources in ceramics
Birefringence
•Isotropic cubic material•Sintering aid
Solution
http://www.pref.aichi.jp/touji/index.htmlB.C. 3000, Japan
Unsuitable for laser due to scattering
Ref Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 36, 397 (2006)
Photo: 1998 in Taira G.
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! 4f electron: not full! Outer (5s25p6) : full
+-eelectron
Spin
Orbit
! Electron $ Magnetic moment! Spin– orbit interaction! Crystal field (micro-domain)! Magnetic anisotropy of micro-domain! Magnetic momentum of micro-domain Bohr model
Emission and absorption
H
Current
Magnetic field
RE3+ assisted magnetic orientation method based on its Giant magnetic anisotropy enhancement effect for anisotropic laser ceramics
4f-electrons is shielded by (5s5p)-electron under < 1/10 nm
!
Forgotten other property
RE3+ properties as laser
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Enhancement of magnetic anisotropy by rare-earth dopingRE3+ Assisted Magnetic Orientation Method
Shape of electron density distribution
● Evaluation of magnetic anisotropy
��������������������
First Laser in Anisotropic Ceramics - 2011
Yb:(S-)FAP*2
High energyNd:YVO4
Highly efficiencyRef Opt. Lett., 16, 1955 (1991)
Appl. Opt. Lett., 82(6), 844 (2003)Opt. Express, 14(22), 10528 (2006)
Power scalable, high gain and multi-function laser
Nd:YAGTypical solid-state laser*1
%Yb:YAG
�������������������������Ref IEEE JSTQE., 3, 100 (1997)
Collected in SPIE Milestone Series 173 (2002)Appl. Opt., 36(9), 1867 (1997)
Nd:YAG CeramicsYb:YAG Ceramics
High power, Multi functionRef IEEE JSTQE., 13, 798 (2007)
Invited Paper
Single Crystal Ceramics
Scale merit
Gain m
erit
Anis
otro
pic
Isot
ropi
c
*1 DPSSL : R.L. Byer, Science 239, 742 (1988). *2 Research at LLNL in Mercury Project.
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Anisotropic Laser CeramicsNew frontier of laserex. Yb:FAP Ceramics
fusion driver, particle acceleration,high energy physics, vacuum collapse
J.Ref
Opt. Lett, 35(21), 3598 (2010)Appl. Phys. Express, 4 (2011) 022703
Opt. Mater. Express, 1(5) 1040 (2010) INVITED
Giant Power Laser
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Anisotropic Laser CeramicsNew frontier of laserex. Yb:FAP Ceramics
fusion driver, particle acceleration,high energy physics, vacuum collapse
J.Ref
Opt. Lett, 35(21), 3598 (2010)Appl. Phys. Express, 4 (2011) 022703
Opt. Mater. Express, 1(5) 1040 (2010) INVITED
Giant Power Laser
ex. Yb:FAP Ceramicsfusion driver, particle acceleration,
high energy physics, vacuum collapseJ.
Ref Opt. Lett, 35(21), 3598 (2010)
Appl. Phys. Express, 4 (2011) 022703Opt. Mater. Express, 1(5) 1040 (2010)
http://image.search.yahoo.co.jp/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-8&p=エメリウム光線
fusion driver, particle acceleration,high energy physics, vacuum collapse
Ref Opt. Lett, 35(21), 3598 (2010)
Appl. Phys. Express, 4 (2011) 022703Opt. Mater. Express, 1(5) 1040 (2010) INVITED
http://image.search.yahoo.co.jp/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-8&p=ウルトラマン+スペシウム光線
Giant Micro-photonics
CW400W Microchip Laser(Density=0.19MW/cm3)
PPMgLN/IR-OPCPA/HHG: ~5nm PPMgLN/OPO-ZGP/DFG: "= 2~11µm 50kW THz Generation: "= 100 ~300µm
"=266nm,Pp=4.3MW,$=150ps, Ep=650µJ,frep=100 Hz, Air cool
TB > 2x1020 KOrientation Control
(Micro-Domain Control)! 118nm VUV generation
Ref. Opt. Lett., 37(23), 4973 (2012). Ref. Opt. Lett., 33(15) 1699 (2008). Ref. Scientific Reports, 4:5045 (2014).
Highly Brightness Microchip Lasers by Micro-Domain Controlling (Ceramics etc.)
Highly Performance Nonlinear Optics by Micro-Domain Controlling (QPM etc.)
Ref. IEEE JSTQE., 13(3), 798 (2007).
Ref. Opt. Exp., 21 (23) 28849 (2013).
Ref. Opt. Mater. Express, 1(5), 1040 (2011). Ref. Opt. Eng., 52(7), 076102 (2013).
Sub-micron periodic structure
(Orientation controlled laser ceramics and NLO devices)
Undope material
RE3+doped
Absorber
New optical function for highly performance
New high-brightness micro-laser
(Orientation controlled nonlinear optics)
Signal High peak power pulse train
Optical switch
Micro-laser
���������������������toward innovation of energy conversion
P(t) = !0"(1)E(t)+!0"
(2)E2 (t)+!0"(3)E 3(t)+ ...
PNL (t):Nonlinear term
! (1) = "!e # j ""!e
Emission/Absorption
Nonlinear wavelength conv.SHG/OPG/DFG...
Opt. Mater. Express, 1(5) 1040 (2011) INVITEDOpt. Mater. Express, 1(7) 1376 (2011) INVITED! Interaction of Photon with Matter:Polarity
! Micro domain control : Gibbs free energy
Grain Stress Electric Field
Magnetic Field
dG = !SdT + µidNii" ! Vi!GBd 1
ri
#
$%&
'(
i" +V eijd" ij !P )dE!M )dB
i, j" Micro-domain control for
Giant-Effects in Photonics
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Eniac.jpg?uselang=ja
From vacuum tube to LSI(Solid-State Integrated Circuit)
Power Lasers to the Home
Solid-State Laser " Giant pulses by Q-switching" Ultra short pulses by Mode-locking
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Eniac.jpg?uselang=ja
Giant Micro-photonicsGiant Micro-photonics- Ubiquitous High Power Lasers -
photo photo acousticIgnition
peening
3D-printerForming
drilling/drilling/drilling/cutting
THz TattooTattoo-TattooTattooremoving
downsizing
cuttingcost-cut
mobile/umobile/ubiquitous maintenance free
stablereliableefficient
Process control Seamless IoT
Space/SeaMedicalSSocial infrastructureMManufacturing floor
Power lasers to the home
Giant Micro-photonicsGiant Micro-photonics- Ubiquitous High Power Lasers -
JSPS, JST, MEXT, NEDO, ImPACT
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StaffHideki ISHIZUKI (Assistant Professor)
+81-564-55-7246 ishizuki@ims.ac.jp
ResearcherYoichi SATO (Genesis Research Inst.)
+81-564-55-7342 yoichi@ims.ac.jp
Arvydas KAUSAS (C-PhoST) +81-564-55-7246, akausas@ims.ac.jp
Lihe ZHENG (JST Sentan-Keisoku) +81-564-55-7246, akausas@ims.ac.jp
Vincent YAHIA (ImPACT) +81-564-55-7246, vincent-yahia@ims.ac.jp
Hwan Hong LIM (NEDO)+81-564-557246 lim-hwanhong@ims.ac.jp
Past Research AssociateSunao KURIMURA (NIMS) (1999.3.1~2001.8.31)
Ichiro SHOJI (Chuo Univ., ) (2002.4.1~2004.3.31)
Past ResearcherTraian DASCALU (Romania)Nicolaie PAVEL (Romania) Jiro SAIKAWA (Shimazu Co.) Yu OISHI (KEK) Tomonori MATSUSHITA (Tokyo Univ.) Jun AKIYAMA (AGC)Rakesh BHANDARI (Shimazu Co.)Mikayel Arzakantsyan (France)Masaki TSUNEKANE (Kanare Elec.Co.)
Member and Collaborator
Invited ProfessorVoicu LUPEI (Romania)Gerard AKA (ENSCP, France)Benoît BOLANGER (l'Institut Néel, France)
http://www.naoj.org/Pressrelease/2009/01/22/fig01_l.jpgSpiral Galaxy M33 (Messier 33)
Giant Micro Photonicshttp://image.search.yahoo.co.jp/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF-8&p=エメリウム光線
Thank you for your attention
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