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8/8/2019 Presentation 1 Simple
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A Nation Separated:
Tensions between Northand South Korea
and the Role of Internal
and External Actors
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To show that studies in this field
focus more on the differences of twoKoreas ignoring the role of internal and
external actors, which in fact, are the
ones causing the tension between Northand South Korea.
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It hopes to open up future studies
which focus more on these internal and
external actors.
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Surrender of Japanto allies (US
& USSR) due toconflictingideologies resultedin the development
on the Koreanpeninsula ² thedivision of Northand South Korea.
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Intentionalism
´constructing explanations out of thedirect intentions and motivations of the
actors involved and using explanatory
concepts which the actors themselves
might use to account for their actionsµ.
(Hay 1995b:195)
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Rational choice theory approach
social and political choices are made by
rational, self-interested individuals.
(Marsh and Stoker: 2002).
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Institutionalism
deals with the set of norms and rules
inside formal organizations and politicalsystems. It is more of a descriptive way of
presenting. It also focuses on rules and
the informal formation of institutions as
dynamic. (Marsh and Stoker, 2002)
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Institutionalism Intentionalism
All aspects (A comparative
study of North and SouthKorea, 1988); Economic;
(Eberstadt, 2009; Harvie
and Yi, Nanto, 2003;
Chanlett-Avery, 2010); Soci-
cultural (Connor, 2009;Jonsson, 2006); Political
(Schurmann, 1968; Kim,
n.d.; Yang, 1986)
(Feffer, 2003; Noland, 2004;
O¶Hanlon and Mochizuki,2003); (South Korea, 2010)
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Institutionalists ²
argue that the differences were causedby the evolvement of the different
institutions, which eventually led and
contributed to the tensions between the
North and South Korea.
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Intentionalists -
argue that tension was caused basedfrom the actions and personal intentions
of the individuals.
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Culture
xSouth ² More power and freedom
xNorth ² tied up to leaders and
government
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Religion
xSouth ² freedom to express religion
xNorth ² forced on individual
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Education
South ² enhance knowledge of individual
North ² way to impose ideologies on
the citizens
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Class Structure South ² man can improve his
status through own effort
North ² inherited
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Media
South ² freedom of press but they
should be responsible
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North ²function fulfilled by the press in
the North is the recreational and
advertising function.
- press is used only for politicalpurposes. It has become a tool for
propaganda.
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North Korea South Korea
Communist siege economic system
Inner-directed economy
Capitalist market economy
1. Private ownership of productionmeans guaranteeing the
freedom of the activities of
economic subjects;
2. Decentralized economic
decision-making;
3. The automatic adjustment of the
economy through the market
mechanism.
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North Korea South Korea
Military ² almost ¼ GNP Expenditures- $227.2 billion
Defense (2009)- 2.5% of GDP =34.1 trillion
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Political
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North ² believed that the government is
the dominant authority and the decisions
resides in their hands.
South ² allows its people to intervene in
the government decisions and to freely
participate in different interest groups.
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North ² totalitarian dictatorship
- Workers Party
South ² liberal democracy- legislative, executive, judicial
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North ² Workers Party has the over-all
control in the whole economy without
knowing the concerns of its people.
South ² meetings and consultations,
comprising different offices and the
public, were held first and will come up with a mutual decisions.
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North ² Kim II-sung·s speeches, ́ Jucheµ
philosophy, anti-Japenese revolutionary
tradition and Communism are allowed totelevise in their country.
South ² current issues and events, movies
and other entertainment shows can be view by the public.
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North ² system in education is controlled
by the Workers party and obliged to
follow the ´Collectivist Educationµ.
South ² concentrate on honing its
people·s individualism and capabilities
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Korea divided because of the use of
military as well as political strength as a
gauge to become a great power
It all began during the Korean War that
sparked in the 1950s because of the
United States of America and Soviet.
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North - North Korea·s military force in
the present day is considered to be
bigger, better, closer and deadlier before
South - South Korea·s military strength is
way weaker than the North because it is
only their second priority It has now
gained yearning for autonomy as aneffort to establish a more sufficient
military
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Literature highlighted the differences of
North and South Korea in terms of
SOCIO-CULTURA L, ECONOMIC,
POLITICA L AND MILITARY aspects.
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Concluded that these differences
contribute to the tension present in both
countries, which fail the attempt for
possible reunification.
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Failed to recognize
- influence of the internalactors (leaders)
- external actors (US, USSR
and even China.)
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1. Actors only ¶glanced· upon
2. Role of the actor or the leader should
also be put into consideration3. Role of the influential countries
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tensions between North and South Korea
are only most likely to worsen if internal
and external actors are not addressed.
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Reviewed literature did not have a
thorough discussion of the role of
internal and external actors
Vague mentions and discussions on the
role of current leaders of the country
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