philosophical theories
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PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES
IDEALISM
Idealism was inferred from the Greek word “idein”
which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term
denoting sense, meaning “essence” and closely
connected with the categories of thinking and being.
In philosophy, idealism is the group of
philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we
can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally
constructed, or otherwise immaterial.
IDEALISM
Idealism was inferred from the Greek word “idein”
which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term
denoting sense, meaning “essence” and closely
connected with the categories of thinking and being.
Idealism is a term in philosophy that refers to the
rejection of a physical reality. Instead, idealists suggest
that everything in the universe is either constructed by
human minds, or that it is without material substance.
IDEALISM
For Rene Descartes, the central principle of idealism is
the primary of self. This principle involves three ideas
concerning the significance of the self:
1. It is the self-evident reality; knowledge of oneself is a
first and immediate response
2. It is the self that must be the starting point in thought
3. The existence of God is widened in our experience by
the fact that we have an idea of this perfect being
IDEALISM
Idealism holds that we, ourselves, are real and
not just mere illusions nor dreams. It also asserts that
spiritual which is non-material is primary and material
is secondary.
NATURALISM
Naturalism is a philosophical view that all
objects and events are capable of being accounted for
by the scientific explanation, usually allied with the
claim that there is no supernatural objects, processes,
and causes.
NATURALISM
“The native condition of man is a war of
everyone against everyone.” – Thomas Hobbes
He concludes that the man’s hunger for power is
such a restless unquenchable desire that it only ceases
at death.
NATURALISM
“Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the
author of things, everything degenerates in the hands
of man.” – Jean Jacques Rousseau
He concludes that the man turns everything
upside down, he disfigures everything. He wants
nothing as nature made it, not even the man himself.
NATURALISM
Three Great Principles of Teaching:
1. Principle of Growth – the work of a teacher is not to
impel learning but merely to guide it in such a way that it follows
the natural order
2. Principles of Student Activity – nothing must be done for
the student that he can do for himself
3. Principle of Individualization – the student is not to be
adjusted to the education but the education is to be adjusted to
his needs
REALISM
Realism is a philosophy based on what is real as
they are, something that exists independently of all
other things and from which all other things are
derived.
The sources of knowledge is the physical
environment and learning occurs through contact with
the environment.
REALISM
“The material substance out of which the world
is made did not exist with God before the creation of
universe.” – St. Thomas Aquinas
Matter was created by God as the primary
substance is not an uncaused essence or existence
and is dependent upon God for existence.
REALISM
“The reality of the world is guaranteed to him by
the goodness of God.” – Rene Descartes
“The mind at birth is a tabula rasa.” – John Locke
Our mind is just like a blank sheet of paper upon
the world writes its impression. Thus, experience is the
source of all knowledge.
REALISM
Two Principles of Realism:
1. All beings, material or immaterial, can be
understood clearly by the human mind as they appear to
be what they are.
2. The familiarity gained by experience and by
human nature is unchanging and dependent, and serves
as as norm for the decision and action of the individual
and society
MATERIALISM
Materialism asserts that material is primary
while the spiritual or ideal is secondary. This connotes
that the world is eternal and was not created by God,
hence, the world is infinite in time and space.
OTHER THEORIES
CONCEPTUALISM – the doctrine that the
application of a general term to various objects
indicates the existence of a mental entity that
mediates the application
CONFUCIANISM – the teachings of Confucius
emphasizing love for humanity (peace and justice)
OTHER THEORIES
DECONSTRUCTIONISM – a philosophical theory
of criticism that seeks to expose deep-seated
contradictions in a work by delving below its surface
meaning
EMPIRICISM/SENSATIONALISM – the doctrine that
knowledge derives from experience
OTHER THEORIES
ENVIRONMENTALISM – the philosophical doctrine
that environment is more important that heredity in
developing intellectual growth
EXISTENTIALISM – philosophy which assumes
that people are entirely free and thus, responsible for
what they make of themselves
OTHER THEORIES
DETERMINISM – a philosophical theory holding
that all events are inevitable consequences of
antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as
denying the possibility of free will
FORMALISM – this philosophical theory that
formal statements have no meaning but that its
symbols exhibit a form that has useful application
OTHER THEORIES
HEREDITARIANISM – the philosophical doctrine
that heredity is more important than environment
INTUITIONISM – the doctrine that knowledge is
acquire primary by intuition
LOGICISM – the philosophical theory that all of
mathematics can be derives from formal logic
OTHER THEORIES
MECHANISM – the philosophical theory that all
phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or
biological causes
NATIVISM – the philosophical theory that some ideas
are innate
NEOPLATONISM – most distinctive doctrine that
holds the first principle and source of reality transcends
being and thought and is naturally unknowable
OTHER THEORIES
NOMINALISM – the doctrine that the various
objects labeled by the same term have nothing in
common but their names
OPERATIONALISM – the doctrine that the
meaning of proposition consists of the operations
involved in proving or applying it
OTHER THEORIES
PRAGMATISM – the doctrine that practical
consequences are the criteria of knowledge and
meaning and value
PROBABILISM – the doctrine that probability is a
sufficient basis to believe an action
RATIONALISM – the doctrine that knowledge is
acquire by reason without resort to experience
OTHER THEORIES
NAÏVE REALISM – the philosophical doctrine that
physical objects continue to exist when not perceived
RELATIVISM – the philosophical doctrine that all
criteria are relative to the individuals and situations
involved
SCHOLASTICISM – the system of philosophy
dominant in medieval Europe
VALUES
Value is define as a principle or belief that a
person and publicly affirms with conviction, acts on
consistently, and chooses from among alternatives.
Values may be classified in terms of 1. Personal
Values 2. Family Values 3. Spiritual Values 4. Work
Values 5. Career Values 6. Social Values 7. Cultural
Values
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