PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES

IDEALISM

Idealism was inferred from the Greek word “idein”

which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term

denoting sense, meaning “essence” and closely

connected with the categories of thinking and being.

In philosophy, idealism is the group of

philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we

can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally

constructed, or otherwise immaterial.

IDEALISM

Idealism was inferred from the Greek word “idein”

which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term

denoting sense, meaning “essence” and closely

connected with the categories of thinking and being.

Idealism is a term in philosophy that refers to the

rejection of a physical reality. Instead, idealists suggest

that everything in the universe is either constructed by

human minds, or that it is without material substance.  

IDEALISM

For Rene Descartes, the central principle of idealism is

the primary of self. This principle involves three ideas

concerning the significance of the self:

1. It is the self-evident reality; knowledge of oneself is a

first and immediate response

2. It is the self that must be the starting point in thought

3. The existence of God is widened in our experience by

the fact that we have an idea of this perfect being

IDEALISM

Idealism holds that we, ourselves, are real and

not just mere illusions nor dreams. It also asserts that

spiritual which is non-material is primary and material

is secondary.

NATURALISM

Naturalism is a philosophical view that all

objects and events are capable of being accounted for

by the scientific explanation, usually allied with the

claim that there is no supernatural objects, processes,

and causes.

NATURALISM

“The native condition of man is a war of

everyone against everyone.” – Thomas Hobbes

He concludes that the man’s hunger for power is

such a restless unquenchable desire that it only ceases

at death.

NATURALISM

“Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the

author of things, everything degenerates in the hands

of man.” – Jean Jacques Rousseau

He concludes that the man turns everything

upside down, he disfigures everything. He wants

nothing as nature made it, not even the man himself.

NATURALISM

Three Great Principles of Teaching:

1. Principle of Growth – the work of a teacher is not to

impel learning but merely to guide it in such a way that it follows

the natural order

2. Principles of Student Activity – nothing must be done for

the student that he can do for himself

3. Principle of Individualization – the student is not to be

adjusted to the education but the education is to be adjusted to

his needs

REALISM

Realism is a philosophy based on what is real as

they are, something that exists independently of all

other things and from which all other things are

derived.

The sources of knowledge is the physical

environment and learning occurs through contact with

the environment.

REALISM

“The material substance out of which the world

is made did not exist with God before the creation of

universe.” – St. Thomas Aquinas

Matter was created by God as the primary

substance is not an uncaused essence or existence

and is dependent upon God for existence.

REALISM

“The reality of the world is guaranteed to him by

the goodness of God.” – Rene Descartes

“The mind at birth is a tabula rasa.” – John Locke

Our mind is just like a blank sheet of paper upon

the world writes its impression. Thus, experience is the

source of all knowledge.

REALISM

Two Principles of Realism:

1. All beings, material or immaterial, can be

understood clearly by the human mind as they appear to

be what they are.

2. The familiarity gained by experience and by

human nature is unchanging and dependent, and serves

as as norm for the decision and action of the individual

and society

MATERIALISM

Materialism asserts that material is primary

while the spiritual or ideal is secondary. This connotes

that the world is eternal and was not created by God,

hence, the world is infinite in time and space.

OTHER THEORIES

CONCEPTUALISM – the doctrine that the

application of a general term to various objects

indicates the existence of a mental entity that

mediates the application

CONFUCIANISM – the teachings of Confucius

emphasizing love for humanity (peace and justice)

OTHER THEORIES

DECONSTRUCTIONISM – a philosophical theory

of criticism that seeks to expose deep-seated

contradictions in a work by delving below its surface

meaning

EMPIRICISM/SENSATIONALISM – the doctrine that

knowledge derives from experience

OTHER THEORIES

ENVIRONMENTALISM – the philosophical doctrine

that environment is more important that heredity in

developing intellectual growth

EXISTENTIALISM – philosophy which assumes

that people are entirely free and thus, responsible for

what they make of themselves

OTHER THEORIES

DETERMINISM – a philosophical theory holding

that all events are inevitable consequences of

antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as

denying the possibility of free will

FORMALISM – this philosophical theory that

formal statements have no meaning but that its

symbols exhibit a form that has useful application

OTHER THEORIES

HEREDITARIANISM – the philosophical doctrine

that heredity is more important than environment

INTUITIONISM – the doctrine that knowledge is

acquire primary by intuition

LOGICISM – the philosophical theory that all of

mathematics can be derives from formal logic

OTHER THEORIES

MECHANISM – the philosophical theory that all

phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or

biological causes

NATIVISM – the philosophical theory that some ideas

are innate

NEOPLATONISM – most distinctive doctrine that

holds the first principle and source of reality transcends

being and thought and is naturally unknowable

OTHER THEORIES

NOMINALISM – the doctrine that the various

objects labeled by the same term have nothing in

common but their names

OPERATIONALISM – the doctrine that the

meaning of proposition consists of the operations

involved in proving or applying it

OTHER THEORIES

PRAGMATISM – the doctrine that practical

consequences are the criteria of knowledge and

meaning and value

PROBABILISM – the doctrine that probability is a

sufficient basis to believe an action

RATIONALISM – the doctrine that knowledge is

acquire by reason without resort to experience

OTHER THEORIES

NAÏVE REALISM – the philosophical doctrine that

physical objects continue to exist when not perceived

RELATIVISM – the philosophical doctrine that all

criteria are relative to the individuals and situations

involved

SCHOLASTICISM – the system of philosophy

dominant in medieval Europe

VALUES

Value is define as a principle or belief that a

person and publicly affirms with conviction, acts on

consistently, and chooses from among alternatives.

Values may be classified in terms of 1. Personal

Values 2. Family Values 3. Spiritual Values 4. Work

Values 5. Career Values 6. Social Values 7. Cultural

Values