open access: what it can do for science and scholarship alma swan key perspectives ltd truro, uk
Post on 28-Mar-2015
215 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Open Access: What it can do for science and scholarship
Alma Swan
Key Perspectives Ltd
Truro, UK
“The Role Of The Scientific Journal:First, to place before the general public the
grand results of Scientific work and Scientific discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and
daily life.
Secondly, to aid scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made
in any branch of natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an
opportunity of discussing the various scientific questions that arise from time to time.”
Nature, 4 November 1869Key Perspectives Ltd
“At a time when the journal has become the primary vehicle for communicating research results …. libraries are finding it difficult to maintain, let alone expand, their journal collections ….” “…. It is becoming increasingly clear that the current scientific communication process is not working in the best interests of the scientific community, nor in the best interests of society as a whole.”Stephen Pinfield, 2005Deputy Chief Information Officer and Director of Teaching & Learning
Resources and Information Resources, University of Nottingham
Key Perspectives Ltd
What has happened in the last 130 years? The number of scientific research
journals has grown, and grown, and grown…
Journal prices have risen - much faster than inflation. Since 1986: The UK retail price index has risen 70% Journal prices have risen 291%
Key Perspectives Ltd
One result …
The ‘Men of Science’ do not have access to all the scientific literature they need to enable science to progress as efficiently and effectively as possible
Key Perspectives Ltd
‘Old’ paradigms
Using proxy measures of an individual scholar’s merit
It is a journal’s responsibility to disseminate your work
Printed article is the format of record Other scholars have time to search out
what you want them to know
Key Perspectives Ltd
‘New’ paradigms
Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring the contributions of individual scholars
Effective dissemination of your work is now in your hands (at last)
The digital format will be the format of record (is already in many areas)
Unless you routinely publish in Nature or Science, ‘getting it out there’ is up to you
Key Perspectives Ltd
“Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research.”
Robert Terry
Senior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust
Key Perspectives Ltd
What Open Access is about
Freely available Publicly available Permanently available
Key Perspectives Ltd
The World Wide Web has enabled Open Access to science
Not constrained by the limitations of print on paper
Available to any individual with Internet access, worldwide
With proper arrangements in place, availability is permanent
Key Perspectives Ltd
What Open Access is not about
NOT vanity publishing or self-publishing
NOT about non-peer-reviewed literature
NOT about publications that scholars expect to be paid for (e.g. books)
Key Perspectives Ltd
Why researchers publish their work
0 20 40 60 80 100
% respondents
Communicate results to peers
Advance career
Personal prestige
Gain funding
Financial reward
Key Perspectives Ltd
‘Open Access’?
A much better term to use is
Open Dissemination
Key Perspectives Ltd
Who benefits from Open Access?
Scholars – as authors Scholars – as readers Scholars – as teachers Universities Research funders Taxpayers and society at large Publishers
Key Perspectives Ltd
Open Access increases citations
0 50 100 150 200 250
% increase in citations with Open Access
BiologyEconomics
Political SciHealth SciBusiness
EducationManagement
LawPsychology
SociologyPhysics
Key Perspectives Ltd
Range = 50%-200%(Data from Stevan Harnad and co-workers)
Open access increases citations (further studies)
Lawrence 2001 (computer science) Kurtz 2004 (astronomy) Brody & Harnad 2004 (all disciplines) Antelman 2005 (philosophy, politics,
electrical & electronic engineering, mathematics)
Key Perspectives Ltd
“Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has given instant world-wide visibility to my work. As a result, I was invited to submit papers to refereed international conferences/journals and got them accepted.”
Key Perspectives Ltd
An author’s own testimony on open access visibility
Two ways to provide Open Access
Publish in an Open Access journal (see www.doaj.org)
Deposit copies of published articles in an Open Access repository (‘self-archiving’)
Key Perspectives Ltd
Open Access journals
‘New’ Open Access publishers BioMedCentral Public Library of Science c2000 Open Access journals in existence
‘Traditional’ publishers offering a hybrid publishing model
Key Perspectives Ltd
Self-archiving
Subject-centred repositories (e.g. arXiv) Institutional repositories
Subject coverage reflects institution Interoperable (Open Archives Initiative-
compliant) Global interlinked network – a
worldwide database of research
Key Perspectives Ltd
Open Access repositories
600+ worldwide 25 in Sweden
Key Perspectives Ltd
CERN preprint archive
Key Perspectives Ltd
Key Perspectives Ltd
How are the authors responding?
24% have submitted an article to an Open Access journal (49% intend to)
22% have deposited an article in an Open Access institutional repository
15% have deposited an article in a subject-based Open Access repository
Key Perspectives Ltd
An institutional repository provides researchers with:
Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)
Key Perspectives Ltd
An author said…
Key Perspectives Ltd
“This is a very handy way to keep all of one’s work together and findable, which helps me as much as anyone else.”
An institutional repository provides researchers with:
Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)
A location for supporting data that are unpublished, and other digital objects
Key Perspectives Ltd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
re
spo
nd
en
ts Postprint
Conference paper
Preprint
Technical report
Working paper
Book chapter
Dissertation or thesis
Courseware
Discussion paper
Software
Monograph
Manual
Video file
Audio file
Key Perspectives Ltd
An institutional repository provides researchers with:
Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)
A location for supporting data that are unpublished
One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications)
Key Perspectives Ltd
What discourages self-archiving?
“ I worry about copyright infringement”
Key Perspectives Ltd
Publisher permissions (by journal)
79%
13%
8%
'Green' (postprints) 'Pale green' (preprints) 'Grey' (neither yet)
Key Perspectives Ltd
Publisher permissions
92% of journals permit self-archiving
SHERPA/RoMEO list at:
www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php
Or at: http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php
Key Perspectives Ltd
What discourages self-archiving?
“I worry about copyright infringement”
“It will be too difficult”
Key Perspectives Ltd
Easy28%
Very difficult1%
Somewhat difficult
8%
Very easy44%
Neither easy nor difficult
13%
Article archived by someone
else6%
Key Perspectives Ltd
What discourages self-archiving?
“I worry about copyright infringement”
“It will be too difficult” “It will take too long”
Key Perspectives Ltd
Under an hour23%
More than a day3%
3-4 hours2%
A few minutes52%
1-2 hours8%
Article archived by
someone else12%
Key Perspectives Ltd
What can encourage self-archiving?
Highlighting the increased visibility and impact
Requiring authors to self-archive
Key Perspectives Ltd
Author readiness to comply with a mandate
0 20 40 60 80 100
% respondents
Would complywillingly
Would complyreluctantly
Would notcomply
81%
14%
5%
Key Perspectives Ltd
Institutions with a mandate already
University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already)
CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) University of Southampton (2004) Queensland University of Technology
(2004) (40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005)
Key Perspectives Ltd
Wellcome Trust:
World’s largest private funder of biomedical (and allied) research
Spends c£400 million per annum
Key Perspectives Ltd
“Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research.”
Robert TerrySenior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust
Key Perspectives Ltd
Wellcome Trust
Issued a Position Statement on Open and Unrestricted Access to Published Research
Amended its Grant Conditions accordingly
Effective 1 October 2005
Key Perspectives Ltd
The Wellcome Trust policy on OA
Requires self-archiving of articles
Will pay publication fees for
publishing in open access journals
(1-2% of Wellcome’s total research
expenditure)
Key Perspectives Ltd
Publisher reaction?
Key Perspectives Ltd
Thank you for listening
aswan@keyperspectives.co.uk
www.keyperspectives.co.uk/OpenAccessArchive/
Key Perspectives Ltd
top related