non-metallic materials - selection and application materials.pdf · this dep specifies requirements...
Post on 12-Mar-2020
23 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
MANUAL
NON-METALLIC MATERIALS - SELECTION AND APPLICATION
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen.
April 2003 (DEP Circulars 36/06 and 02/07 have been incorporated)
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE
This document is restricted. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent of Shell Global Solutions International B.V. and Shell International Exploration and Production B.V., The Netherlands. The copyright of this document is vested in these companies. All
rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic, recording or otherwise) without the prior written consent of the copyright owners.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 2
PREFACE DEPs (Design and Engineering Practice) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication, of:
Shell Global Solutions International B.V. (Shell GSI)
and
Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. (SIEP)
and
Shell International Chemicals B.V. (SIC)
and
other Service Companies.
They are based on the experience acquired during their involvement with the design, construction, operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Group Operating companies. Where appropriate they are based on, or reference is made to, international, regional, national and industry standards.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good design and engineering practice applied by Group companies operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas production facility, or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and decision to implement. This is of particular importance where DEPs may not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of DEPs is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the information set forth in DEPs to their own environment and requirements.
When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use DEPs they shall be solely responsible for the quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will expect them to follow those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected in the DEPs. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the Principal or its technical advisor.
The right to use DEPs is granted by Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC, in most cases under Service Agreements primarily with companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and other companies receiving technical advice and services from Shell GSI, SIEP, SIC or another Group Service Company. Consequently, three categories of users of DEPs can be distinguished:
1) Operating companies having a Service Agreement with Shell GSI, SIEP, SIC or other Service Company. The use of DEPs by these operating companies is subject in all respects to the terms and conditions of the relevant Service Agreement.
2) Other parties who are authorized to use DEPs subject to appropriate contractual arrangements (whether as part of a Service Agreement or otherwise).
3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to under 1) or 2) which requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users comply with the relevant standards.
Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users, Shell GSI, SIEP and SIC disclaim any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any DEP, combination of DEPs or any part thereof, even if it is wholly or partly caused by negligence on the part of Shell GSI, SIEP or other Service Company. The benefit of this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to Shell GSI, SIEP, SIC and/or any company affiliated to these companies that may issue DEPs or require the use of DEPs.
Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, DEPs shall not, without the prior written consent of Shell GSI and SIEP, be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever and the DEPs shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC. The copyright of DEPs vests in Shell GSI and SIEP. Users shall arrange for DEPs to be held in safe custody and Shell GSI, SIEP or SIC may at any time require information satisfactory to them in order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.
All administrative queries should be directed to the DEP Administrator in Shell GSI.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................5 1.1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................5 1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS .........5 1.3 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................5 1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES .............................................................................................5 1.5 CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS EDITION...........................................................6 1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP.......................................................................................7 2. GENERAL...................................................................................................................8 2.1 SELECTION GUIDELINES.........................................................................................8 2.2 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................8 2.3 CATEGORIES OF NON-METALLICS ......................................................................11 2.4 MATERIAL SELECTION...........................................................................................12 2.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE .......................................................................................12 2.6 FIRE PERFORMANCE.............................................................................................13 2.7 MATERIAL PROPERTIES........................................................................................14 3. THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS .............................................................................16 3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................16 3.2 PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) .......................................................16 3.3 UNPLASTICISED PVC (UPVC)................................................................................17 3.4 POLYETHYLENE (PE) .............................................................................................18 3.5 POLYAMIDE (PA) .....................................................................................................19 3.6 POLYPROPYLENE (PP) ..........................................................................................20 3.7 FLUOROPOLYMERS (PTFE, PCTFE, PFA, FEP, PVDF).......................................21 3.8 POLYPHENYLENE SULPHIDE (PPS).....................................................................23 3.9 CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE (PEX)...............................................................24 3.10 POLYETHERETHERKETONE (PEEK) ....................................................................25 4. FIBRE REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS.................................................................27 4.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................27 4.2 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT FIBRES..................................................................27 4.3 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT FIBRES ......................................28 5. THERMOSET MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES ...................................................29 5.1 FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITES .....................................................29 5.2 EPOXY RESINS .......................................................................................................30 5.3 POLYESTER RESINS ..............................................................................................32 5.4 VINYL ESTER RESINS ............................................................................................34 5.5 PHENOLIC RESINS .................................................................................................35 5.6 FURAN RESINS .......................................................................................................36 5.7 POLYURETHANE RESINS ......................................................................................37 6. ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS..................................................................................39 6.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................39 6.2 NATURAL RUBBER (NR).........................................................................................40 6.3 STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) ................................................................41 6.4 POLYCHLOROPRENE RUBBER (CR)....................................................................42 6.5 BUTYL RUBBER (IIR) ..............................................................................................43 6.6 CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE (CSM) ..............................................44 6.7 NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER (NBR, HNBR) .......................................................45 6.8 ETHYLENE PROPYLENE RUBBER (EPDM) ..........................................................46 6.9 FLUOROELASTOMERS (FKM) ...............................................................................47 6.10 PERFLUORO ELASTOMER (FFKM) .......................................................................48 6.11 FLUORO-SILICONE RUBBERS (VMQ, PMQ, FMQ)...............................................49 6.12 POLYURETHANE RUBBERS (AU, EU)...................................................................49 6.13 EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION (RAPID GAS DECOMPRESSION) OF
ELASTOMER SEALS ...............................................................................................50 7. CERAMIC MATERIALS ...........................................................................................52 7.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................52
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 4
7.2 NON-OXIDE CERAMICS..........................................................................................52 7.3 OXIDE CERAMICS...................................................................................................52 7.4 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS.................................................................53 8. INSULATION MATERIALS ......................................................................................54 9. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................56
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 LIST OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NON-METALLIC MATERIALS .......60 APPENDIX 2 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS.......................82 APPENDIX 3 FIRE PERFORMANCE OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS ..........................110 APPENDIX 4 TYPICAL MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
OCCASIONALLY USED NON-METALLIC MATERIALS ..............................112
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 5
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
This DEP specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the initial selection of non-metallic materials.
This DEP is a revision of the DEP of the same title and number dated December 1999.
The purpose of this DEP is to guide and support the application of non-metallic materials through specification of the service limits in terms of minimum and maximum operating temperatures for both upstream and downstream applications.
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Unless otherwise authorised by Shell GSI and SIEP the distribution of this DEP is confined to companies forming part of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group or managed by a Group company, and to Contractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers nominated by them (i.e., the distribution code is "F", as described in DEP 00.00.05.05-Gen.).
This DEP is intended for use in oil refineries, chemical plants, gas plants, exploration and production facilities and supply/marketing installations. When DEPs are applied, a Management of Change (MOC) process should be implemented. This is of particular importance when existing facilities are to be modified.
If national and/or local regulations exist in which some of the requirements may be more stringent than in this DEP, the Contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the requirements are the more stringent and which combination of requirements will be acceptable as regards safety, environmental, economic and legal aspects. In all cases the Contractor shall inform the Principal of any deviation from the requirements of this DEP which is considered to be necessary in order to comply with national and/or local regulations. The Principal may then negotiate with the Authorities concerned with the object of obtaining agreement to follow this DEP as closely as possible.
1.3 DEFINITIONS
The Contractor is the party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering, procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a facility. The Principal may sometimes undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.
The Manufacturer/Supplier is the party that manufactures or supplies equipment, materials and services to perform the duties specified by the contractor.
The Principal is the party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for its design and construction. The Principal will generally specify the technical requirements. The Principal may also include an agent or consultant, authorised to act for, and on behalf of, the Principal.
The word shall indicates a requirement.
The word should indicates a recommendation.
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES
Where cross-references to parts of this DEP are made, the referenced section number is shown in brackets. References used in this DEP are listed in (9).
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 6
1.5 CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS EDITION
The previous edition of this DEP was dated December 1999. Other than editorial changes, the following are the major changes to the previous edition.
Old section New Section Change
2 2.1 Sections and table re-numbered to reflect a new 2.1 SELECTION GUIDELINES heading.
3 3 Sections and tables re-numbered to reflect a new 3.1 INTRODUCTION.
3.4 3.5 Typical mechanical properties for PA-11 updated; also state that installation of PA-11 based liners below –30 °C is not recommended.
3.6 3.7 Lower temperature limits for PTFE and PFA updated.
3.7 3.8 Maximum operating temperatures for PPS updated.
3.9 Section on Polyketone (PK) deleted.
4 4 Sections and table re-numbered to reflect a new 4.1 GENERAL heading.
Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Columns and rows re-numbered and reversed to be consistent with other tables.
4.3 4.3 Fibre content (by weight) for filament wound pipes updated.
5.2 5.2 Table 5.2a updated.
5.4 5.4 Table 5.4a updated.
6 6 Sections and tables re-numbered to reflect a new 6.1 GENERAL heading.
6.1 6.2 Typical temperature range for NR updated.
6 6 Material property values in all tables updated.
6.6 6.7 Typical temperature range for HNBR added, along with comment regarding explosive decompression resistance.
6.8 6.9 Guidance on FKM with regard to explosive decompression added and updated Table 6.9b.
6.10 6.11 Comment that Fluro-silicone rubbers are not susceptible to explosive decompression removed.
- 6.13 New section on explosive decompression of elastomer seals.
8 8 Table 8 updated.
Appendix 1 Appendix 1, Table 1A and
Table 1B
Table 1B, grouping by material type, added.
Appendix 2, Table 2a
Appendix 2, Table 2a
Values for PA-11 updated. Column on PK deleted.
Appendix 2, Table 2b
Appendix 2, Table 2b
Values for Epoxy (DIPA), Polyester isophthalic (Alkalis), Polyester bisphenol (Alkalis), Vinyl Ester (Alakalis) and Hydrocarbon – Amines updated.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 7
Old section New Section Change
Appendix 2, Table 2c
Appendix 2, Table 2c
Values for CR (Inorganic acids, Phosphoric 75 %) and Hydrocarbon – Amines updated.
Appendix 2, Table 2d
Appendix 2, Table 2d
Values for Glass lining updated.
1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP
Comments on this DEP may be sent to the DEP Administrator at standards@shell.com.
Shell staff may also post comments on this DEP on the Surface Global Network (SGN) under the Standards/DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. folder. The DEP Administrator and DEP Author monitor these folders on a regular basis.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 8
2. GENERAL
2.1 SELECTION GUIDELINES
Within this DEP, minimum and maximum temperature limits are given for classes of non-metallic materials under generalised service conditions, e.g., oil or gas service. These temperature limits are meant as a guide to initiate the material selection process. Having selected the appropriate non-metallic material is it recommended to assess the specific limits of application for the intended service, not solely for temperature and service conditions but also for loads, lifetime, installation and operational constraints.
It should be realised that material properties may be impaired or severely changed during fabrication or degrade during service lifetime. The potential for such events to occur should be taken into account when selecting a specific material for a given service application.
The materials engineer should therefore be consulted at the appropriate design phase of the project. If an equipment DEP specifies a particular non-metallic material, that specification shall govern regardless of the general requirements stated in this DEP. For example, valves shall be as specified in the piping classes (DEP 31.38.01.12-Gen. And DEP 31.38.01.15-Gen.) and details of the required sealing materials shall be as specified in the MESC specifications referenced therein (e.g., MESC SPE 77/130).
2.2 ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations are commonly used to describe non-metallic materials. A number of abbreviations standardised in various codes, e.g., ASTM D 1418 and D 1600, ISO 1043 and ISO 1629, are listed below.
ABR Acrylate Butadiene Rubber
ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API American Petroleum Institute
ASA Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BR Butadiene Rubber
BS Butadiene Styrene
CA Cellulose Acetate
CAB Cellulose Acetate Butyrate
CAP Cellulose Acetate Propionate
CFM Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
CM Chloropolyethylene
CP Cellulosepropionate
CPE Chlorinated polyethylene
CPVC Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride
CR Chloroprene Rubber
CSM Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene
DAP Diallyl Phthalate
ECTFE Ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 9
EPR Ethylene Propylene Rubber
EPS Expanded Polystyrene
EPDM Ethylene Propylene Rubber
ESC Environmental Stress Cracking
ETFE Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene
EVA Ethylene Vinylacetate
EVAC Ethylene Vinylacetate
EVAL Ethylene Vinylalcohol
FEP Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
FKM Fluorocarbon Co-polymer
FFKM Perfluoro Elastomer
FMK Fluor-silicone Rubber
FPA Perfluoralkoxy
FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastic
GR-A Apolybutadiene Acrylonitrile Rubber
GR-I Butyl Rubber, Polyisobutylene Isoprene Rubber
GR-N Nitrile Rubber, Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, Polybutadiene Acrylonitrile Rubber
GR-S Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Polybutadiene Styrene Rubber
GRE Glass Reinforced Epoxy
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
GRUP Glass Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester
GRVE Glass Reinforced Vinyl Ester
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
HNBR Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
IIR Butyl Rubber
IM Polyisobutene Rubber
IR Isoprene Rubber
ISSO International Standards Organisation
MDI Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate
MDPE Medium Density Polyethylene
MF Melamine Formaldehyde
NBR Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
NR Natural Rubber
PA Polyamide
PAI Polyaramide Imide
PAN Polyacrylonitrile
PB Polybutylene
PBTP Polybutylene Terephthalate
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 10
PC Polycarbonate
PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
PEEK Polyetheretherketone
PEI Polyetherimide
PES Polyethersulfone
PETP Polyethylene Terephthalate
PEX Cross-linked polyethylene
PF Phenol Formaldehyde
PFA Perfluoroalkoxy Copolymer
PFEP Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
PI Polyimide
PIB Polyisobutylene
PIR Poly-isocyanurate rubber
PMMA Polymethyl Methacrylate
POM Polyoxymethylene, Polyformaldehyde
PP Polypropylene
PPO Polyphenylene oxide
PPS Polyphenylene Sulphide
PS Polystyrene
PSU Polysulfone
PTFE Polytetrafluoridethylene
PUF Polyurethane (foam)
PUR Polyurethane
PVAC Polyvinyl Acetate
PVAL Polyvinyl Alcohol
PVC Polyvinylchloride
PVCC Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
PVDC Polyvinylidene Chloride
PVDF Polyvinylidenefluoride
PVF Polyvinyl Fluoride
SAN Styrene Acrylonitrile
SB Styrene Butadiene
SBR Styrene Butadiene Rubber
SI Silicone
SIC Silicon carbide
TFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
TPE Thermoplastic Elastomers
TPU Thermoplastic Polyurethane
(A)U, (E)U Polyurethane AU (polyester), EU (polyether)
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 11
UF Ureum Formaldehyde
UHMWHDPE Ultra high molecular weight high density (Polyethylene)
UP Unsaturated Polyester
UPVC Unplasticised Polyvinylchloride
UV Ultra violet light
VAC Vinylacetate
VC Vinylchloride
XLPE or PEX Cross-linked Polyethylene consisting of long polymer chains in a 3-dimensional structure
XPS Extruded polystyrene
2.3 CATEGORIES OF NON-METALLICS
The following categories of non-metallic materials are covered by this DEP:
• thermoplastic materials; • thermoset materials; • elastomeric materials; • inorganic materials; • insulation materials.
A broad list of commercially available non-metallic materials is included in (Appendix 1) including trade name, chemical classification and Manufacturer.
In this DEP the following definitions for classes of non-metallic materials are used:
• CERAMIC – Crystalline or partly crystalline structure produced from essentially inorganic, non-metallic substances and formed either from a molten mass solidified on cooling, or simultaneously or subsequently formed by the action of heat (ASTM C 242).
• COATING - a liquid or mastic compound which, after applying as a thin layer, converts into an adherent, solid and protective, decorative or functional film (ASTM D 16).
• ELASTOMER - a polymer material with similar properties to rubber (ASTM D 1566). NOTE: This term should not be used as a synonym for rubber.
• INSULATION MATERIAL – a foamed or syntactic variation of a thermoplastic material, providing improved thermal resistance over the base thermoplastic polymer, fibrous inorganic material, cellular glass, amorphous silica and refractory.
• PAINT - a pigmented coating (ASTM D 16).
• REFRACTORY – an inorganic material with chemical and physical properties applicable for structures and system components exposed to environments above 538 °C (ASTM C 71).
• RUBBER - a material capable of quickly and forcibly recovering from all deformations (ASTM D 1566).
• THERMOPLASTIC - a plastic that repeatedly will soften by heating and harden by cooling within a temperature range characteristic for the plastic. In the softened state it can be shaped by flow into articles, e.g., by moulding/extrusion (ASTM D 883).
• THERMOSET - a plastic which is substantially infusible and insoluble after curing by heat or other means (ASTM D 883).
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 12
2.4 MATERIAL SELECTION
Material selection shall be determined by the:
• service conditions, i.e., operating temperature (maximum, minimum, range, etc.), and medium (internal, external);
• design requirements, i.e., design loadings (pressure, bending, static, dynamic, fatigue), design temperature, etc.
The material temperature limits given by the Manufacturer are normally approximate, based partly on measured data and partly on experience.
In this DEP, maximum and minimum operating temperatures for various service conditions are presented. These service conditions are generalised conditions. For example, water is quoted as a typical service condition. In this DEP, the term water covers, fresh, sea, produced, injection and potable.
Therefore, the values presented should be considered as an initial screening check and should be used for guidance purpose only.
2.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
The material selection process shall ensure that the material is compatible with the service fluids to which it is exposed over the full operating temperature range so that the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the component/system satisfy the design requirements throughout the intended lifetime.
The Manufacturer shall supply a chemical resistance list for all the service fluids for the specific material, quoting the highest known service temperature that the material has been subjected to, and if available, the service life that has been achieved under the service conditions. The chemical resistance list shall state whether the material has been laboratory tested (according to ASTM C 581 or other standard) and shall state the life expectancy for the intended service.
A survey of the chemical resistance of non-metallic materials in a variety of chemical environments (fluids) is given in (Appendix 2). The chemical resistance can be determined by various methods and depends primarily on factors such as temperature, test property and evaluation criteria. In (Appendix 2), the maximum operating temperature is given for inert conditions, along with the chemical resistance (in terms of maximum operating temperature) of the non-metallic materials to specific fluids. In (Appendix 2), the following definitions are used:
1. • – Resistant at ambient temperature, no maximum operating temperature available or limited resistant above ambient (advisable to consult supplier or materials expert);
2. X - Not resistant;
3. Number – Resistant up to quoted °C;
4. Blank – No data or experience.
Table 2.5 classifies the definition of chemical resistance in terms of a weighted value between 1 and 10. The link between Table 2.5 and (Appendix 2) is as follows:
(Appendix 2) Resistant Non-resistant Limited resistant
Table 2.5 Weighted value 7-10 Weighted Value 1-3 Weighted value 4-6
Table 2.5 should only be used as a guide to defining chemical resistance. Actual data according to a recognised standard (e.g., ASTM C 581) should always be used when assessing chemical resistance of a given material to a specific environment.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 13
Table 2.5 Definition of chemical resistance Weighted
value Weight change
[1]
Length change
[1]
Thickness change
[1]
Volume change
[1]
Mechanical property retained
[2]
Visual observed change
10 0 to 0.25 0 to 0.1 0 to 0.25 0 to 2.5 ≥ 97 No change
9 > 0.25 but ≤ 0.5
> 0.1 but ≤ 0.2
> 0.25 but ≤ 0.5
> 2.5 but ≤ 5
94 to < 97 No change
8 > 0.5 but ≤ 0.75
> 0.2 but ≤ 0.3
> 0.5 but ≤ 0.75
> 5 but ≤ 10
90 to < 94 No change
7 > 0.75 but ≤ 1
> 0.3 but ≤ 0.4
> 0.75 but ≤ 1
> 10 but ≤ 20
85 to < 90 Slightly discoloured,
slightly bleached
6 > 1 but ≤ 1.5
> 0.4 but ≤ 0.5
> 1 but ≤ 1.5
> 20 but ≤ 30
80 to < 85 Discoloured, yellows, slightly
flexible
5 > 1.5 but ≤ 2
> 0.5 but ≤ 0.75
> 1.5 but ≤ 2
> 30 but ≤ 40
75 to < 80 Possible stress crack agent,
flexible, possible oxidising agent, slightly crazed
4 > 2 but ≤ 3 > 0.75 but ≤ 1
> 2 but ≤ 3 > 40 but ≤ 50
70 to < 75 Distorted, warped,
softened, slight swelling,
blistered, known stress crack
agent
3 > 3 but ≤ 4 > 1 but ≤ 1.5
> 3 but ≤ 4 > 50 but ≤ 70
60 to < 70 Cracking, crazing, brittle,
plasticiser, oxidiser, softened, swelling, surface
hardened
2 > 4 but ≤ 6 > 1.5 but ≤ 2
> 4 but ≤ 6 > 70 but ≤ 90
50 to < 60 Severe distortion,
oxidiser and plasticiser,
deteriorated
1 > 6 > 2 > 6 > 90 > 0 but < 50 Decomposed
[1] – All values are given as a percentage change from original
[2] – Percent mechanical properties retained include tensile strength, elongation, modulus, flexural strength and impact.
2.6 FIRE PERFORMANCE
(Appendix 3) summarises the fire performance of a broad class of non-metallic materials. This scheme is based on flame tests. The flammability characteristics of materials may change considerably by treating them with flame retardant additives.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 14
2.7 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The relevant mechanical and physical properties that may be required along with the relevant standard are listed in Table 2.7.
Table 2.7 Relevant mechanical and physical properties of non-metallic materials
Description Unit Standard
Mechanical
Tensile strength at yield MPa ISO 527
Tensile strain at yield % ISO 527
Tensile strength at break MPa ISO 527
Tensile strain at break % ISO 527
Tensile modulus MPa ISO 527
Compressive strength at break MPa ISO 604
Compressive strain at break % ISO 604
Compressive modulus MPa ISO 604
Flexural strength at yield MPa ISO 178
Flexural strength at break MPa ISO 178
Flexural modulus MPa ISO 178
Poisson ratio - ASTM E 132
Creep modulus of elasticity (tensile or compressive)
MPa ISO 899
Hardness, Ball indent. MPa ISO 2039-1
Hardness, Rockwell R - ISO 2039-1
Hardness, Shore A - ASTM D 2240
Hardness, Shore D - ASTM D 2240
Hardness (Barcol) - ASTM D 2583
Physical
Density kg/m3 ISO 1183
Water, moisture absorption % DIN 53495
Thermal
Heat distortion temperature °C ISO 75-1
Glass transition temperature °C ASTM E 1356
Thermal conductivity W/m ASTM C 177
Thermal expansion coefficient m/m ASTM D 696
Specific heat coefficient J/kg/K ASTM E 1269
Permeation coefficient m2/s/bar ASTM F 1769
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 15
Impact
Charpy (notched impact strength)
kJ/m2 ISO 179
Izod kJ/m2 ISO 180
Rheological
Melt volume flow rate ml/min ISO 1133
Optical
Light transmission % ASTM D 1003
Refractive index - ISO 489
Flammability
Oxygen index % ISO 4589
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 16
3. THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Thermoplastic materials intended for chemical resistant applications are supplied in the form of either extruded or pressed sheets or as tubing for pipe systems. The polymer may include additives such as pigments, UV stabilisers and fire retardants.
The application of thermoplastic materials for plastic pipes shall be in accordance with DEP 31.38.01.11-Gen.
The application of thermoplastic liners in carbon steel pipelines and flowlines shall be in accordance with DEP 31.40.30.34-Gen.
The application of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic material for external coating of line pipe shall be in accordance with DEP 31.40.30.31-Gen.
The most commonly applied thermoplastics (or those having the greatest potential for use) in EP, OP and Chemicals applications are discussed in more detail in the following sections. They are:
• Plasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC); • Unplasticised PVC (UPVC); • Polyethylene (PE); • Polyamide (PA); • Polypropylene (PP); • Fluoropolymers (PTFE, PCTFE, PFA, FEP, PVDF); • Polyphenyle Sulphide (PPS); • Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX); • Polyetheretherketone (PEEK);
A summary of material properties of other thermoplastics that are occasionally used in EP OP and Chemicals applications is given in (Appendix 4).
3.2 PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
Plasticised PVC is widely used as a chemically resistant lining, particularly in oxidising conditions such as chromic and nitric acid. Because of its high strain to failure and good ductility, it can be bonded to metal without suffering adhesion failure due to differences in thermal expansion between steel substrate and the polymer.
PVC has a relatively low maximum operating temperature limit of 60 °C. PVC may suffer from embrittlement in extended service due to loss of plasticiser under certain chemical and environmental conditions.
Table 3.2a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 3.2a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
80 % sulphuric acid 40 Water 60
chlorine gas, wet, dry 40
70 % sodium hydroxide 40
20 % sodium hypochlorite 40
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 17
A summary of typical material properties of PVC under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.2b.
Table 3.2b Typical material properties of PVC
Typical properties PVC
Density (g/cm3) 1.45
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 50
Elongation at break (%) 15
Tensile modulus (MPa) 3300
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 2
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.17
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 70
3.3 UNPLASTICISED PVC (UPVC)
UPVC has excellent resistance to inorganic chemicals and certain organic chemicals, but resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons is poor. Generally, UPVC is reinforced with glass fibres to improve mechanical properties.
Typical applications for UPVC are components, e.g., valves, fittings and piping. For the application of UPVC pressure pipe for conveying water up to 15 bar and operating at ambient temperature, CEN EN 1452-2 should be used. For UPVC pipe joints and fitting, CEN EN 1452-3 should be used.
Table 3.3a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 3.3a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for UPVC
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
80 % sulphuric acid 60 Water 75
chlorine gas, wet, dry 60
70 % nitric acid 20
70 % sodium hydroxide 60
50 % formic acid 50
20 % sodium hypochlorite 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 18
A summary of typical material properties of UPVC under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.3b.
Table 3.3b Typical material properties of UPVC
Typical properties UPVC
Density (g/cm3) 1.55
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 70
Elongation at break (%) 15
Tensile modulus (MPa) 3500
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 2
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.16
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 60
3.4 POLYETHYLENE (PE)
Polyethylene has excellent chemical resistance (except to strong oxidising agents and aromatic hydrocarbons) and good resistance to solvents. The material is resilient even at sub zero temperatures. The upper and lower operating temperature limits are 60 °C and -100 °C, respectively, based on non-corrosive test conditions.
Amended per Circular 02/07
Polyethylene is widely used as gas piping and for lining Carbon Steel flowlines and equipment. For the application of PE pipe for underground conveying of oil, gas and industrial water, API 15 LE should be used. For the application of PE pipe for general purposes, including use in chemical plants, BS 6437 should be used. For application of PE pipe for conveying gaseous fuels, EN 14758 should be used.
Numerous PE grades are available. Their difference is primarily a result of either polymerisation processes for the production of the base polymer or chemical modifications or enhancements with additives. Base polymer density is used to indicate PE type. Low, medium and high density grades are distinguished as LDPE, MDPE and HDPE. For lining applications, three types of PE are used and in increasing order of strength and chemical resistance are:
• MDPE, used in low pressure water and gas distribution applications;
• HDPE, used in all types of service;
• Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW-HDPE), used in demanding applications.
MDPE (or PE 80) is a relatively soft grade and is used in (low) pressure applications under ambient conditions. It has good 50-year creep-rupture performance and is easy to manufacture (extrude) and install.
HDPE (or PE 100) is the basic engineering grade of PE. Compared to MDPE, it has a higher yield and ultimate strength, a higher modulus and better chemical resistance. These improved properties come with the penalty of slightly more difficult extrusion and installation. However, HDPE is more sensitive to notches and has a lower environmental stress cracking (ESC) resistance than MDPE.
UHMW-HDPE has been developed for aggressive chemical environments and high toughness. Compared to HDPE it has a higher yield and ultimate strength, a higher modulus and better chemical resistance. This results in reduced swelling in crude oil and an increased capability of bridging pinhole leaks in the carbon steel outer pipe. However, these improved properties come with the penalty of considerably more difficult extrusion.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 19
Table 3.4a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 3.4a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for polyethylene (PE)
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
80 % sulphuric acid 60 Oil/gas/water mixture 50
25 % nitric acid 60 Oil/water mixture 50
40 % hydrochloric acid 60 Gas and condensate 50
70 % sodium hydroxide 60 Dry gas 60
50 % phosphoric acid 60 Water 60
A summary of typical material properties of PE under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.4b.
Table 3.4b Typical material properties of PE
Typical properties PE (MD) PE (HD) PE (UHMW)
Density (g/cm3) 0.926-0.94 0.941-0.965 0.989
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Yield (tensile) strength (MPa)
18 25 30
Tensile stress at break (MPa)
20 20 25
Elongation at break (%) > 400 > 400 > 400
Tensile modulus (MPa) 400 700 1100
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2)
4 6 7
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
0.35 0.4 0.4
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6)
200 200 200
Mechanical properties (function of temperature)
23 °C 40 °C 60 °C 23 °C 40 °C 60 °C 23 °C 40 °C 60 °C
Modulus (MPa) 400 250 130 700 450 250 1100 600 400
Poisson ratio 0.35 0.38 0.4 0.35 0.38 0.4 0.35 0.38 0.4
3.5 POLYAMIDE (PA)
PA is a commodity engineering plastic with a price higher than PE. PA has excellent resistance to hydrocarbons but limited resistance to water at elevated temperatures.
Because of the molecular structure of PA, e.g., PA-6 and PA-11, different grades can essentially be considered as different materials. PA-11 is used as a liner in conventional flexible flow-lines and risers transporting gas and crude with low water cuts. It has good material properties for liner applications, high modulus and strength, with relatively high
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 20
strain to failure in its non-aged condition. It has been used as a liner in carbon steel pipelines at temperatures up to 75 °C. Installation of PA-11 based liners below –30 °C is not recommended.
Table 3.5a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition, typically used within EP. Within OP and Chemicals applications, PA is generally not used.
Table 3.5a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for polyamide PA-11
Typical applications E & P T(max) (°C)
Oil/gas/water mixture 65
Oil/water mixture 75
Gas and condensate 80
Dry gas 80
Water 75
A summary of typical material properties of PA-11 (e.g., Rilsan) under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.5b.
Table 3.5b Typical material properties of PA-11
Typical properties PA-11
Density (g/cm3) 1.05
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Yield (tensile) strength (MPa) 26
Tensile stress at break (MPa) 48
Elongation at break (%) >230
Tensile modulus (MPa) 300
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) at –30 °C 8
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.21
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 110
Mechanical properties (function of temperature) 23 °C 40 °C 60 °C 80 °C
Flexural modulus (MPa) 300 210 190 170
Poisson ratio 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45
3.6 POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
Polypropylene has similar chemical resistance properties to those of Polyethylene. The maximum operating temperature is 100 °C, while the lower temperature limit is –20 °C, based on non-corrosive test conditions. The limitations of resistance to oxidising chemicals are the same as for PE. Polypropylene has excellent resistance to water and liquid hydrocarbons, but limited resistance to aromatics. At ambient temperatures, PP has comparable stiffness characteristics to PE, but at elevated temperatures, the stiffness of PP is higher.
Amended per Circular 02/07
PP is commonly used as chemically resistant piping, valves and fittings. For application of PP piping, EN 14758 should be used.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 21
PP reinforced with glass fibre mat, termed “Celmar”, is often used as structural material for chemical resistant equipment. Typical applications include scrubbing towers for phosphoric acid plants, which are also considerably lighter and more corrosion resistant than the alternative lined carbon steel systems.
Table 3.6a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 3.6a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for polypropylene (PP)
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
50 % sodium hydroxide 85 Oil/gas/water mixture 70
35 % hydrochloric acid 85 Oil/water mixture 70
80 % sulphuric acid 80 Gas and condensate 70
80 % phosphoric acid 85 Dry gas 85
- - Water 85
A summary of typical material properties of PP under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.6b.
Table 3.6b Typical material properties of PP
Typical properties PP
Density (g/cm3) 0.9
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 40
Elongation at break (%) > 100
Tensile modulus (MPa) 1200
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 6
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.22
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 180
3.7 FLUOROPOLYMERS (PTFE, PCTFE, PFA, FEP, PVDF)
In general fluoropolymers show excellent chemical resistance, e.g., to fuming nitric and sulphuric acids, hot caustic soda, chlorine gas and most other chemicals, even at relatively high temperatures.
The following lists the commercially available fluoropolymers, including their minimum and maximum operating temperatures. The temperature limits are based on non-corrosive test conditions.
• Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): -240 °C to 230 °C
• Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE): -240 °C to 200 °C
• Perfluoralkoxy (PFA): -200 °C to 230 °C
• Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP): -30 °C to 150 °C
• Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF): -30 °C to 120 °C
Fluoropolymers should not be used in the following environments: fluorine gas, strong reducing agents such as alkaline metals, sodium and potassium and reactions of sodium metal in anhydrous solvents, such as naphthalene and anhydrous ammonia.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 22
PTFE linings and coatings are generally extruded and moulded, which limits the size of the equipment to be lined. PTFE is typically used as a lining of pipes and equipment in chloroacetic acid plants, operating at temperatures in the range of –30 °C to 165 °C.
PCTFE is a fluorocarbon-based polymer that offers a unique combination of physical and mechanical properties, high chemical resistance, non-flammability, high optical transparency and near zero moisture absorption. The material is typically used for seals, gaskets and components for valves, pumps, bearings, etc, including cryogenic applications. The trade name for PCTFE is "Kel-F".
FEP and PFA are melt processable (extrudable) fluoropolymers and these materials can be welded.
PVDF is also a melt processable fluoropolymer with a price higher than that of both PE and PA. PVDF has excellent chemical resistance and its superior thermal stability means that its application envelope in terms of operating temperature extends up to 120 °C for all applications. PVDF is also used in bromine transfer lines and lined steel pipes for transport of hydrochloric acid at temperatures up to 100 °C.
PVDF has good mechanical properties. The modulus and yield strength are high, but the yield strain is low. The pure polymer is difficult to extrude and, to overcome this, plasticised grades are used, for example as pressure sheaths in flexible flow-lines and risers.
Table 3.7a and 3.7b lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition for the different fluoropolymers.
Table 3.7a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for PTFE/PCTFE/FEP/PFA
Typical applications OP and Chemicals T(max) (°C)
50 % sulphuric acid 150
25 % hydrochloric acid 150
85 % phosphoric acid 150
30 % nitric acid 150
50 % formic acid 130
Table 3.7b Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for PVDF
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
50 % sulphuric acid 120 Oil/gas/water mixture 120
98 % sulphuric acid 50 Oil/water mixture 120
25 % hydrochloric acid 100 Gas and condensate 120
85 % phosphoric acid 120 Dry gas 120
30 % nitric acid 100 Water 120
50 % formic acid 100
Sodium hypochlorite 100
A summary of typical material properties of PVDF under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.7c. In Table 3.6c data for both homoploymer and copolymer grades are presented. Homopolymer grades contain little plasticiser, whereas copolymer grades are heavily plasticised.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 23
Table 3.7c Typical material properties of PVDF
Typical properties PVDF (homopolymer) PVDF (copolymer)
Density (g/cm3) 1.78 1.78
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Yield (tensile) strength (MPa) 55 25
Tensile stress at break (MPa) 40 35
Elongation at break (%) > 20 > 50
Tensile modulus (MPa) 2200 1000
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 20 20
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.19 0.18
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6)
130 140-180
Mechanical properties (function of temperature)
23 °C 40 °C 75 °C 90 °C 120 °C 23 °C 40 °C 75 °C 90 °C 120 °C
Modulus (MPa) 2200 1750 1000 750 400 1000 650 250 150 110
Poisson ratio 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.5
3.8 POLYPHENYLENE SULPHIDE (PPS)
PPS is an engineering plastic with a price similar to that of PVDF. It is not currently used but has the potential to be a high temperature thermoplastic liner. It has excellent high temperature properties, good chemical resistance to water, dry gas and most hydrocarbons, but limited resistance to high concentrations of aromatics.
There are many different grades of PPS available but because of its molecular structure, PPS must be plasticised to enable extrusion and to provide the flexibility required to enable insertion as a liner. PPS has good mechanical properties, high modulus and strength but a limited strain to failure.
Table 3.8a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 3.8a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Polyphenylene Sulphide (PPS)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
Oil/gas/water mixture 150
Oil/water mixture 150
Gas and condensate 150
Dry gas 150
Water 150
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 24
A summary of typical material properties of PPS under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.8b.
Table 3.8b Typical material properties of PPS
Typical properties PPS
Density (g/cm3) 1.64
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Yield (tensile) strength (MPa) 90
Tensile stress at break (MPa) 140
Elongation at break (%) 5
Tensile modulus (MPa) 3800
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 2
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6)
90
3.9 CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE (PEX)
PEX is an engineering plastic manufactured by cross-linking PE, however, it is more expensive than PE.
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic material but once it is cross-linked it acts more as a thermoset material. Cross-linked polymeric materials have all the characteristics required for a high performance liner; high operating temperature, toughness and excellent chemical resistance. The degree of cross-linking is important for product performance. For liner applications, the degree of cross-linking should be in excess of 70 % to achieve optimum performance of the material. PEX has excellent resistance to hydrocarbons and water at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C.
Table 3.9a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 3.9a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
Oil/gas/water mixture 85
Oil/water mixture 85
Gas and condensate 85
Dry gas 85
Water 85
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 25
A summary of typical material properties of PEX under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.9b.
Table 3.9b Typical material properties of PEX
Typical properties PEX
Density (g/cm3) 0.95
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Yield (tensile) strength (MPa) 25
Tensile stress at break (MPa) 30
Elongation at break (%) > 50
Tensile modulus (MPa) 800
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 30
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.35
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 120
3.10 POLYETHERETHERKETONE (PEEK)
PEEK is a crystalline material, moulded at temperatures in the range of 360 °C to 395 °C. Melting temperature of PEEK is 334 °C and its heat deflection temperature (HDT) is 160 °C. Its very high melt viscosity made it originally a coating and wire-covering material, but at present several moulding grades are available, e.g., used for compression moulding of fibre-reinforced components (RTP).
PEEK has excellent properties at high temperatures, e.g., high flame resistance, low smoke generation, high chemical and solvent resistance. Mechanical properties include a high stiffness at ambient temperature with non-brittle failure on impact. Flexural strength is high and the material has excellent fatigue resistance. Various grades are available, e.g., glass-fibre or carbon-fibre reinforced tape, sheet or components.
Main applications for PEEK are high temperature applications requiring flame-resistance and chemical resistance. Typical applications are valve seats, pump components/impellers for hot oil, etc. PEEK is not resistant against concentrated nitric acid, sulphuric acid and liquid bromide.
Table 3.10a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 3.10a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for PEEK
Typical applications EP, OP and Chemicals T(max) (°C)
50 % sulphuric acid 100
85 % phosphoric acid 100
Benzene, Toluene 150
Hexane, Heptane 70
Water 150
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 26
A summary of typical material properties of PEEK under ambient conditions is presented in Table 3.10b.
Table 3.10b Typical material properties of PEEK
Typical properties PEEK
Density (g/cm3) 1.32
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 105
Elongation at break (%) 35
Tensile modulus (MPa) 4400
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 8
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.25
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 50
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 27
4. FIBRE REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS
4.1 GENERAL
High strength, low density, organic fibres are used to reinforce both thermoset and thermoplastic polymers, as well as elastomers. Typical components that can be made from composite materials include pipes, vessels, structural components, gaskets, and seals. Composite materials can be used also as linings for internal protection of tanks, storage vessels and downhole tubulars.
Fibres used for reinforcement come in various forms:
• surface veils, typically used for chemically resistant layers, e.g., internal linings for piping;
• chopped strand mat or chopped fibres, e.g., panels; • rovings, typically used in filament wound components, e.g., piping, vessels; • woven rovings; • fabrics; • flakes, typically used in high performance coatings.
The most common fibre types are:
• glass; • aramid; • carbon;
4.2 TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT FIBRES
Glass fibres are the most widely used for reinforcement of polymer materials. Glass fibres are produced in four forms:
• E-Glass, the most commonly used type of glass. It is least expensive and has good mechanical properties. This type of glass is used throughout all structural composites, e.g., pipes, vessels, structural components.
• S-Glass is stronger than E-glass, but substantially more expensive. It is little used in applications that require high corrosion resistance.
• C-Glass has a high degree of chemical resistance. It is used where the fluid may come into contact with the reinforcement. C-glass is used for surface veils.
• ECR-Glass offers improved chemical resistance over E-glass and is only slightly more expensive. ECR-glass is often used for internal surface veils when severe corrosive conditions occur.
Aramid fibres are used for low weight, high strength structures, e.g., components for space and aircraft industry. However, Aramid fibres are increasingly used in the petrochemical industry, e.g., in gaskets and reinforced thermoplastic high pressure pipe, e.g., Aramid reinforced Polyethylene flow-lines for the transport of crude oil. Resistance to high temperatures is good, but Aramid fibres degrade due to UV. In compression, the fibres fail at low stress level due to fibre buckling (kinking).
Carbon fibres are used for low weight, high strength and stiffness structures, e.g., components for the aerospace industry. Carbon fibres are commercially available as Carbon-HS (high-strength) and Carbon-HM (high-modulus). Within the oil industry, carbon fibres are also used in lightweight, high strength and stiffness composite risers.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 28
4.3 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT FIBRES
Table 4.3 presents mechanical properties of commercially available reinforcement fibres.
Table 4.3 Mechanical properties of reinforcing fibres
Material E-glass S-glass Aramid Carbon-HS Carbon-HM
Density (g/cm3) 2.54 2.59 1.45 1.81 1.85
Tensile Strength (MPa) 2400 3500 3000 5000 2700
Tensile Modulus (GPa) 73 86 130 240 390
Elongation at break (%) 4 4 2.1 1.8 0.7
Thermal expansion (10-6 /mK) 5 5 -2 -0.1 -0.5
The fibre content (by volume) in polymer composites is typically in the range of 50 % to 60 %.
The fibre content (by weight) for glass fibre reinforced components, e.g., pipes, is typically:
• hand lay-up: 50 % to 65 %;
• filament wound fittings: 65 % to 75 %;
• filament wound pipes: 70 % to 82 %.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 29
5. THERMOSET MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES
5.1 FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITES
The most common fibre used in FRP structures is glass. In GRP structures, the fibre carries the load and the resin or matrix provides the chemical resistance. The wall of GRP structures, e.g., pipes, normally consists of a resin rich layer (with or without a fibrous cloth) on the inside to provide a chemical barrier, a fibre reinforced laminate to carry the load, and an external resin layer for protection.
GRP structures can be manufactured via hand lay-up, filament winding, centrifugal casting or combinations of techniques. Pultrusion is a manufacturing method, similar to extrusion, which can be used to manufacture GRP sections of limited size, e.g., ladders, gratings, cable trays, beams, etc.
If the GRP structure is not sufficiently resistant to the service fluids at operating conditions, lining the GRP structure with a thermoplastic should be considered.
The application of GRP pipelines and piping systems should be according to DEP 31.40.10.19-Gen. Design and installation of GRP tanks and vessels should be according to DEP 31.22.30.14-Gen.
Resin types used for GRP structures, process equipment and coatings are:
• Epoxy; • Vinyl Ester; • Polyester; • Phenolic; • Furane; • Polyurethane.
A summary of material properties of other thermoset resins that are occasionally used in EP, OP and Chemicals applications is given in (Appendix 4).
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 30
5.2 EPOXY RESINS
Epoxy resins have excellent resistance to a wide range of moderately strong acids and alkalis, plus most hydrocarbons. There are several types of base epoxy resins and associated curing agents.
The curing agents for epoxy resin are:
• Aliphatic Amine - Minimum glass transition temperature, Tg, 115 °C. This system has good resistance against caustics and solvents, however resistance against acids is fair.
• Cyclo Aliphatic Amine - Minimum glass transition temperature, Tg, 140 °C. This system has excellent resistance against caustics and solvents, however resistance against acids is fair.
• Aromatic Amine - Minimum glass transition temperature, Tg, 140 °C. This system has excellent resistance against caustics and solvents, however resistance against acids is fair.
• Anhydride - Minimum glass transition temperature, Tg, 115 °C. This system has excellent resistance against acids, however resistance against caustics and solvents is poor.
Epoxy resins are also used as corrosion resistant paints as they have good adhesive properties, particularly to steel substrates. In addition, flexible epoxy systems are also available, although with reduced chemical resistance. Flexibility is achieved by modifying both the resins and hardeners, or by blending with Polyurethanes or rubbers.
Table 5.2a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for GRE. For Epoxy systems, it is a further requirement that the Tg of the Epoxy resin must be greater than the maximum operating temperature by 30 °C. The minimum temperature for Epoxy resin is –50 °C.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 31
Table 5.2a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for GRE
Typical applications
T(max) (°C)
hot-cured system
Typical applications
T(max) (°C)
hot-cured system
Water (fresh, salt, sea, brackish)
100 Water, chlorinated < 100 mg/kg
100
Acetic acid, < 50 % 80 Acetone, 5 % to 10 % 25
Acetic acid, 50 % to 75 % 25 Air 110
Acetone, 10 % to 25 % 25 Benzene 50
Alcohol, methyl 40 CO2 gas 110
Allyl chloride 25 Condensate 95
Butane gas 60 Gasoline 65
Citric acid 90 Heptane 60
Gas, natural 90 Crude oil 100
Glycol, ethylene 90 Sodium hydroxide, < 50 % 90
Hexane 60
Jet Fuel (kerosene) 100
Petrol; sour, refined 60
Toluene 50
Xylene 60
A summary of typical material properties of Epoxy resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.2b.
Table 5.2b Typical material properties of Epoxy resin (non-reinforced)
Typical properties Epoxy
Density (g/cm3) 1.8
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 75
Elongation at break (%) 4
Tensile modulus (MPa) 3300
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 20
Barcol hardness 35
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.24
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 32
5.3 POLYESTER RESINS
The uses of Polyester systems in the general chemical industry are numerous and diverse. Chlorine plants, in particular, use large quantities of glass-fibre reinforced polyester (GRUP) for chemically resistant applications. Polyester resins are also used as the matrix for flake glass coatings. Conventional GRUP utilises glass fibres in chopped strand, rovings and woven rovings form.
Types of Polyester resins include:
• Isophthalic Polyester. This is a relatively low cost resin, which is rarely used for chemical services. One major application is for underground gasoline tanks. However if alcohol is used as a fuel additive, Isophtalic resins cannot be used as they are not sufficiently resistant. The maximum operating temperature for Isophthalic Polyester is 60 °C.
• Bisphenol A Polyester. This is a high temperature, chemically resistant resin that is extensively used in chemical service. It is a general purpose resin and is easy to manufacture. Although Bisphenol Polyester is inherently brittle, current resin developments include grades which are more flexible. Bisphenol Polyester has superior acid resistance compared to Epoxy. The maximum operating temperature for Bisphenol Polyester is 95 °C.
• Chlorinated Polyester. This resin has many of the properties of Bisphenol A Polyester, with the addition of inherent fire retardant characteristics. This property can be enhanced by the addition of antimony oxide particles. Therefore, these resins are used extensively for ducting and other structural applications where fire retardancy is required. Chemical resistance in chlorine services is excellent. The maximum operating temperature for Chlorinated Polyester is 120 °C.
Compared to Epoxy resins, Polyester resins have a higher shrinkage due to the catalytic reaction and evaporation of the styrene monomer. This will limit the maximum allowable wall thickness in GRP structures. The minimum operating temperature for Polyester systems is -50 °C.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 33
Table 5.3a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for GRUP.
Table 5.3a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Isophthalic GRUP
Typical applications T(max) (°C)
post-cured system
Typical applications T(max) (°C)
post-cured system
Water (fresh, salt, sea, brackish) 50 Water, chlorinated < 100 mg/kg
50
Air 60
A summary of typical material properties of Polyester resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.3b.
Table 5.3b Typical material properties of Polyester resin (non-reinforced)
Typical properties Polyester
Density (g/cm3) 1.1
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 60
Elongation at break (%) 3
Tensile modulus (MPa) 3500
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 15
Barcol hardness 35
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 34
5.4 VINYL ESTER RESINS
Compared to Polyester, Vinyl Ester resins are less brittle and have improved corrosion resistance, especially in fluids containing high concentrations of chlorine. Vinyl Esters come in many forms and have good chemical resistance to a broad range of acids, alkalis and hydrocarbons. High temperature resistant Vinyl Esters resins are also available, e.g., Epoxy-Novolac. Compared to Epoxy resin, the resistance of Vinyl Ester against acids is better, but is less against solvents, alkalis and hydrocarbons. The minimum operating temperature for Vinyl Ester resin is –50 °C.
Table 5.4a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for Glass fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester (GRVE).
Table 5.4a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for GRVE
Typical applications
T(max) (°C)
post-cured system
Typical applications
T(max) (°C)
post-cured system
Water (fresh, salt, sea, brackish)
80 Water, chlorinated < 100 mg/kg
80
Acetic acid, < 50 % 80 Acetone, 5 % to 10 % 20
Acetic acid, 50 % to 75 % 65 Allyl chloride 25
Air 100 CO2 gas 90
Alcohol, methyl < 5 % 50 Condensate 80
Butane gas 35 Gasoline 65
Citric acid 80 Heptane 60
Gas, natural 90 HCl < 37 % 80
Glycol, ethylene 90 Crude oil 100
Hexane 60 Sodium hydroxide, < 50 % 80
Jet Fuel (kerosene) 70
Petrol; sour, refined 60
Sodium hypochlorite, pH >11 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 35
A summary of typical material properties of Vinyl Ester resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.4b.
Table 5.4b Typical material properties of Vinyl Ester resin (non-reinforced)
Typical properties Vinyl Ester
Density (g/cm3) 1.12
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 70
Elongation at break (%) 4
Tensile modulus (MPa) 3300
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 15
Barcol hardness 35
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 60
5.5 PHENOLIC RESINS
Phenolic resins are one of the oldest resins used in corrosion protection. Stoved or baked Phenolic resins are based on the reaction of formaldehyde and phenol to form resin intermediates. These can be further heated and catalysed to form chemically resistant coatings. Phenolic resins can be applied by many techniques, such as spray, dip or roller coating and filament winding.
Phenolic coatings are very brittle and consequently require careful handling and design of the supporting steel structure, e.g., piping. High bake Phenolic lacquer is occasionally used as internal coating of piping and vessels in sour water strippers. The maximum allowable coating temperature, i.e., during steam out operations, is 140 °C. The minimum operating temperature for Phenolic resin is -10 °C.
The resistance to acids of Phenolic resins is excellent, limited only by strong oxidising acids. However, their resistance to alkalis is limited and it has been one of the restraints on the wider use of Phenolic resins over the full pH range. Solvent resistance is also excellent.
Phenolic resins have excellent fire performance properties with particularly low smoke and toxic fume emissions. They are therefore often used for indoor ducting where other resins would not meet the fire resistance requirements.
Table 5.5a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for Phenolics, both as coating and glass reinforced GRP systems
Table 5.5a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Phenolics (and GRP)
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
Water, sour 140 Brine 100
Crude oil/water 100
Process water 100
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 36
A summary of typical material properties of Phenolic resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.5b.
Table 5.5b Typical material properties of Phenolic resin (non-reinforced)
Typical properties Phenolic
Density (g/cm3) 1.5
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 40
Elongation at break (%) 2.5
Tensile modulus (MPa) 3500
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 10
Barcol hardness 35
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 40
5.6 FURAN RESINS
Furan resins are based on furfuryl alcohol polymers. The curing process is catalysed with acid or acidic salts. However, curing of Furan is a condensation reaction implying water is released during the curing process.
Although Furan is resistant to most chemicals, including organic fluids, they are rarely used for structural applications. This is because of the difficulty of fabrication, inherent brittleness and rapid polymerisation. During curing, heat is released which can cause auto-catalytic cure resulting in blistering and charring.
As a resin mortar, however, Furan is one of the most suitable for global chemical resistance, having excellent acid, alkali and solvent resistance. It is the most common mortar in the chemical industry for bedding and joining engineering brick floors and tank linings.
Furan resin mortars are capable of operating temperatures up to 140 °C. Furan cements are often filled with carbon, rather than silica sands, when resistance to hydrofluoric acid is required. Resistance to oxidising chemicals is limited for furans. Furan resins have little application within EP.
Table 5.6a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for Furan resin systems.
Table 5.6a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Furan
Typical applications OP and Chemicals T(max) (°C)
35 % hydrochloric acid 130
50 % phosphoric acid 140
5 % nitric acid 25
40 % sulphuric acid 140
70 % sodium hydroxide 140
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 37
A summary of typical material properties of Furan resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.6b.
Table 5.6b Typical material properties of Furan resin (non-reinforced)
Typical properties Furan
Density (g/cm3) 1.6
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 30
Elongation at break (%) 2.5
Tensile modulus (MPa) 4000
Izod impact, notched (kJ/m2) 10
Barcol hardness 35
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 30
5.7 POLYURETHANE RESINS
Polyurethanes are a diverse range of synthetic resins, formed by linking polyols (resin base) and an isocyanate catalyst, such as MDI.
Polyurethanes offer the most competition to epoxy resins as chemically resistant flooring systems. Compared to Epoxy resins, Polyurethanes have improved solvent resistance, with the added advantage of inherent resilience. Polyurethanes are typically used at operating temperatures up to 70 °C.
On the negative side, Polyurethanes are sensitive to moisture during curing, requiring more attention during application. The inherent resilience also means that Polyurethanes are softer than many other resin systems and therefore more susceptible to scoring.
Polyurethanes find many uses as liquid applied coatings, linings and membranes for chemically resistant application. As a coating, Poyurethanes have limited use within EP applications.
Table 5.7a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of various service fluid compositions for Polyurethane resin systems.
Table 5.7a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Polyurethane
Typical applications OP and Chemicals T(max) (°C)
Water 40
Crude oil 70
50 % sulphuric acid 23
50 % sodium hydroxide 23
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 38
A summary of typical material properties of Polyurethane resin under ambient conditions is presented in Table 5.7b.
Table 5.7b Typical material properties of Polyurethane resin
Typical properties Polyurethane
Density (g/cm3) 1.2
Mechanical properties at 23 °C
Tensile strength (MPa) 30
Elongation at break (%) 150
Hardness, Shore A 80
Tensile modulus (MPa) 4 to 5
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 20
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 39
6. ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
6.1 GENERAL
With the development of vulcanisation, Natural Rubbers (NR), became the first elastomer polymer to be used as chemical resistant linings, coatings and seals offering a reasonable degree of impermeability and resilience. Due to the development of synthetic rubbers, the term ‘rubber’ no longer refers to a single product, but is now a collective term for a full range of elastomeric polymers. These materials are also termed elastomers, having visually similar properties to natural rubbers, but with widely varying mechanical and chemical properties.
Linings and coatings for process, storage vessels and pipework form the bulk use of natural and synthetic rubber elastomers primarily for chemical resistance, as described in more detail in DEP 30.48.60.10-Gen.
Many high performance Elastomers offer chemical resistance combined with solvent and temperature resistance that exceeds traditional rubber, such as natural rubbers, SBR, Neoprene, Buthyl, Hypalon, etc. However, these materials lack other attributes necessary for lining materials such as availability, jointing quality, low temperature vulcanisation capability and economic viability. For these reasons, Fluoroelastomers, Silicones and other synthetics are used in most chemically resistant applications such as mouldings and extrusions for seals and gaskets.
The most commonly applied elastomers (or those having the greatest potential for use) are discussed in more detail in the following sections. They are:
• Natural Rubber (NR); • Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR); • Neoprene Rubber (CR); • Butyl Rubber (IIR); • Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene (CSM); • Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR, HNBR); • Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPDM); • Fluoroelastomers (FKM); • Perfluoro polymer (FFKM); • Fluor-Silicone Rubbers (VMQ, PMQ, FMQ); • Polyurethane Rubbers (AU, EU).
A summary of material properties of other elastomers that are occasionally used in EP, OP and Chemicals applications is given in (Appendix 4).
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 40
6.2 NATURAL RUBBER (NR)
Typical uses of NR are as linings and coatings for storage and process vessel linings, fan casings, pipe linings, etc. Good resilience and low compression set make soft NR ideal for gasket applications.
Natural rubber has good creep and stress relaxation resistance. The main disadvantage is its poor oil resistance and lack of resistance to oxygen and ozone. Typical operating temperature range for NR is from –30 °C up to 80 °C. The synthetic alternative form of natural rubber, with similar properties, is isoprene rubber (IR).
Table 6.2a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.2a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for soft NR
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
50 % sulphuric acid 60 Water 70
36 % hydrochloric acid 25
47 % sodium hydroxide 60
A summary of typical material properties of soft NR under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.2b.
Table 6.2b Typical material properties of soft NR
Typical properties Soft NR
Density (g/cm3) 1.2
Hardness, Shore A 60
Tensile strength (MPa) 27
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Very good
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 41
6.3 STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR)
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) was the first synthetic rubber and has superior properties compared to Natural Rubber particularly in terms of improved resistance to hydrocarbons and high abrasion resistance. The typical operating temperature range for SBR is from -60 °C up to 80 °C.
Table 6.3a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.3a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for SBR
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
50 % sulphuric acid 60 Water 80
36 % hydrochloric acid 25 Oil/water mixture 70
47 % sodium hydroxide 60
A summary of typical material properties of SBR under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.3b.
Table 6.3b Typical material properties of SBR
Typical properties Soft SBR
Density (g/cm3) 1.2
Hardness, Shore A 65
Tensile strength (MPa) 24
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Good
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 42
6.4 POLYCHLOROPRENE RUBBER (CR)
Polychloroprene synthetic rubber, also called Neoprene, has excellent ageing resistance. Neoprene is used as lining and as gaskets, seals, hoses and belting. The typical operating temperature range for Neoprene is from –30 °C up to 90 °C.
The resistance of Neoprene to ozone and general weather ageing is excellent. Neoprene hose is widely used for handling petroleum hydrocarbons that requires not only chemical resistance but also long term flexibility and resistance to ageing. Offshore platform legs have been successfully coated with Neoprene to resist seawater, ozone and oil contamination.
Table 6.4a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.4a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Neoprene
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
50 % sulphuric acid 75 Water 90
80 % phosphoric acid 90 Oil/water mixture 70
70 % sodium hydroxide 90
A summary of typical material properties of Neoprene under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.4b.
Table 6.4b Typical material properties of Neoprene
Typical properties Neoprene
Density (g/cm3) 1.4
Hardness, Shore A 65
Tensile strength (MPa) 20
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Very good
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 43
6.5 BUTYL RUBBER (IIR)
Butyl Rubber has excellent chemical resistance but generally exhibits low permeability and therefore limited resistance to high pressures, i.e., it is susceptible to Explosive Decompression. Butyl has found extensive use in flue gas desulphurisation units and phosphoric acid evaporators. The typical operating temperature range for butyl rubber is from –30 °C up to 120 °C.
Table 6.5a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.5a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Butyl
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) ( °C)
70 % sodium hydroxide 120 Water 100
75 % sulphuric acid 60
30 % nitric acid 50
80 % phosphoric acid 90
A summary of typical material properties of Butyl under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.5b.
Table 6.5b Typical material properties of Butyl
Typical properties Butyl
Density (g/cm3) 1.2
Hardness, Shore A 55
Tensile strength (MPa) 20
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Poor
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 44
6.6 CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE (CSM)
A combination of excellent chemical, temperature and oil resistance makes Chlorosulphonated PE, e.g., Hypalon, one of the most chemically resistant rubbers.
CSM material has excellent resistance to oxygen, ozone and water. However, resistance against fuel is poor. The material is used as gaskets, seals and flexible couplings. Gas permeability is low and therefore CSM is susceptible to Explosive Decompression. The compression set resistance is poor which limits its usefulness in dynamic sealing applications. The typical operating temperature range for CSM is from –10 °C up to 130 °C.
Table 6.6a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.6a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for CSM
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
90 % sulphuric acid 50 Water 130
50 % sulphuric acid 120 Oil/water mixture 130
37 % hydrochloric acid 50
73 % sodium hydroxide 130
A summary of typical material properties of CSM under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.6b.
Table 6.6b Typical material properties of CSM (Hypalon)
Typical properties CSM
Density (g/cm3) 1.2
Hardness, Shore A 70
Tensile strength (MPa) 20
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Poor
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 45
6.7 NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER (NBR, HNBR)
The solvent resistance of NBR, also known as Buna-N, is superior to most rubbers and therefore it is widely used for gaskets, seals and mouldings in the petrochemical industry. NBR has high resistance to aliphatic hydrocarbon oils and fuels. It has high resilience and wear resistance.
However, NBR is susceptible to Explosive Decompression. It has limited weathering resistance, and poor resistance against aromatics. The typical operating temperature range for NBR rubber is from –40 °C up to 100 °C.
Hydrogenated Nitrile rubber (HNBR) has higher temperature resistance and strength than NBR. HNBR has good oil resistance and resistance to amines. HNBR is suitable for use in methanol and methanol/hydrocarbon mixtures. Resistance against water and steam is good.
The typical operating temperature range for HNBR rubber is from –40 °C up to 180 °C. HNBR can be specified with appropriate hardness (Shore A nominal hardness of 90) and compounding to obtain excellent explosive decompression resistance.
Table 6.7a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.7a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for NBR
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
Fuel oil, kerosene 100 Water 90
Oil/water mixture 90 A summary of typical material properties of NBR and HNBR under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.7b.
Table 6.7b Typical material properties of NBR and HNBR
Typical properties NBR HNBR
Density (g/cm3) 1.25 1.26
Hardness, Shore A 75 85
Tensile strength (MPa) 18 24
Modulus (MPa) 5 6
Compression set Good Good
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 46
6.8 ETHYLENE PROPYLENE RUBBER (EPDM)
EPDM, also known as hydrocarbon rubber, can be formulated into a wide range of soft to hard compounds.
EPDM has excellent resistance against water and this resistance is maintained to high temperatures (up to 180 °C in steam for peroxide cures). The material has also excellent resistance to weathering, oxygen and ozone, up to 150 °C. However, resistance against mineral oils and lubricants is very poor. The typical operating temperature range for EPDM rubber is from –50 °C up to 150 °C.
Table 6.8a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.8a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for EPDM
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
Water 150 Water 120
Steam 180
A summary of typical material properties of EPDM under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.8b.
Table 6.8b Typical material properties of EPDM
Typical properties EPDM
Density (g/cm3) 1.2
Hardness, Shore A 70
Tensile strength (MPa) 17
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Good
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 47
6.9 FLUOROELASTOMERS (FKM)
Several manufacturers produce a range of Fluoroelastomer grades, including Viton, Fluorel and Aflas.
Fluoroelastomers have the highest temperature resistance of all rubber polymers and are chemically resistant to hydraulic oils, many aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acids and fuels. FKM has limited resistance to steam, hot water, methanol and other highly polar fluids. It is attacked by amines, strong alkalis and many freons.
FKM is widely used for seals, gaskets, expansion joints and hoses.
FKM is susceptible to explosive decompression (ED) but can be specified with appropriate hardness (Shore A nominal hardness of 90) and compounding to obtain excellent ED resistance.
The typical operating temperature range for FKM rubber is from –20 °C up to 170 °C.
Table 6.9a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.9a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for FKM
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
Water 170 Water 170
Fuel oil, kerosene 170 Oil/gas/water mixture 170
Gas, dry and condensate 170
A summary of typical material properties of FKM under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.9b.
Table 6.9b Typical material properties of FKM (Viton)
Typical properties FKM
Density (g/cm3) 1.9
Hardness, Shore A 75
Tensile strength (MPa) 17
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Good
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 48
6.10 PERFLUORO ELASTOMER (FFKM)
Perfluoro elastomers (FFKM) are available under the trade names Kalrez, Perfluor, Simriz and Zalak.
FFKM has extreme high temperature resistance and wide chemical resistance. FFKM combines the chemical resistance properties of PTFE with the mechanical properties of FKM. Disadvantages are difficult processing, high cost and high glass transition temperature, which limits its use at low temperatures, i.e., below 0 °C. The typical operating temperature range for FFKM is from 0 °C up to 250 °C.
Table 6.10a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.10a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for FFKM
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
50 % sulphuric acid 150 Oil/gas/water mixture 250
25 % hydrochloric acid 150 Gas, dry and condensate 250
30 % nitric acid 150
50 % formic acid 150
A summary of typical material properties of FFKM under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.10b.
Table 6.10b Typical material properties of FFKM (Kalrez)
Typical properties FFKM
Density (g/cm3) 1.9
Hardness, Shore A 80
Tensile strength (MPa) 14
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Good
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 49
6.11 FLUORO-SILICONE RUBBERS (VMQ, PMQ, FMQ)
Fluoro-silicone rubbers are versatile elastomers capable of use at operating temperatures between -60 °C and 220 °C. Silicone rubbers are widely formulated to produce a range of hardness.
Resistance to oils, solvents and aviation fuels is excellent and dilute acids and alkalis have minimal effect on the integrity of the rubber. Silicone rubber, however, has poor mechanical properties and is dissolved by concentrated sulphuric acid.
The main uses of silicone rubber in the chemical field are as seals, hoses and gaskets in chemical pumps, fuel carrying areas and under extreme temperature conditions.
Table 6.11a lists the maximum operating temperature as a function of fluid composition.
Table 6.11a Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for fluoro-silicone
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
Typical applications EP T(max) (°C)
Fuel oil, kerosene 220 Oil/gas/water mixture 220
Gas and condensate 220
Dry gas 220
Water 220
A summary of typical material properties of fluoro-silicone under ambient conditions is presented in Table 6.11b.
Table 6.11b Typical material properties of fluoro-silicone
Typical properties Fluoro-Silicone
Density (g/cm3) 1.2
Hardness, Shore A 70
Tensile strength (MPa) 8
Modulus (MPa) 4
Compression set Fair
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.15
Coefficient of thermal expansion (m/mK * 10-6) 200
6.12 POLYURETHANE RUBBERS (AU, EU)
Polyurethane rubbers are available under the trade names Adiprene, Estane and Genthane.
These materials have high tear strength and good wear resistance. Typical operating temperature range is from –30 °C to 70 °C. They have excellent resistance to weathering and oxidation. They resist fuels and mineral oils, but some grades hydrolyse in hot water. They have excellent abrasion resistance and are therefore used in reciprocating seals.
Typical operating temperatures as function of application and typical material properties of polyurethane material have already been presented in (5.7).
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 50
Amended per Circular 36/06
6.13 EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION (RAPID GAS DECOMPRESSION) OF ELASTOMER SEALS
6.13.1 General Elastomeric seal materials are based upon blends of organic polymers (elastomers) with stabilizers and fillers. The chemical resistance of the seal material, tear strength, abrasion resistance, gas / liquid diffusion properties, together with ageing effects such as compression set, cross-linking, embrittlement, etc, are related not only to the elastomer used in the blend, but also to the type and nature of the fillers and stabilizers. It is therefore possible to have different blends of the same base elastomer, which show widely divergent properties, e.g., the ability to withstand sudden pressure reductions without damage of the seal material, so-called explosive decompression (ED). Typical areas of seal application where explosive decompression damage can be expected are mainly in EP high pressure sweet and sour gas production facilities, e.g., valves (relief, safety), used on-shore, offshore (platforms), subsea (wells), etc. NOTE: The term "rapid gas decompression" is now often used instead of "explosive decompression".
6.13.2 Explosive decompression damage ED is the growth of internal cracks in seal elastomers when gas pressure is quickly reduced. Cracks may grow and blisters form and burst, after seal removal. Internal damage caused by ED may not always be visible by external inspection of the seal. Therefore, in cases where ED is suspected, seal sections shall be cut in order to be able to assess internal damage. Typical signs of ED damage are:
(i) distortion of the seal;
(ii) blisters or bubbles on the seal surface;
(iii) cracks at the seal surface.
There is no fully ED-resistant elastomer material. However, at a specified temperature and pressure there is a large difference in the ED resistance for different elastomer types. Therefore, material selection, qualification and specification shall be specific to the actual process conditions.
6.13.3 Effect of temperature There is a substantial increase in ED damage at higher temperatures, particularly above 80 °C, although this does vary with elastomer type. Retention of tear strength at elevated temperature is a key factor in ED performance, as well as gas concentration and diffusion coefficient.
6.13.4 Effect of pressure For gas pressures lower than 40 bar, ED damage generally does not occur. However, at higher pressures, the likelihood of ED damage increases considerably, especially for the fluorinated elastomers FKM (Viton) and FEPM (Aflas). FKM seal material can be specified with appropriate hardness and compounding to obtain excellent ED resistance.
6.13.5 Effect of decompression rate The rate at which decompression takes place has a major influence on the extent or occurrence of ED damage. For high decompression rates, i.e. higher than 10 bar per minute, significant ED damage can be expected. However, if rate of depressurisation is very low, e.g. less than 1 bar per minute, the likelihood of ED damage reduces considerably.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 51
6.13.6 Effect of groove fill The likelihood of ED damage decreases as the degree of groove fill increases. Increasing the degree of groove fill from standard fill to high fill, i.e. greater than 90 %, greatly reduces the likelihood of ED damage..
6.13.7 Effect of elastic modulus Generally, a high elastic modulus increases the ED resistance of elastomer seal materials. However, too high a hardness reduces the ability of the seal to properly deform into scratches and irregularities in mating surfaces, resulting in poor sealing characteristics.
6.13.8 Seal material selection criteria
6.13.8.1 Chemical resistance
The material selected shall be compatible with the service fluids to which it is exposed over the full design temperature range so that the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the seal satisfy the design requirements throughout the intended lifetime. Information about chemical resistance of elastomer materials in a variety of chemical environments is given in Appendix 2, Table 2c, of this DEP.
6.13.8.2 Resistance against ED
For reliable, safe and long-term sealing applications at pressures in excess of 40 bar gas pressures, and decompression rates higher than 10 bar per minute, and elevated temperature, particularly above 80 °C, ED resistant elastomer materials shall be selected.
6.13.9 Qualification
6.13.9.1 General
The Manufacturer shall demonstrate that the elastomer seal material is resistant against the given service conditions, including its long-term resistance. For both sweet and sour gas services, with pressures in excess of 40 bar (class 300), and at elevated temperatures, resistance against ageing and ED shall be demonstrated by qualification testing.
6.13.9.2 Ageing
To determine the long-term effect on the material properties when exposed to fluids at elevated temperatures, ageing tests shall be performed in accordance with NORSOK Standard M-710. The acceptance criteria for material degradation shall be in accordance with Section 2.5 of this DEP.
6.13.9.3 Explosive decompression
To determine the resistance of elastomer seal materials against rapid depressurisation, ED tests shall be performed in accordance with NORSOK Standard M-710.
The rating procedure for ED damage shall be in accordance with NORSOK Standard M-710. The acceptance criteria shall be as follows.
• The damage rating shall be less than 4.
• For critical applications (the definition of which shall be agreed by the Principal), a damage rating of 0 shall be required, i.e., no visible damage after ED testing when performed at the maximum specified design pressure and temperature.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 52
7. CERAMIC MATERIALS
7.1 GENERAL
Ceramic materials offer excellent resistance against high temperatures, corrosive and abrasive environments. Non-oxide ceramics, Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) are used in chemical plants to significantly reduce life cycle costs for equipment operating in corrosive and abrasive environments. Ceramic materials are primarily used in the OP and Chemicals environments and are rarely used in the EP environment.
7.2 NON-OXIDE CERAMICS
The use of Silicon Carbide as a structural material should be considered for severe wear, erosion and corrosive conditions or extreme temperature loading conditions. Typical applications for Silicon Carbide are seals and bearings in slurry pumps, and valve parts and nozzles in abrasive and corrosive media.
The maximum operating temperature for Silicon Carbide in air is 1500 °C. The thermal conductivity of the material is 100 W/mK at ambient temperature and 45 W/mK at 1000 °C. The thermal coefficient of expansion is 4.1 x 10-6 m/mK, significantly lower than that of steel. Consequently, joining Silicon Carbide to steel may cause problems.
Silicon Nitride has excellent thermal shock resistance, and relatively high toughness and chemical resistance, especially against acids. Applications for Silicon Nitride are seals, bearings in slurry pumps, nozzles for abrasive and corrosive fluids and components used in flue gas desulphurisation units. Maximum operating temperature for Silicon Nitride in air is 1100 °C. The thermal conductivity of the material is 35 W/mK at ambient temperature. The thermal coefficient of expansion is 3.2 x 10-6 m/mK, much lower than that of steel. Consequently, joining Silicon Nitride to Steel may cause problems.
Table 7.2 lists the maximum operating temperatures as a function of various service fluid compositions for Silicon Carbide and Silicon Nitride.
Table 7.2 Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for SiC and Si3N4
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
85 % phosphoric acid 140
96 % sulphuric acid 140
50 % sodium hydroxide 140
7.3 OXIDE CERAMICS
Partially stabilised Zirconia (ZrO2-PSZ) is a high strength ceramic with a high fracture toughness and good chemical resistance. Typical applications are seals, bearings and nozzles for abrasive and corrosive fluids. Maximum operating temperature for Zirconia is approximately 1700 °C. The thermal conductivity of the material is low, 2 W/mK, implying that the material is a good insulator. The thermal coefficient of expansion is high, approximately 10 x 10-6 m/mK, and combined with a low Young’s modulus, 200 GPa, means the mismatch between Zirconia and steel is minimal and therefore joining those materials is straightforward.
Alumina (Al2O3) is an abrasion and erosion resistant, high temperature ceramic material. Applications include oven parts, nozzles for abrasive fluids and other erosion/wear resistant components. Maximum operating temperature is 1700 °C. The thermal shock resistance of Alumina is low and the thermal conductivity is 25 W/mK. The thermal coefficient of expansion is 8 x 10-6 m/mK, lower than that of steel. Consequently, joining Alumina to steel may cause problems.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 53
Table 7.3 lists the maximum operating temperatures as a function of various service fluid compositions for Aluminia and Zirconia.
Table 7.3 Maximum operating temperature as a function of application for Alumina and Zirconia
Typical applications OP and Chemicals
T(max) (°C)
80 % acetic acid 140
35 % hydrochloric acid 140
65 % nitric acid 140
10 % phosphoric acid 140
7.4 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Table 7.4 lists mechanical and physical properties of engineering ceramics:
Table 7.4 Mechanical and physical properties of ceramics
Properties Units Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia Alumina
Maximum temperature (in air) °C 1500 1100 1700 1700
Density kg/m3 3100 3300 6000 3700
Vickers hardness HV 0.5 2800 1400 1200 1600
Modulus of elasticity GPa 410 280 200 350
Flexural strength MPa 410 450 750 300
Compressive strength MPa 2200 2500 2000 2500
Fracture toughness MPa.m0.5 3.5 7 12 4
Weibull modulus - 10 15 15 10
Poisson ratio - 0.17 0.25 0.23 0.22
Thermal expansion coefficient 10-6 m/mK 4.1 3.2 10.5 8
Specific heat capacity J/kg.K 600 700 400 900
Thermal conductivity coefficient W/m.K 100 35 2 25
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 54
8. INSULATION MATERIALS Insulation materials suitable for application in both EP and OP applications are foamed or syntactic versions of conventional thermoplastic materials and also fibrous inorganic materials. The primary EP application of insulation materials is for sub-sea pipeline insulation, whereas for OP the primary applications are for storage tanks, heat exchangers, piping and process equipment.
The most commonly applied insulation materials (or those having the greatest potential for use) in both EP and OP applications are:
• Polyvinyl Chloride - Foamed (PVC); • Polyurethane - Foamed and Syntactic (PUF); • Polypropylene – Foamed and Syntactic (PP); • Epoxy – Foamed and Syntactic; • Ethylene Propylene Rubber – Syntactic (EPR); • Poly-isocyanurate (PIR); • Ceramic fibre, wool; • Mineral fibre, wool (Rockwool); • Glass fibre, wool; • Calcium silicate; • Cellular glass (Foamglass); • Amorphous silica; • Refractory, fire-resistant bricks.
The properties of the above listed insulation materials and the maximum recommended upper temperature limits are given in Table 8. For additional requirements for thermal insulation materials, refer to DEP 30.46.00.31-Gen. and DEP 64.24.32.30-Gen.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 55
Table 8 Physical and thermal properties of insulation materials NOTE: Thermal conductivity varies with density and compression loading, e.g. it depends on water depth for
sub-sea syntactic / foamed insulation systems.
Material Physical Form
Maximum operating
temperature (°C)
Density (kg/m3)
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) at
25 °C
Typical application
Amorphous Silica slatted blanket panel
950 200 to 275 0.02 piping/vessels ducts/furnace
Calcium silicate pipe sections, rigid slab
800 190 to 230 0.05 piping furnace lining
Cellular glass pipe section rigid slab
430 136 0.05 piping/vessels ducts/tanks
Ceramic fibre blanket 1260 128 0.03 piping/vessels furnace lining
Epoxy syntactic cast, pipe in pipe / jacked
110 700 0.10 Pipeline, buried, deep water
EPR syntactic pipe sections 90 600 0.15 piping/pipelines
Glass fibre wool pipe sections, rigid slab
540 50 to 80 0.04 piping/vessels equipment
Mineral fibre wool pipe sections, rigid slab
650 130 to150 0.04 piping/vessels equipment
Poly-isocyanurate foam – PIR
pipe sections, rigid slab
140 32 0.03 Piping tanks/ducts
PP foamed pipe sections, rigid slab
115 730 0.17 piping/pipelines vessels
PP syntactic pipe sections 65 700 0.17 piping/pipelines
PU foamed – PUF pipe sections, rigid slab
100 400 0.06 piping/pipeline tanks
PU syntactic pipe sections, rigid slab
80 700 0.13 piping/pipeline tanks
PVC foamed pipe sections, rigid slab
65 250 0.05 piping/pipeline tanks
Refractory cast, moulded bricks
800 to 1700 2000 to 3000
1 to 2 linings for reactors, e.g.,
SGP
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 56
9. REFERENCES In this DEP, reference is made to the following publications. NOTES: 1) Unless specifically designated by date the latest edition of each publication shall be used together
with any amendments/supplements/revisions thereto.
Amended per Circular 02/07
2) The DEPs and most referenced external standards are available to Shell users on the SWW (Shell Wide Web) at http://sww05.europe.shell.com/standards/.
SHELL STANDARDS Index to DEP publications and standard specifications
DEP 00.00.05.05-Gen.
Thermal insulation (amendments/supplements to the CINI manual)
DEP 30.46.00.31-Gen.
Rubber-lined process equipment and piping DEP 30.48.60.10-Gen.
Glass fibre reinforced epoxy and polyester vessels – design and installation
DEP 31.22.30.14-Gen.
Piping – general requirements DEP 31.38.01.11-Gen.
Piping classes – refining and chemicals DEP 31.38.01.12-Gen.
Piping classes – exploration and production DEP 31.38.01.15-Gen.
GRP pipelines and piping systems (amendments/supplements to UKOOA documents)
DEP 31.40.10.19-Gen.
External polyethylene and polypropylene coating for line pipe
DEP 31.40.30.31-Gen.
Thermoplastic lined pipelines DEP 31.40.30.34-Gen.
Insulating and dense refractory concrete linings DEP 64.24.32.30-Gen.
Functional and material requirements for non-metallic seal materials
DODEP 02.01B.03.02
Material Equipment Standards & Code MESC
AMERICAN STANDARDS Specification for polyethylene line pipe API 15 LE Issued by: The American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street Northwest Washington, DC 20005-4074 USA
Standard terminology relating to refractories ASTM C 71
Standard test method for steady-state heat flux measurements and thermal transmission properties by means of the guarded-hot-plate apparatus
ASTM C 177
Standard terminology of ceramic whitewares and related products
ASTM C 242
Standard practice for determining chemical resistance of thermosetting resins used in glass-fiber reinforced structures intended for liquid service
ASTM C 581
Standard terminology for paint, related coatings, materials and applications
ASTM D 16
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 57
Standard test method for coefficient of linear thermal expansion of plastics between –30 degrees C and 30 degrees C with vitreous silica dilatometer
ASTM D 696
Standard terminology relating to plastics ASTM D 883
Standard test method for haze and luminous transmittance of transparent plastics
ASTM D 1003
Standard terminology relating to rubber ASTM D 1566
Standard test method for rubber property - durometer hardness
ASTM D 2240
Standard test method for indentation hardness of rigid plastics by means of a Barcol impressor
ASTM D 2583
Standard test method for Poisson’s ratio at room temperature
ASTM E 132
Standard test method for determining specific heat capacity by differential scanning calorimetry
ASTM E 1269
Standard test method for assignment of the glass transition temperature by differential scanning calorimetry or differential thermal analysis
ASTM E 1356
Standard test method for measurement of diffusivity, solubility and permeability of organic vapor barriers using a flame ionization detector
ASTM F 1769
Issued by: American Society for Testing & Materials 100 Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken PA 19428 – 2959 USA
Effects of high-temperature, high-pressure carbon dioxide decompression on elastomeric materials
NACE TM0297
Evaluating elastomeric materials in carbon dioxide decompression environments
NACE TM0192
Issued by: NACE International PO Box 218340 Houston, TX 77218 USA
BRITISH STANDARDS Polyethylene pipes (Type 50) in metric diameters for general purposes
BS 6437
Amended per Circular 02/07
Issued by: British Standards Institution 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL UK
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 58
EUROPEAN STANDARDS Plastic piping systems for water supply – Unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) –Part 2: Pipes
CEN EN 1452-2
Plastic piping systems for water supply – Unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) –Part 3: Fittings
CEN EN 1452-3
Amended per Circular 02/07
Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage – Polypropylene with mineral modifiers (PP-MD)
EN 14758
Issued by: European Committee for Standardization Rue De Stassart 36 Bruxelles, Belgium B-1050 Copies may also be obtained from national standards organizations.
Qualification of non-metallic sealing materials and manufacturers
NTS M-710
Issued by: Norsk Teknologisenter Oscars gate 20 Pb 7072 Majorstua Oslo N-0306 Norway
GERMAN STANDARDS Testing of plastics; determination of water absorption DIN 53495 Issued by: Beuth Verlag GmbH Burggrafenstrasse 6 D-10787, Berlin Germany
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS Plastics – determination of temperature deflection under load – Part 1: General test method
ISO 75-1
Plastics – determination of flexural properties ISO 178
Plastics – determination of Charpy impact properties – Part 2: Instrumented impact test
ISO 179-2
Plastics – determination of Izod impact strength ISO 180
Plastics – determination of refractive index of transparent plastics
ISO 489
Plastics – determination of tensile properties – Part 1: general principles
ISO 527-1
Plastics – determination of compressive properties ISO 604
Plastics – determination of creep behaviour – Part 1: tensile creep
ISO 899-1
Plastics – determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the melt volume-flow rate (MVR) of
ISO 1133
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 59
thermoplastics
Plastics – methods for determining the density and relative density of non-cellular plastics
ISO 1183
Plastics – determination of hardness – Part 1: Ball indentation method
ISO 2039-1
Plastics – Determination of burning behaviour by oxygen index - Part 1: Guidance
ISO 4589-1
Issued by: International Organisation for Standardization 1, Rue de Varembé CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland. Copies can also be obtained from national standards organizations.
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 60
APPENDIX 1 LIST OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
Table 1A Grouped alphabetically by trade name TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
ACALOR Resin filled cement Acalor, England
ADIPRENE Polyurethane rubber Du Pont, USA
AEROPHENAL Polyfluoride Ciba-Geigy
AKULON Polyamide AKZO, Netherlands
ALKATHENE LD Polyethylene ICI
ALKON POM ICI
ALATHON Polyethylene Du Pont, USA
ALBERTOL Saturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany
ALGOFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Montedison, Italy
ALNOVOL Phenolics Hoechst, Germany
ALPOLIT Unsaturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany
ALRESEN Phenolic, modified Hoechst, Germany
ALTUGLAS Polymethyl metacrylate Elf Atochem, France
AMILAN Polyamide Toray Industries, Japan
AMPAL Unsaturated polyesters Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland
AMPCOFLEX Polyvinyl chloride Atlas Plastics, USA
APPRYL Polypropylene Atochem
ARALDIT Epoxies Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland
ARDEL Polyarylate Amoco, USA
ARENKA Polyamide AKZO, Netherlands
ARNITE Unsaturated polyesters AKZO, Netherlands
ARNITEL Saturated polyester AKZO, Netherlands
ARYLON Polyarylether, Polyarylates Du Pont, USA
ASPLIT Resin filled cement Hoechst, Germany
ASTRAGLAS Polyvinyl Chloride (soft) Dynamit Nobel
ASTRALIT Polyvinyl Chloride (hard) Dynamit Nobel
ASTRALON Polyvinyl chloride Hüls, Germany
ASTRATHERM Polyvinyl Chloride (hard) Dynamit Nobel
ATLAC Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands
BAKELITE Phenolics Bakelite, Germany
BASOPOR UF BASF
BASOTECT UF BASF
BAYBLENDT PC/ABS Blend Bayer
BAYDUR Polyurethanes Bayer, Germany
BAYFLEX Polyurethanes Bayer, Germany
BAYGAL PUR Bayer
BAYLON HDPE Bayer
BAYMER Polyisocyanurate Bayer, Germany
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 61
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
BAYMIDUR PUR Bayer, Germany
BAYPREN Polychloroprene Bayer, Germany
BAYSILONE Silicones Bayer, Germany
BECKOCOAT Polyurethanes Hoechst, Germany
BECKOPOX Epoxies Hoechst, Germany
BECKUROL Ureas Hoechst, Germany
BEETLE Unsaturated polyesters, phenolics BP Chemicals, England
BENVIC Polyvinylchloride Solvay, Belgium
BONDSTRAND Fibre reinforced plastic piping Ameron, USA
BORNUM HARZ Resin impregnated graphite HarzerAchsenwerke, Germ.
BREON Polybutadiene acrylonitrile Zeon, Germany
BUDENE Polybutadiene Goodyear, USA
BUNA Polybutadiene Hüls, Germany
CALIBRE PC Dow
CAPRON Polyurethanes Allied Corp., USA
CARADATE Isocyanates for polyurethanes Shell
CARADOL Polyols for polyurethanes Shell
CARBOFRAX Silicon carbide Carborundum, USA
CARIFLEX Polybutadiene / stryrene elastomers Shell
CARINA Polyvinyl chloride Shell
CARINEX Polystyrene Shell
CARLONA Polyethylene Shell
CARLONA P Polypropylene Shell
CASOCRYL Polymethyl methacrylate Elf Atochem, France
CELCON Polyformaldehyde Hoechst, Germany
CELLASTO PUR BASF
CELLIDOR B Cellulose acetate butyrate Albis Plastics, Germany
CIBAMIN Ureas, Melamines Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland
CIBANOID UF Ciba-Geigy
CONAPOXY Melamines Conap, USA
COROPLAST Polyvinylchloride Coroplast, Germany
CORVIC Polyvinylchloride ICI, England
COURTELLE Polyacrylonitrile Courtaulds, England
CRASTIN PET/PBT Ciba-Geigy
CRYLOR Polyacrylonitrile Rhone Poulenc, France
CRYSTIC Unsaturated polyesters Scott Bader Co., England
CYCOLAC Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene General Electric, USA
DACRON Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA
DAPLEN Polypropylene PCD Linz, Austria
DARVIC Polyvinylchloride Weston Hyde, England
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 62
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
DEGALAN Polymethyl methacrylate Degussa, Germany
DELPET Polymethyl methacrylate Asahi Chem., Japan
DELRIN Polyformaldehyde Du Pont, USA
DERAKENE Unsaturated polyesters, vinylester type DOW, USA
DESMODUR Isocyanates for polyurethanes Bayer, Germany
DESMOPHEN Polyols for polyurethanes Bayer, Germany
DESMOPAN Polyurethane rubber Bayer, Germany
DEWOGLAS Polymethyl methacrylate Degussa, Germany
DIABON Graphite Sigri, Germany
DIAKON Polymethyl methacrylate ICI, England
DOBECKAN Unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes BASF, Germany
DOLAN Polyacrylonitrile Hoechst, Germany
DORIX Polyamide Bayer, Germany
DORLASTAN Polyurethane rubber Bayer, Germany
DOWLEX PE Dow
DPC 2000 T LDPE foil ICl
DRAKAFLEX Polyurethanes Draka, Netherlands
DRALON Polyacrylonitrile Bayer, Germany
DURABON Carbon Sigri, Germany
DURAN 50 Glass Jena Glaswerk Schott, Germany
DUREL Polyarylate Hoechst, Germany
DURETHAN Polyamide Bayer, Germany
DUROLON PC Montedison
DUROPHEN Phenolics Hoechst, Germany
DUTRAL EP Montedison
DYFLOR PVDF Dynamit Nobel
DYLENE Polystyrene, styrene acrylonitrile ARCO Polymers, USA
DYNAPOL Saturated polyesters Hüls, Germany
EDIFRAN PCTFE Montedison
EDISTIR Polystyrene Enichem, Italy
EDITER ABS Montedison
EKAVYL Polyvinylchloride Elf Atochem, France
ELASTAN PUR BASF
ELASTOCOAT PUR BASF
ELASTOFLEX PUR BASF
ELASTOFOAM PUR BASF
ELASTOGRAN PUR BASF
ELASTOLIT PUR BASF
ELASTOLLAN Polyurethanes Elastogran, Germany
ELASTOPAL PUR BASF
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 63
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
ELASTOPAN PUR BASF
ELASTOPOR PUR BASF
ELASTURAN PUR BASF
EXTIR EPS Montedison
ELASTOSIL Silicone rubber Wacker-Chemie, Germany
ELEXAR Styrene butadiene, styrene rubber Shell
ELTEX Polyethylene Solvay, Belgium
ELTEX P Polypropylene Solvay, Belgium
ELVANOL Polyvinylalcohol Du Pont, USA
EPIKOTE Epoxies Shell
EPOCRYL Unsaturated polyesters, vinylester type Ashland Chem., USA
EPON Epoxies - USA Shell
ERACLEAR LDPE Enichem
ERACLENE H HDPE Enichem
ERIFLON PVDF PVDF Solvay
ERTALON PA AKZO
ERTALON PA Atochem
ERTALON PA BASF
ERTALON PA DSM
ESCORENE Polyethylene Exxon, USA
FERTENE LDPE Montedison
FIBERCAST Fibre reinforced epoxies Fibercast, USA/Germany
FINATHENE Polyethylene Fina, Belgium
FLUON Polytetrafluoroethylene ICI, England
FLUOREL Vinylide fluoride – hexafluoropropylene 3 M Co., USA
FLUOROFLEX Fluorinated polymers Resistoflex, USA/Germany
FLUOROGREEN Fluorinated polymers Peabode Dore, USA
FLUOROLINE Fluorinated polymers BTR, England
FLUOROSINT Fluorinated polymers Polypenco, Germany
FORAFLON Polyvinylidene fluoride Elf Atochem, France
FORMICA Melamines Formica Corp., USA
FORTIFLEX HDPE Solvay
FORTILENE PP Solvay
FORTRON PPS Hoechst
FURACIN Furane filled cement Prodorite, England
GABRITE UF Montedison
GAFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Plastic Omnium, France
GEMON Polyimide General Electric, USA
GEON Polyvinylchloride B.F. Goodrich, USA
GLAD Polyethylene Union Carbide, USA
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 64
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
GORETEX Polytetrafluoroethylene W.L. Gore, USA
GRANLAR LCP Montedison
GRAPHILOR Resin impregnated graphite LeCarbone-Lorraine, France
GRILAMID Polyamide EMS-Chemie, Switzerland
GRILLODUR Unsaturated polyesters Grillo-Werke, Germany
HALAR Polytrifluoroethylene Ausimont., USA
HALON Polytetrafluoroethylene Ausimont., USA
HAVEG Phenolics, furanes Haveg, USA
HEROX Polyamide Du Pont, USA
H.E.T. Chlorinated unsaturated terpolymer Ashland Chem., USA
HETRON Chlorinated unsaturated polyesters Ashland Chem., USA
HFR CEMENT Potassium silicate cement Hoechst, Germany
HOSTADUR PBT, PET Hoechst
HOSTAFLEX Polyvinylchloride Hoechst, Germany
HOSTAFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Hoechst, Germany
HOSTAFLON-C Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Hoechst, Germany
HOSTAFORM POM Hoechst
HOSTALEN GUR UHMW PE Hoechst
HOSTALEN LD LDPE Hoechst
HOSTALEN Polyethylene Hoechst, Germany
HOSTALEN-PP Polypropylene Hoechst, Germany
HOSTALIT Polyvinylchloride Hoechst, Germany
HOSTAPOR EPS Hoechst
HOSTAPOX EP Hoechst
HOSTAPREN CPE Hoechst
HOSTASET PF PF Hoechst
HOSTASET UF UF Hoechst
HOSTASET UP UP Hoechst
HOSTATEC PEK Hoechst
HOSTYREN Polystyrene Hoechst, Germany
HOSTYREN XS SB Hoechst
HYCAR Polybutadiene, stryrene elastomers BF Goodrich, USA
HYPALON Chlorosulphonated polyethylene Du Pont, USA
HYTREL Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA
HYVIS Polyisobutylene BP Chem., England
ICDAL Polyimide Hüls, Germany
IMIPEX Polyimide General Electric, USA
IMPET PET Hoechst
IMPOLEX Unsaturated polyesters ICI, England
INKLURIT UF BASF
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 65
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
IXAN Polyvinylidene chloride Solvay, Belgium
KALREZ Perfluoro elastomer Du Pont, USA
KAMAX Polyimide Rohm and Haas, USA
KAPTON Polyimide Du Pont, USA
KARBATE Resin impregnated graphite Union Carbide, USA
KEEBUSH Resin impregnated graphite APV-Kester, England
KEL-F Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 3 M Co., USA
KELTAN Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer DSM, Netherlands
KEMATAL POM Hoechst
KERANOL Resin filled cement Keramchemie, Germany
KERIMID Polyimide Rhone-Poulenc, France
KERMEL Polyimide Rhone-Poulenc, France
KEVLAR Polyaramide (fibre) Du Pont, USA
KINEL Polyimide Rhone-Poulenc, France
KOBIEND PC/ABS Blend Montedison
KRALASTIC Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Uniroyal, Japan
KRATON G Styrene butadiene styrene rubber Shell
KYDEX Polyvinylchloride Rohm and Haas, USA
KYNAR Polyvinylidene fluoride Elf Atochem, France
LACQRENE PS Atochem
LACQTENE Polyethylene Elf Atochem, France
LACQVYL PVC Atochem
LAMELLON Unsaturated polyesters -
LARFLEX EP Lati
LARIL PPO Lati
LAROFLEX Polyvinylchloride BASF, Germany
LARTON PPS Lati
LASTANE PUR Lati
LASTIFLEX ABS/PVC Blend Lati
LA STIL SAN Lati
LASTILAC ABS Lati
LASTILAC 10 ABS/PC Blend Lati
LASTIROL PS Lati
LASULF PSU Lati
LATAMID PA Lati
LATAN POM Lati
LATENE PP Lati
LATENE HD HDPE Lati
LATER PBT Lati
LATILON PC Lati
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 66
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
LEACRIL Polyacrylonitrile -
LEGUPREN Unsaturated polyesters Bayer, Germany
LEGUVAL Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands
LEKUTHERM Epoxies Bayer, Germany
LEVAFLEX TPO Bayer
LEVEPOX Epoxies Bayer, Germany
LEXAN Polycarbonate General Electric, USA
LEXGARD PC GEP
LINATEX Natural rubber, soft WilkinsonRubberLinatex,
LUCALOR CPVC Atochem
LUCITE Polymethyl methacrylate Du Pont, USA
LUCOLENE PVC (soft) Atochem
LUCOREX Polyvinylchloride Elf Atochem, France
LUCOVYL PVC Atochem
LUCOVYL PVC Rhone-Poulenc
LUPOLEN Polyethylene BASF, Germany
LURAN Styrene acrylonitrile BASF, Germany
LURANYL PPE BASF
LUSTRAN Styrene acrylonitrile Monsanto, USA
LUSTREX Polystyrene Monsanto, USA
LUXOR PS, SAN Montedison
LYCRA Polyurethanes Du Pont, USA
MADURIT Melamines Hoechst, Germany
MAGNUM ABS Dow, Netherlands
MAKROBLEND PC Blend Bayer
MAKROFOL PC foil Bayer
MAKROLON Polycarbonate Bayer, Germany
MANOLENE PE Rhone-Poulenc
MAPRENAL Melamines Hoechst, Germany
MARANYL Polyamides ICI, England
MELAPLAST MF Bayer
MELBRITE Melamines Montedison, Italy
MELINEX Saturated polyesters ICI, England
MELMEX Melamines BP Chemicals, England
MELOPAS Melamines Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland
MENZOLIT Epoxies and unsaturated polyesters Menzolit-Werke, Germany
MINLON Polyamides Du Pont, USA
MIPOLAM Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany
MIPOPLAST PVC soft Dynamit Nobel
MOLTAPREN Polyurethane foam Bayer, Germany
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 67
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
MOLTOPREN PUR Bayer
MOPLEN Polypropylene Himont, Italy
MOULDRITE UF ICI
MOWILITH Polyvinylacetate Hoechst, Germany
MOWIOL Polyvinylalcohol Hoechst, Germany
MYLAR Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA
NANDEL Polyacrylonitrile Du Pont, USA
NAPRYL Polypropylene Elf Atochem, France
NATENE Polyethylene Elf Atochem, France
NATSYN Polyisoprene Goodyear, USA
NEONIT EP Ciba-Geigy
NEOPOLEN PE foam BASF
NEOPRENE Polychloroprene Du Pont, USA
NITRIL Polybutadiene acrylonitrile -
NIVIONPLAST PA Enichem
NORDEL Ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer Du Pont, USA
NORYL Polyphenylene oxide General Electric, USA
NOVODUR Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Bayer, Germany
NOVOLEN Polypropylene BASF, Germany
NOVOLUX Polyvinylchloride Weston Hyde, England
NYLON Polyamide Du Pont, USA
NYRIM Polyamide DSM, Netherlands
OPPANOL Polyisobutylene BASF, Germany
ORBITEX Epoxies Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland
ORGALLOY PA/PP Blend Atochem lend
ORGAMIDE PA Atochem
ORGASOL PE or coPA Atochem
ORGATER Polycarbonate Elf Atochem, France
ORGAVYL Polyvinylchloride Elf Atochem, France
ORLON Polyacrylonitrile Du Pont, USA
OROGLAS Polymethyl methacrylate Rohm and Haas, USA
PALAPREG UP BASF
PALATAL Unsaturated polyesters BASF, Germany
PAN Polyacrylonitrile Bayer, Germany
PARAPLEX Unsaturated polyesters Rohm and Haas, USA
PARYLENE Polyarylene Union Carbide, USA
PEEK Polyetheretherketone ICI, England
PELLETHANE TPU DOW
PENTON Polydichloromethyloxetane -
PERBUNAN Polybutadiene acrylonitrile Bayer, Germany
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 68
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
PERLON Polyamide Perlon, Germany
PERSPEX Polymethyl methacrylate ICI, England
PETION PET Bayer
PIBITER PBT Montedison
PLASKON Ureas Plaskon, USA
PLASTOPAL Ureas BASF, Germany
PLEXIDUR Polymethyl methacrylate Rohm and Haas, USA
PLEXIGLAS Polymethyl methacrylate Rohm and Haas, USA
PLIOFLEX Polybutadiene styrene Goodyear, USA
POCAN Saturated polyesters Bayer, Germany
POLLOPAS UF Dynamit Nobel
POLYDUR Unsaturated polyesters Hüls, Germany
POLYLITE Unsaturated polyesters Reichhold Chem., USA
POLYSTYROL Polystyrene BASF, Germany
POLYVIOL Polyvinyl alcohol Wacker-Chemie, Germany
PRIMEF PPS Solvay
PROPATHENE Polypropylene ICI, England
PUISE PC/ABS Blend Dow
PYREX Glass Sovirel, France
QUACORR Furanes PO Chemicals, USA
QUICKFIT Glass Corning, England
RADEL Polyarylether Amoco, USA
RENOLIT Polyvinylchloride Renolit-Werke, Germany
RENYL PA6 Montedison
RESAMIN Ureas Hoechst, Germany
RHENOFLEX Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany
RHEPANOL Polyisobutylene sheet -
RHODOPAS PVC Rhone-Poulenc
RHODORSIL Silicone rubbers Rhone-Poulenc, France
RIBLENE D LDPE Enichem
RIGIDEX Polyethylene BP Chemicals, England
RILSAN Polyamide Elf Atochem, France
RONFALIN ABS DSM
RULON Filled PTFE Dixon Corp., USA
RUTAPOX Epoxies Bakelite, Germany
RYNITE PBT, PET Du Pont de Nemours
RYTON Polyphenylene sulphide Phillips Petr., Belgium
SARAN Polyvinylidene chloride DOW, USA
SETAL Unsaturated polyesters Synthese, Netherlands
SETAPOL Unsaturated polyesters Synthese, Netherlands
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 69
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
SHELL PB Polybutene Shell
SICRON PVC Montedison
SILASTIC Silicone rubbers DOW, USA
SILCOSET Silicone rubbers ICI, England
SILOPREN Silicone rubbers Bayer, Germany
SINKRAL ABS Enichem
SINVET PC Enichem
SOLEF Polyvinylidene fluoride Solvay, Belgium
SOLVIC Polyvinyl chloride Solvay, Belgium
SOREFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Elf Atochem, France
STAMYLAN Polyethylene DSM, Netherlands
STAMYLAN P Polypropylene DSM, Netherlands
STAMYLEX LDPE DSM
STANYL Polyamide DSM, Netherlands
STRATYL EP Rhone-Poulenc
STYROCELL Polystyrene foam Shell
STYRODUR Polystyrene foam BASF, Germany
STYROFOAM Polystyrene foam DOW, USA
STYRON Polystyrene DOW, USA
STYROPOR Polystyrene foam BASF, Germany
SUPEC PPS GEP
SWD CEMENT Sodium silicate cement Hoechst, Germany
SYNOLITE Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands
TECHNYL Polyamides Rhone-Poulenc, France
TEDLAR Polyvinylfluoride Du Pont, USA
TEDUR PPS Bayer
TEFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene Du Pont, USA
TEFLON FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene Du Pont, USA
TENAX Carbon fibre Tenax, Germany
TENITE BUTYRATE Cellulose acetate butyrate Eastman Chem. Prod., USA
TENITE CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate EastmanChem. Prod., USA
TENITE PE Polyethylene EastmanChem. Prod., USA
TERBLEND B ABS/PC Blend BASF
TERBLEND S ABA/PC Blend BASF
TERGAL Saturated polyesters Rhone-Poulenc, France
TERLENKA Saturated polyesters ENKA, Germany
TERLENKA PET fibre AKZO PET
TERLURAN Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene BASF, Germany
TERYLENE Saturated polyesters ICI, England
TERNIL PA6 Montedison
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 70
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
THERBAN Polybutadiene acrylonitrile rubber Bayer, Germany
THIOKOL Polysulphides Thiokol Corp., USA
TORLON Polyamide-imide Amoco Corp., USA
TREVIRA Saturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany
TROCAL Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany
TROCELLEN PE foam Dynamit Nobel
TROGAMID Polyamides Hüls, Germany
TROLITAN PF Dynamit Nobel
TROLITUL PS Dynamit Nobel
TROSIPLAST PVC hard Dynamit Nobel
TROVIDUR Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany
TROVIDUR PP Polypropylene Hüls, Germany
TROVIPOR PVC foam Dynamit Nobel
TUFNOL Phenolics, Furanes Tufnol, England
TUFSYN Polybutadiene Goodyear, USA
TWARON Polyaramide (fibre) AKZO, Netherlands
TYNEX Polyamides Du Pont, USA
TYRIL SAN Dow
TYRIN CPE Dow
UDEL Polysulfone, Polyether sulfone Amoco, USA
UFORMITE Ureas Reichold, USA
UGIKAPON Unsaturated polyesters Elf Atochem, France
UKAPOR Polystyrene Elf Atochem, France
ULTEM Polyetherimide General Electric, USA
ULTRABLEND PBT/PET blend BASF
ULTRABLEND S PBT blend BASF
ULTRADUR Saturated polyesters BASF, Germany
ULTRAFORM POM BASF
ULTRAMID Polyamides BASF, Germany
ULTRANYL PPE/PA Blend BASF
ULTRAPAS Melamines Hüls, Germany
ULTRAPEK PEK BASF
ULTRASON S Polysulphone BASF, Germany
ULTRASON E Polyethersulphone BASF, Germany
ULTRAX LCP BASF
URALAM Unsaturated polyesters Synthetic Resins Ltd., England
UREOL PUR Ciba-Geigy
UREPAN Polyurethanes Bayer, Germany
URTAL ABS Montedison
VALOX Saturated polyesters General Electric, USA
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 71
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
VANDAR PBT Hoechst
VARLAN Polyvinylchloride DSM, Netherlands
VECTRA LCP Hoechst
VEDRIL PMMA Montedison
VESPEL Polyimide Du Pont, USA
VESTAMID Polyamides Hüls, Germany
VESTAN Saturated polyesters Bayer, Germany
VESTODUR Saturated polyesters Hüls, Germany
VESTOLEN Apolyethylene Hüls, Germany
VESTOLEN P Polypropylene Hüls, Germany
VESTOLIT Polyvinylchloride Hüls, Germany
VESTOPAL Unsaturated polyesters Hüls, Germany
VESTORAN SAN Huls, -
VESTORPEN TPO Huls, -
VESTYRON PS Huls, -
VICTREX Polysulfone, Polyethersulfone ICI, England
VIDAR PVDF Solvay
VINIDUR Polyvinylchloride BASF, Germany
VINNOL Polyvinylchloride Wacker-Chemie, Germany
VINOFLEX PVC BASF
VIPLAST PVC Montedison
VITON Fluor elastomer Du Pont, USA
VITREOSIL Quartz/silica Du-Pont, USA
VITREX Silicate cement AtlasMineralProducts, USA
VOLTALEF Polytrifluorochloroethylene Elf Atochem, France
VULCATHENE Polyethylene, low density -
VULKODURIT Elastomeric, rubber materials Keramchemie, Germany
VULCOFERRAN Elastomeric, rubber materials HarzerAchsenwerke, Germany
VULKOLLAN Polyurethane rubber Bayer, Germany
VYCOR Quartz/Silica Corning Glass, USA
WAPEX Epoxy cement AKZO, Netherlands
WAVISTRONG Fibre reinforced plastic piping FPI, The Netherlands
WELVIC Polyvinylchloride ICI, England
XANTAR PC DSM
XENOY PC/PBY blend GEP
XYLON Polyamides AKZO, Netherlands
XYRON Polyphenylene oxide ASAHI, Japan
ZYTEL Polyamides Du Pont, USA
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 72
Table 1B Grouped by material type TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene - ABS
BAYBLENDT ABS/PC Blend Bayer
CYCOLAC ABS General Electric, USA
EDITER ABS Montedison
KOBIEND PC/ABS Blend Montedison
KRALASTIC ABS Uniroyal, Japan
LASTIFLEX ABS/PVC Blend Lati
LASTILAC ABS Lati
LASTILAC 10 ABS/PC Blend Lati
MAGNUM ABS Dow, the Netherlands
NOVODUR ABS Bayer, Germany
PUISE ABS/PC Blend Dow
RONFALIN ABS DSM
SINKRAL ABS Enichem
TERBLEND B ABS/PC Blend BASF
TERBLEND S ABA/PC Blend BASF
TERLURAN ABS BASF, Germany
URTAL ABS Montedison
Fluoropolymers
TEFLON FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene-FEP Du Pont, USA
FLUOROFLEX Fluorinated polymers Resistoflex, USA/Germany
FLUOROGREEN Fluorinated polymers Peabode Dore, USA
FLUOROLINE Fluorinated polymers BTR, England
FLUOROSINT Fluorinated polymers Polypenco, Germany
EDIFRAN PCTFE Montedison
HALAR Polytrifluoroethylene-PCTFE Ausimont., USA
HOSTAFLON-C Polychlorotrifluoroethylene-PCTFE Hoechst, Germany
KEL-F Polychlorotrifluoroethylene-PCTFE 3 M Co., USA
VOLTALEF Polytrifluorochloroethylene-PCTFE Elf Atochem, France
ALGOFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Montedison, Italy
FLUON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE ICI, England
HALON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Ausimont., USA
GAFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Plastic Omnium, France
GORETEX Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE W.L. Gore, USA
HOSTAFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Hoechst, Germany
SOREFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Elf Atochem, France
TEFLON Polytetrafluoroethylene-PTFE Du Pont, USA
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 73
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
RULON Filled PTFE Dixon Corp., USA
AEROPHENAL Polyfluoride-PVDF Ciba-Geigy
DYFLOR PVDF Dynamit Nobel
ERIFLON PVDF PVDF Solvay
FLUOREL Vinylide fluoride – PVDF 3 M Co., USA
FORAFLON Polyvinylidene fluoride-PVDF Elf Atochem, France
KYNAR Polyvinylidene fluoride-PVDF Elf Atochem, France
SOLEF Polyvinylidene fluoride-PVDF Solvay, Belgium
TEDLAR Polyvinylfluoride-PVDF Du Pont, USA
VIDAR PVDF Solvay
Polyamide - PA
AKULON PA AKZO, Netherlands
AMILAN PA Toray Industries, Japan
ARENKA PA AKZO, Netherlands
DORIX PA Bayer, Germany
DURETHAN PA Bayer, Germany
ERTALON PA AKZO
ERTALON PA Atochem
ERTALON PA BASF
ERTALON PA DSM
GEMON PAI General Electric, USA
GRILAMID PA EMS-Chemie, Switzerland
HEROX PA Du Pont, USA
ICDAL PAI Hüls, Germany
IMIPEX PAI General Electric, USA
KAMAX PAI Rohm and Haas, USA
KAPTON PAI Du Pont, USA
KERIMID PAI Rhone-Poulenc, France
KERMEL PAI Rhone-Poulenc, France
KINEL PAI Rhone-Poulenc, France
LATAMID PA Lati
MARANYL PA ICI, England
MINLON PA Du Pont, USA
NIVIONPLAST PA Enichem
NYLON PA Du Pont, USA
NYRIM PA DSM, Netherlands
ORGALLOY PA/PP Blend Atochem lend
ORGAMIDE PA Atochem
PERLON PA Perlon, Germany
RILSAN PA Elf Atochem, France
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 74
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
RENYL PA6 Montedison
STANYL PA DSM, Netherlands
TECHNYL PA Rhone-Poulenc, France
TERNIL PA6 Montedison
TORLON PAI Amoco Corp., USA
TROGAMID PA Hüls, Germany
TYNEX PA Du Pont, USA
ULTRANYL PA/PPE Blend BASF
ULTRAMID PA BASF, Germany
VESPEL PAI Du Pont, USA
VESTAMID PA Hüls, Germany
XYLON PA AKZO, Netherlands
ZYTEL PA Du Pont, USA
Polycarbonate - PC
CALIBRE PC Dow
DUROLON PC Montedison
LATILON PC Lati
LEXAN PC General Electric, USA
LEXGARD PC GEP
MAKROBLEND PC Blend Bayer
MAKROFOL PC foil Bayer
MAKROLON PC Bayer, Germany
ORGATER PC Elf Atochem, France
SINVET PC Enichem
XANTAR PC DSM
XENOY PC/PBY blend GEP
Polyethylene - PE
ALKATHENE LDPE ICI
ALATHON PE Du Pont, USA
BAYLON HDPE Bayer
CARLONA PE Shell
DOWLEX PE Dow
DPC 2000 T LDPE foil ICl
ELTEX PE Solvay, Belgium
ERACLEAR LDPE Enichem
ERACLENE H HDPE Enichem
FINATHENE PE Fina, Belgium
FERTENE LDPE Montedison
ESCORENE PE Exxon, USA
FORTIFLEX HDPE Solvay
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 75
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
GLAD Polyethylene Union Carbide, USA
HOSTALEN GUR UHMW PE Hoechst
HOSTALEN LD LDPE Hoechst
HOSTALEN PE Hoechst, Germany
LACQTENE PE Elf Atochem, France
LATENE HD HDPE Lati
LUPOLEN PE BASF, Germany
MANOLENE PE Rhone-Poulenc
NATENE PE Elf Atochem, France
ORGASOL PE or coPA Atochem
RIBLENE D LDPE Enichem
RIGIDEX PE BP Chemicals, England
STAMYLAN PE DSM, the Netherlands
STAMYLEX LDPE DSM
TENITE PE PE EastmanChem. Prod., USA
VULCATHENE Polyethylene, low density Elf Atochem, France
Polyetheretherketone- PEEK
PEEK - ICI, England
Polymethyl methacrylate-PMMA
ALTUGLAS PMMA Elf Atochem, France
CASOCRYL PMMA Elf Atochem, France
DEGALAN PMMA Degussa, Germany
DELPET PMMA Asahi Chem., Japan
DEWOGLAS PMMA Degussa, Germany
DIAKON PMMA ICI, England
LUCITE PMMA Du Pont, USA
OROGLAS PMMA Rohm and Haas, USA
PERSPEX PMMA ICI, England
PLEXIDUR PMMA Rohm and Haas, USA
PLEXIGLAS PMMA Rohm and Haas, USA
VEDRIL PMMA Montedison
Polyoxymethylene-POM
ALKON POM ICI
HOSTAFORM POM Hoechst
KEMATAL POM Hoechst
LATAN POM Lati
ULTRAFORM POM BASF
Polypropylene - PP
APPRYL PP Atochem
CARLONA P PP Shell
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 76
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
DAPLEN PP PCD Linz, Austria
ELTEX P PP Solvay, Belgium
FORTILENE PP Solvay
HOSTALEN-PP PP Hoechst, Germany
LATENE PP Lati
MOPLEN PP Himont, Italy
NAPRYL PP Elf Atochem, France
NOVOLEN PP BASF, Germany
PROPATHENE PP ICI, England
STAMYLAN P PP DSM, Netherlands
TROVIDUR PP PP Hüls, Germany
VESTOLEN P PP Hüls, Germany
Polyphenylene sulphide - PPS
FORTRON PPS Hoechst
PRIMEF PPS Solvay
RYTON PPS Phillips Petr., Belgium
SUPEC PPS GEP
TEDUR PPS Bayer
Polyvinyl chloride - PVC
AMPCOFLEX PVC Atlas Plastics, USA
ASTRALON PVC Hüls, Germany
ASTRALIT PVC-U Dynamit Nobel
ASTRAGLAS PVC Dynamit Nobel
ASTRATHERM PVC-U Dynamit Nobel
BENVIC PVC Solvay, Belgium
CARINA PVC Shell
COROPLAST PVC Coroplast, Germany
CORVIC PVC ICI, England
DARVIC PVC Weston Hyde, England
EKAVYL PVC Elf Atochem, France
GEON PVC B.F. Goodrich, USA
HOSTALIT PVC Hoechst, Germany
HOSTAFLEX PVC Hoechst, Germany
IXAN PVC Solvay, Belgium
KYDEX PVC Rohm and Haas, USA
LACQVYL PVC Atochem
LAROFLEX PVC BASF, Germany
LUCALOR PVC-C Atochem
LUCOLENE PVC Atochem
LUCOREX PVC Elf Atochem, France
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 77
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
LUCOVYL PVC Atochem
LUCOVYL PVC Rhone-Poulenc
MIPOLAM PVC Hüls, Germany
MIPOPLAST PVC Dynamit Nobel
NOVOLUX PVC Weston Hyde, England
ORGAVYL PVC Elf Atochem, France
RENOLIT PVC Renolit-Werke, Germany
RHENOFLEX PVC Hüls, Germany
RHODOPAS PVC Rhone-Poulenc
SARAN PVC DOW, USA
SICRON PVC Montedison
SOLVIC PVC Solvay, Belgium
TROCAL PVC Hüls, Germany
TROSIPLAST PVC-U Dynamit Nobel
TROVIDUR PVC Hüls, Germany
VARLAN PVC DSM, Netherlands
VESTOLIT PVC Hüls, Germany
VINIDUR PVC BASF, Germany
VINNOL PVC Wacker-Chemie, Germany
VINOFLEX PVC BASF
VIPLAST PVC Montedison
WELVIC PVC ICI, England
THERMOSET MATERIALS AND FRP
Epoxy resins
ARALDIT Epoxies Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland
BECKOPOX Epoxies Hoechst, Germany
EPIKOTE Epoxies Shell
EPON Epoxies - USA Shell
LEKUTHERM Epoxies Bayer, Germany
LEVEPOX Epoxies Bayer, Germany
MENZOLIT Epoxies and unsaturated polyesters Menzolit-Werke, Germany
ORBITEX Epoxies Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland
RUTAPOX Epoxies Bakelite, Germany
Furane resins
HAVEG Furans, phenolics Haveg, USA
QUACORR Furanes PO Chemicals, USA
TUFNOL Furanes, phenolics Tufnol, England
Phenolic resins
ALNOVOL Phenolics Hoechst, Germany
ALRESEN Phenolic, modified Hoechst, Germany
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 78
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
BAKELITE Phenolics Bakelite, Germany
DUROPHEN Phenolics Hoechst, Germany
Polyester, vinyl ester resins
ALBERTOL Saturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany
ALPOLIT Unsaturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany
AMPAL Unsaturated polyesters Ciba-Geigy, Switzerland
ARNITE Unsaturated polyesters AKZO, Netherlands
ARNITEL Saturated polyester AKZO, Netherlands
ATLAC Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands
BEETLE Unsaturated polyesters, phenolics BP Chemicals, England
CRYSTIC Unsaturated polyesters Scott Bader Co., England
DACRON Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA
DERAKENE Unsaturated polyesters, vinylester DOW, USA
DOBECKAN Unsaturated polyesters BASF, Germany
DYNAPOL Saturated polyesters Hüls, Germany
EPOCRYL Unsaturated polyesters, vinylester Ashland Chem., USA
GRILLODUR Unsaturated polyesters Grillo-Werke, Germany
H.E.T. Chlorinated unsaturated terpolymer Ashland Chem., USA
HETRON Chlorinated unsaturated polyesters Ashland Chem., USA
HYTREL Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA
IMPOLEX Unsaturated polyesters ICI, England
LEGUPREN Unsaturated polyesters Bayer, Germany
LEGUVAL Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands
LAMELLON Unsaturated polyesters Atochem
MELINEX Saturated polyesters ICI, England
MYLAR Saturated polyesters Du Pont, USA
PARAPLEX Unsaturated polyesters Rohm and Haas, USA
POCAN Saturated polyesters Bayer, Germany
PALATAL Unsaturated polyesters BASF, Germany
POLYDUR Unsaturated polyesters Hüls, Germany
POLYLITE Unsaturated polyesters Reichhold Chem., USA
SETAL Unsaturated polyesters Synthese, Netherlands
SETAPOL Unsaturated polyesters Synthese, Netherlands
TERGAL Saturated polyesters Rhone-Poulenc, France
TERLENKA Saturated polyesters ENKA, Germany
SYNOLITE Unsaturated polyesters DSM, Netherlands
TERYLENE Saturated polyesters ICI, England
TREVIRA Saturated polyesters Hoechst, Germany
UGIKAPON Unsaturated polyesters Elf Atochem, France
ULTRADUR Saturated polyesters BASF, Germany
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 79
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
URALAM Unsaturated polyesters Synthetic Resins Ltd., England
VALOX Saturated polyesters General Electric, USA
VESTAN Saturated polyesters Bayer, Germany
VESTODUR Saturated polyesters Hüls, Germany
VESTOPAL Unsaturated polyesters Hüls, Germany
Fibre reinforced plastic
BONDSTRAND Fibre reinforced plastic piping Ameron, USA
FIBERCAST Fibre reinforced epoxies Fibercast, USA/ Germany
KEVLAR Aramide (fibre) Du Pont, USA
TWARON Aramide (fibre) AKZO, Netherlands
WAVISTRONG Fibre reinforced plastic piping FPI, The Netherlands
ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
HYPALON Chlorosulphonated polyethylene - CSM Du Pont, USA
BAYPREN Polychloroprene-CR Bayer, Germany
NEOPRENE Polychloroprene - CR Du Pont, USA
NATSYN Polyisoprene-CR Goodyear, USA
KELTAN Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer - EPDM
DSM, Netherlands
NORDEL Ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer - EPDM
Du Pont, USA
LARFLEX Ethylene propylene - EP Lati
NEONIT Ethylene propylene EP Ciba-Geigy
STRATYL Ethylene propylene EP Rhone-Poulenc
KALREZ Perfluoro elastomer - FFKM Du Pont, USA
VITON Fluor elastomer - FKM Du Pont, USA
LINATEX Natural rubber, soft - NR WilkinsonRubber Linatex,
BREON Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Zeon, Germany
BUDENE Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Goodyear, USA
BUNA Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Hüls, Germany
HYCAR Polybutadiene – NHR/HNBR BF Goodrich, USA
NITRIL Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR -
ORLON Polyacrylonitrile-NBR/HNBR Du Pont, USA
PERBUNAN Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Bayer, Germany
TUFSYN Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Goodyear, USA
THERBAN Polybutadiene – NBR/HNBR Bayer, Germany
HYVIS Polyisobutylene - IIR BP Chem., England
OPPANOL Polyisobutylene-IIR BASF, Germany
RHEPANOL Polyisobutylene - IIR -
SHELL PB Polybutene-IIR Shell
ADIPRENE Polyurethane Du Pont, USA
BAYDUR Polyurethane Bayer, Germany
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 80
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
BAYFLEX Polyurethane Bayer, Germany
BECKOCOAT Polyurethane Hoechst, Germany
CAPRON Polyurethane Allied Corp., USA
DESMOPAN Polyurethane Bayer, Germany
DORLASTAN Polyurethane Bayer, Germany
DRAKAFLEX Polyurethane Draka, Netherlands
ELASTOLLAN Polyurethane Elastogran, Germany
UREPAN Polyurethane Bayer, Germany
VULKOLLAN Polyurethane Bayer, Germany
LYCRA Polyurethane Du Pont, USA
CARIFLEX Polybutadiene stryrene - SBR Shell
ELEXAR Styrene butadiene - SBR Shell
KRATON G Styrene butadiene - SBR Shell
PLIOFLEX Polybutadiene styrene - SBR Goodyear, USA
BAYSILONE Silicones Bayer, Germany
ELASTOSIL Silicones Wacker-Chemie, Germany
RHODORSIL Silicones Rhone-Poulenc, France
SILASTIC Silicones DOW, USA
SILCOSET Silicones ICI, England
SILOPREN Silicones Bayer, Germany
VULKODURIT Elastomeric materials - range Keramchemie, Germany
VULCOFERRAN Elastomeric, materials - range HarzerAchsenwerke, Germany
INORGANIC MATERIALS
Carbon
DURABON Carbon Sigri, Germany
TENAX Carbon fibre Tenax, Germany
Graphite
BORNUM HARZ Resin impregnated graphite HarzerAchsenwerke, Germ.
DIABON Graphite Sigri, Germany
GRAPHILOR Resin impregnated graphite LeCarbone-Lorraine, France
KARBATE Resin impregnated graphite Union Carbide, USA
KEEBUSH Resin impregnated graphite APV-Kester, England
Ceramic, glass, quarz
CARBOFRAX Silicon carbide Carborundum, USA
DURAN 50 Glass Jena Glaswerk Schott, Germany
PYREX Glass Sovirel, France
QUICKFIT Glass Corning, England
VITREOSIL Quartz/silica Du-Pont, USA
VYCOR Quartz/Silica Corning Glass, USA
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 81
TRADE NAME CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION MANUFACTURER
INSULATION MATERIALS
NEOPOLEN PE foam BASF
TROCELLEN PE foam Dynamit Nobel
STYROCELL Polystyrene foam Shell
STYRODUR Polystyrene foam BASF, Germany
STYROFOAM Polystyrene foam DOW, USA
STYROPOR Polystyrene foam BASF, Germany
TROVIPOR PVC foam Dynamit Nobel
BAYGAL PUR Bayer
BAYMIDUR PUR Bayer, Germany
CELLASTO PUR BASF
ELASTAN PUR BASF
ELASTOCOAT PUR BASF
ELASTOFLEX PUR BASF
ELASTOFOAM PUR BASF
ELASTOGRAN PUR BASF
ELASTOLIT PUR BASF
ELASTOPAL PUR BASF
ELASTOPAN PUR BASF
ELASTOPOR PUR BASF
ELASTURAN PUR BASF
LASTANE PUR Lati
MOLTOPREN PUR Bayer
MOLTAPREN PU Bayer, Germany
UREOL PUR Ciba-Geigy
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 82
APPENDIX 2 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS TABLE 2A THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS
ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC Air: Max. Operating temperature (°C)
90 150 60 60 90 250 85 80 100 100 180 230 200 60 120 75
INORGANIC ACIDS
Hydrochloric 10 % • • 60 60 • • 60 • 85 80 • • • 120 50
Hydrochloric 20 % • 150 60 60 X • 60 • 80 X 150 150 • 120 50
Hydrochloric 35 % X • 60 60 X • 60 X X 65 X • • X 120 60
Hydrofluoric 10 % • • 60 60 X 60 • • • • • • 120 •
Hydrofluoric 20 % • • 60 60 X 60 X • • • • X 120 •
Hydrofluoric 35 % • • 60 60 X 60 X X 90 • • • X 120 •
Nitric 10 % X • 60 60 X • • • X 90 60 • • • 100 50
Nitric 65 % X • X X X • X X X X X • • X 50 •
Nitric 100 % X • X X X X X X X X X • • X X X
Phosphoric 10 % • • 60 60 • • 60 60 X 90 • • • 50 120 50
Phosphoric 50 % • • 60 60 • • 60 • X • • 150 150 50 110 60
Phosphoric 75 % • 150 60 60 X 100 X • X 60 • 150 150 50 110 60
Sulphuric 20 % • • 60 60 X • 60 60 X 90 180 230 180 50 110 50
Sulphuric 40 % • 150 60 60 X 100 60 • X 60 80 230 180 50 110 50
Sulphuric 60 % X • 60 60 X X 60 X X 50 • 230 180 50 110 60
Sulphuric 80 % X • 60 60 X X 60 X X 50 • 230 180 50 90 60
Sulphuric 98 % X • X X X X • X X X X 80 60 • 50 40
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 83
ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC
ORGANIC ACIDS
Acetic 10% • • 60 60 X • 60 • • 60 • • • • • 40
Acetic 60% • • • 60 X • • • X 60 • • • 100 60
Acetic 100% X • X X X • • X • • • X • X
Acetic anhydride X • • 30 X X 60 X • • • 70 X X X
Benzene sulphonic 10 % • • • • X • • • • • 70 50 40
Benzene sulphonic 30 % • • X X X • • • • • • X 50 X
Chloroacetic 10 % X • • • X 60 X • • 100 X • •
Chloroacetic 20 % X • X X X 60 X • • 100 X • 50
ALKALIS
Ammonium hyd. 10 % 60 • 60 60 70 • 60 60 X • • 230 180 • 120 50
Ammonium hyd. 30 % • • 60 60 70 • 60 60 X • • 230 180 • 120 40
Calcium hyd. 10 % 60 • 60 60 70 60 • 60 230 180 • • 60
Calcium hyd. 50 % 60 • 60 60 70 60 • 60 230 180 • • 60
Potassium hyd. 10 % • • 60 60 70 60 60 • 100 230 180 • 100 60
Potassium hyd. 50 % • • 60 60 • 60 60 X 60 230 180 X 100 60
Sodium hyd. 10 % 60 • 60 60 70 • 60 60 • 100 180 230 180 • 65 60
Sodium hyd. 30 % 60 • 60 60 70 • 60 60 X 100 180 230 180 • X 60
Sodium hyd. 70 % 60 • 60 60 • • 60 60 X 60 180 230 180 X X 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 84
ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC
LIQUIDS/GAS MEDIA
Ammonia gas 70 • 60 60 40 60 60 X 60 • 230 180 X X 60
Ammon. Hydroxide 29 % • • 60 60 • • 60 • • • 80 60
Bromine X • X X X X X X X X • • X 65 X
Bromine water • • X X X X X X X • • X 100 X
Carbon dioxide 70 • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • • 60
Carbon monoxide 70 • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • 60
Chlorine dry, concen. • • X X X X X X X X 230 • X 80 X
Chlorine dry, dilute • • X X • X X X X X 230 • • 80 •
Chlorine water X • X X X X • X • • X • X
Chlorine wet, concen. X • X X X X X X X 230 • X 80 X
Chlorine wet, dilute X • X X X X X X • • X 80 60
Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % • • 60 60 • • 60 • 60 X • • • 120 50
Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % X • 60 60 X • X • X • X • • • 100 •
Sulphur dioxide, dry • • 60 60 • 60 • • • 230 • X 75 60
Sulphur dioxide, liquid X • 60 X • • • X 75 X
Sulphur dioxide, water X • 60 60 X 60 • • • • X 75 50
Sulphur dioxide, wet X • • 60 X 60 • • • 230 • X 75 50
Sulphur trioxide X • X X X X 60 X • • • X 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 85
ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC
WATER
Brackish 70 • 60 60 75 250 85 • • 100 180 • • 60 120 75
Distilled 70 • 60 60 75 250 85 • • 100 180 • • 60 120 75
Potable 70 • 60 60 75 250 85 • • 100 180 • • 60 120 75
Salt 70 • 60 60 75 250 85 • • 100 180 • • 60 120 75
SALT SOLUTIONS
Aluminium chloride • 60 60 • 60 • • 60 • • • • • 60
Ammonium chloride • 60 60 • 60 • • 60 • • • • • 60
Ammonium fluor, 25 % • 60 60 • 60 • 60 100 • • • 60
Ammonium nitrate • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • • 60
Ammonium sulphate • 60 60 40 60 • 60 • • • • 60
Calcium carbonate • 60 60 • • 60 • • • • 60
Calcium nitrate • 60 60 • • 60 • • • • • 60
Calcium sulphate • 60 60 • • 60 • • • • • 60
Ferrous sulphate • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • 60
Potassium chromate • 60 60 X 60 • 60 80 • • • • 60
Sodium bicarbonate • 60 60 40 60 • 60 • • • • X 60
Sodium chloride • 60 60 • 60 • 60 80 • • • • 60
Sodium sulphate • 60 60 40 60 • 60 • • • • • 60
Zinc sulphate • 60 60 • 60 • 60 • • • • • 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 86
ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC
HYDROCARBONS - ALIPHATIC
Butadiene X X X X X • • • X • 60
Heptane • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60
Hexane • • • • • • X • • • • • • • •
Propane • • X X • 60 X • • • • •
HYDROCARBONS - AROMATIC Benzene X • X X 40 • X X • X • 230 180 X 75 X
Phenol X • 60 60 X X 60 X X 60 • 230 180 X 50 X
Toluene X • X X 40 150 • X • X 80 230 180 X 75 X
Xylene X • X X 40 • • X X 80 230 180 X • X
HYDROCARBONS - ALCOHOLS
Allanol X • X X X X • • X • X
Butanol • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50
Ethanol 70 • 60 60 • • • X • 100 • 230 180 X 80 50
Isopropanol • • 60 60 • • 60 X • 60 230 180 • • 50
Methanol 70 • 60 60 • • 60 X • 60 60 230 180 X 120 50
Propanol • • 60 60 X • • 60 • • • • 60
Glycerol • • • 60 60 • 60 60 • 100 • 230 180 • • 60
Glycol • • • 60 60 • • 60 • 60 150 230 180 • • 60
Cyclohexanol X • • 60 50 • 60 • • 230 180 X 65 X
ETHERS X • X X • • • X • X • • • X • X
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 87
ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC
HYDROCARBONS - ALDEHYDES/KETONES
Acetaldehyde X • X X • X X • • • X X X
Acetone X • X X 40 • 60 X • 50 55 230 180 X X X
Cycloheaxanone X • X X • • • X X 230 180 X X X
Formaldehyde • • • • • • • • 60 • • 140 X 50 40
Methyl ethyl ketone X • X X 40 • • X • 230 180 X X X
Methyl isobutyl ketone X • X X 40 X X 230 180 X X X
HYDROCABONS - ESTERS
Amyl acetate X X X 60 X X • • X X 50 X
Butyl acetate X X X 60 X X X 80 • X X • X
Dioctyl phthalate X X X 60 • • • X
Ethyl acetate X X X 60 • • X • X • • X X X X
Sodium benzoate • 40 40 60 60 40 • 40
HYDROCARBONS - AMINES
Butylamine X 150 X X 130 X X • • • 230 X X
Diethylamine X 60 60 60 130 60 230 X 60 60
Dimethylamine X • • • 230 X
Triethylamine 60 60 130 • 60 230 60 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 88
ABS FEP HDPE MDPE PA-11 PEEK PEX PMMA POM PP PPS PTFE PCTFE PVC PVDF UPVC
HYDROCARBONS - CHLORINATED
Allyl chloride X X • 60 X • X X • X
Amyl chloride X X X • • X X • X 120 X
Carbon tetrachloride X • X X 40 X X • X • • X 120 X
Carbon trichloride X • X X X X • X • • X • X
Chlorobenzene X • X X X X • X • • X 75 X
Ethyl chloride X • X X • X X X • • • X • X
Ethylene chloride X • X X • X X X • • • X • X
Ethylene chlorohydrin X • X X X X • • • • X
Ethylene dichloride X • X X X X X • • • • • X • •
Methyl chloride X • X X • X • • X • X
Methylene chloride X • X X X X X • • • • X • X
Trichloroethylene X • X X X X X • X X • • X • X In Table 2a the following definitions are used;
• – Resistant at ambient temperature, no maximum temperature available, advisable to consult supplier or materials expert
X - Not resistant
Number – Resistant up to quoted °C
Blank – No data or experience
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 89
TABLE 2B THERMOSETTING MATERIALS
Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic
Polyester bisphenol
Polyester chlorinated
Polyurethane Vinyl Ester
Air: Max. operating temperature (°C)
110 140 140 70 95 120 70 100
INORGANIC ACIDS
Hydrochloric 10 % 65 130 140 40 90 120 X 100
Hydrochloric 20 % 50 130 110 • 70 120 X 100
Hydrochloric 35 % X 130 100 • • 120 X 80
Hydrofluoric 10 % X • • • 80 • • 65
Hydrofluoric 20 % X • • • • • • 40
Hydrofluoric 35 % X • • X • • •
Nitric 10 % 50 X X • 60 60 X 50
Nitric 65 % X X X X • • X •
Nitric 100 % X X X X X X X
Phosphoric 10 % 40 140 100 • 90 120 X 100
Phosphoric 50 % 40 140 100 • 90 120 X 100
Phosphoric 75 % 40 130 • 50 • 120 X 100
Sulphuric 20 % 60 140 • 60 90 80 • 100
Sulphuric 40 % 40 140 100 60 80 80 • 90
Sulphuric 60 % X 130 80 • 70 60 X 80
Sulphuric 80 % X 50 50 X X • X X
Sulphuric 98 % X X X X X X X X
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 90
Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic
Polyester bisphenol
Polyester chlorinated
Polyurethane Vinyl Ester
ORGANIC ACIDS
Acetic 10 % 80 140 100 • 90 50 • 80
Acetic 60 % • 140 100 • 70 50 • 65
Acetic 100 % X 120 100 X X • X X
Acetic anhydride X X X X X X • X
Benzene sulphonic 10 % 40 140 • • 90 100 80 100
Benzene sulphonic 30 % 40 140 • • 90 • • 100
Chloroacetic 10 % 40 140 • 40 90 50
Chloroacetic 20 % 40 X • 40 90 50
ALKALIS
Ammonium hyd. 10 % 90 140 80 X 60 X 60
Ammonium hyd. 30 % 90 X X X 40 • X 40
Calcium hyd. 10 % 90 • 100 X 60 • X 60
Calcium hyd. 50 % 90 X X X 60 50 X 60
Potassium hyd. 10 % 90 140 X X 60 • • 60
Potassium hyd. 50 % 90 140 X X 60 • • 60
Sodium hyd. 10 % 90 140 X X 60 80 • 60
Sodium hyd. 30 % 90 140 X X 60 • • 60
Sodium hyd. 70 % 90 140 X X 60 X • 60
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 91
Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic
Polyester bisphenol Polyester chlorinated
Polyurethane Vinyl Ester
LIQUIDS/GAS MEDIA
Ammonia gas 65 60 140 X 60 • X 40
Ammon. Hydroxide, 29 % 90 • 100 X 40 • X 40
Bromine X X • X 40 • X 40
Bromine water 40 • X X 40 40
Carbon dioxide 110 • • 60 90 120 • 90
Carbon monoxide 110 • • 60 90 X 100
Chlorine dry, concen. 50 130 X 50 90 100 X 100
Chlorine dry, dilute 50 130 • 50 90 100 X 100
Chlorine water X 130 X • • 70 60 100
Chlorine wet, concen. X 130 X • • 60 X 100
Chlorine wet, dilute X 130 X • • 60 X 100
Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % 65 140 X X • 70 • •
Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % • X X X • • • •
Sulphur dioxide, dry 100 140 110 60 90 120 • 100
Sulphur dioxide, liquid 60 140 • • 80 • 100
Sulphur dioxide, water 60 140 110 • 80 • • 100
Sulphur dioxide, wet 60 140 110 45 80 80 • 100
Sulphur trioxide X 140 110 • 90 • 100
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 92
Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic
Polyester bisphenol Polyester chlorinated
Polyurethane Vinyl Ester
WATER
Brackish 110 140 140 50 90 100 70 80
Distilled 100 140 140 50 90 100 70 80
Potable 100 140 140 50 90 100 70 80
Salt 110 140 140 50 90 100 70 80
SALT SOLUTIONS
Aluminium chloride 110 • • 50 90 • 100
Ammonium chloride 90 • • 50 90 • • 100
Ammonium fluor. , 25 % 65 • • • • • 65
Ammonium nitrate 90 • • • 90 • • 100
Ammonium sulphate 110 • • 50 90 • • 100
Calcium carbonate 110 • • 50 90 • 80
Calcium nitrate 110 • • 50 90 • 100
Calcium sulphate 110 • • 50 90 • • 100
Ferrous sulphate 90 • • 50 90 • • 100
Potassium chromate 110 • • • 90 • • 100
Sodium bicarbonate 110 • • 50 60 • • 80
Sodium chloride 110 • • 50 90 • • 100
Sodium sulphate 110 • • 50 90 • • 100
Zinc sulphate 110 • • 50 90 • • 100
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 93
Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic
Polyester bisphenol
Polyester chlorinated
Polyurethane Vinyl Ester
HYDROCARBONS - ALIPHATIC
Butadiene 40 • • 40
Heptane 60 • • • 65 • • 60
Hexane 60 • • • • • • 60
Propane 65 • • • • • 90
HYDROCARBONS - AROMATIC
Benzene 50 140- 80 X X 80 • X
Phenol 65 140 60 X X • X X
Toluene 50 140 70 X X 80 • X
Xylene 60 140 70 X X • • X
HYDROCARBONS - ALCOHOLS
Allanol • 140 80 • •
Butanol 50 140 80 • • • 50
Ethanol 50 140 80 • • 70 X 40
Isopropanol 40 140 80 • • 50
Methanol 40 140 80 • • 70 X 40
Propanol 40 • • • • X 50
Glycerol 110 140 80 60 90 120 • 90
Glycol 90 140 110 60 80 120 • 90
Cyclohexanol 65 140 80 • • • 65
ETHERS • 140 • • 50 X • •
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 94
Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic
Polyester bisphenol
Polyester chlorinated
Polyurethane Vinyl Ester
HYDROCARBONS - ALDEHYDES/KETONES
Acetaldehyde • • • X X X X
Acetone • • X X 80 X X •
Cycloheaxanone 60 80 80 • X X
Formaldehyde • • 70 50 • 60 X •
Methyl ethyl ketone 40 X 60 X X X X X
Methyl isobutyl ketone 60 X 60 • X X X
HYDROCARBONS - ESTERS
Amyl acetate X 80 80 X X • •
Butyl acetate 40 80 80 X • • • X
Dioctyl phthalate X • • • • • 100
Ethyl acetate • 80 80 50 80 X •
Sodium benzoate 110 • • 80 80
HYDROCARBONS - AMINES
Dipropanolamine (DIPA) X X X X X X X 40
Dimethylamine • • • • •
Trimethylamine • • • 60 80 40
Diethanolamine 50 • • • • 40
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 95
Epoxy Furane Phenolic Polyester isophthalic Polyester bisphenol Polyester chlorinated
Polyurethane Vinyl ester
HYDROCARBONS - CHLORINATED
Allyl chloride • • X •
Amyl chloride X • X X X 50
Carbon tetrachloride 40 140 140 • • 50 • 50
Carbon trichloride 60 140 • X X X •
Chlorobenzene • 140 80 X X 60 • X
Ethyl chloride • • X X • X X
Ethylene chloride 60 • • X X • X X
Ethylene chlorohydrin • • • 70 40
Ethylene dichloride • 140 70 X X X X X
Methyl chloride X 140 • X X • X
Methylene chloride X • X X X X
Trichloroethylene 65 80 80 X X 70 • X
In Table 2b the following definitions are used;
• – Resistant at ambient temperature, no maximum temperature available, advisable to consult supplier or materials expert
X - Not resistant
Number – Resistant up to quoted °C
Blank – No data or experience
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 96
TABLE 2C RUBBER/ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone Air: Max. operating temperature (°C)
130 90 180 250 170 120 100 70 80 220
INORGANIC ACIDS
Hydrochloric 10 % • • • • 70 50 • 50 • •
Hydrochloric 20 % • X • • 70 • • 50 • X
Hydrochloric 35 % 50 X • • 70 • • • • X
Hydrofluoric 10 % • X X • 100 70 X 70 • •
Hydrofluoric 20 % • X X • 100 70 X 70 • X
Hydrofluoric 35 % • X X • 100 X X X • •
Nitric 10 % • X • • • 50 X X X •
Nitric 65 % X X X • • X X X X X
Nitric 100 % X X X • • X X X X X
Phosphoric 10 % 80 • • • 100 60 • 70 X •
Phosphoric 50 % • • • • 100 60 • X X •
Phosphoric 75 % • X • • • X • X X •
Sulphuric 20 % 90 90 60 • 70 60 80 70 70 •
Sulphuric 40 % 90 70 60 • 70 60 80 60 60 •
Sulphuric 60 % 80 • 60 • 70 • • • • X
Sulphuric 80 % 70 X • • 70 • X X X X
Sulphuric 98 % X X X • • X X X X X
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 97
CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone
ORGANIC ACIDS
Acetic 10 % X X X • • 40 • X • •
Acetic 60 % X X X • • • • X X •
Acetic 100 % X X X • X • • X X •
Acetic anhydride 80 80 • • X • X X X •
Benzene sulphonic 10 % • 70 • • X X X X X •
Benzene sulphonic 30 % X • • • X X X X X •
Chloroacetic 10 % • X • • • X X X X •
Chloroacetic 20 % X X • • • X X X X •
ALKALIS Ammonium hyd. 10 % 80 40 • • • 60 60 70 100 •
Ammonium hyd. 30 % 80 40 • • • 60 60 70 100 •
Calcium hyd. 10 % 80 90 • • • 60 60 70 90 •
Calcium hyd. 50 % 80 90 • • • 60 60 70 90 •
Potassium hyd. 10 % 80 90 • • X 60 60 70 90 X
Potassium hyd. 50 % 80 90 • • X 60 60 70 90 •
Sodium hyd. 10 % 80 90 • • 70 60 60 70 90 •
Sodium hyd. 30 % 80 90 • • 70 60 60 70 90 •
Sodium hyd. 70 % 80 90 • • • 60 60 70 90 •
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 98
CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone
LIQUIDS/GAS MEDIA
Ammonia gas X • • • X • X X X X
Ammon. Hydroxide 29 % • • • • X • • • • •
Bromine X X X • • X X X X •
Bromine water X X X • • X X X X •
Carbon dioxide 90 • • • • • • • • •
Carbon monoxide 90 • • • • • X • X •
Chlorine dry, concen. X X X • 100 X X • X •
Chlorine dry, dilute X X X • 100 X • • • •
Chlorine water X X X • • X X X X •
Chlorine wet, concen. X X X • • X X X X X
Chlorine wet, dilute X X X • • X X X X X
Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % • X • • • • X X • •
Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % • X • • • • X X • •
Sulphur dioxide, dry • X • • • • • X • X
Sulphur dioxide, liquid X • • • • • X X X X
Sulphur dioxide, water X X • • • • X X • X
Sulphur dioxide, wet X X • • • • X X X X
Sulphur trioxide X X X • • X X X X X
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 99
CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone
WATER
Brackish 130 90 150 250 170 100 90 70 80 220
Distilled 130 90 150 250 170 100 90 70 80 220
Potable 130 90 150 250 170 100 90 70 80 220
Salt 130 90 150 250 170 100 90 70 80 220
SALT SOLUTIONS
Aluminium chloride • 60 • • • 100 • 70 • •
Ammonium chloride • 60 • • • 90 • 70 • •
Ammonium fluor. , 25 % • • • • • • • • • •
Ammonium nitrate • 40 • • • 70 • • • •
Ammonium sulphate • 70 • • • 60 • 70 • •
Calcium carbonate • 90 • • • • • 70 • •
Calcium nitrate • 90 • • • • • • • •
Calcium sulphate • 80 • • • • • • • •
Ferrous sulphate • • • • • • • • • •
Potassium chromate • 70 • • • • • 70 • •
Sodium bicarbonate • 90 • • • 80 • 70 • •
Sodium chloride • 90 • • • 100 • 70 • •
Sodium sulphate • 70 • • • 80 • 70 • •
Zinc sulphate • • • • • • • 70 • •
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 100
CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone
HYDROCARBONS - ALIPHATIC
Butadiene X X X • • X X X X •
Heptane • • X • • X • X • •
Hexane • • X • • X • X X •
Propane X • X • • X • X X •
HYDROCARBONS - AROMATIC Benzene X X X • • X X X X •
Phenol X X X • • • X X X •
Toluene X X X • • X X X X •
Xylene X X X • • X X X X •
HYDROCARBONS - ALCOHOLS Allanol • • • • • • •
Butanol • • • • • • • • • •
Ethanol 50 60 • • • 50 50 60 50 •
Isopropanol • • • • • 50 50 60 • •
Methanol 60 60 60 • X 60 60 70 60 •
Propanol 50 50 50 • • 50 50 50 50 •
Glycerol 100 100 100 • • 100 100 70 100 •
Glycol 80 70 • • • 50 • 70 80 •
Cyclohexanol • • X • • X • X X •
ETHERS X X X • X X X X X X
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 101
CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone
HYDROCARBONS - ALDEHYDES/KETONES
Acetaldehyde X X • • X • X X X X
Acetone X X • • X • X • • X
Cyclohaexanone X X X • X X X X X X
Formaldehyde • • • • X X • X • X
Methyl ethyl ketone X X • • X X X X X X
Methyl isobutyl ketone X X X • X X X X X X
HYDROCARBONS - ESTERS
Amyl acetate X X • • X • X X X X
Butyl acetate X X • • X X X X X X
Dioctyl phthalate X X • • • • • X X •
Ethyl acetate X X • • X • X X X X
Sodium benzoate • • • • • • • • •
HYDROCARBONS - AMINES Dibutylamine X X • • X X X X X X
Diethylamine • • • • X • • • • X
Monoethanolamine X X • X X • X • • X
Triethanolamine • • • • X • • • • X
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 102
CSM CR EPDM FFKM FKM IIR NBR NR (soft) SBR Fluoro-silicone
HYDROCARBONS - CHLORINATED
Allyl chloride
Amyl chloride X X X • • X • X X •
Carbon tetrachloride X X X • • X • X X •
Carbon trichloride X X X • • X X X X
Chlorobenzene X X X • • X X X X •
Ethyl chloride X X X • • X • X X X
Ethylene chloride X X X • • X X X X •
Ethylene chlorohydrin • • • • • • X X • •
Ethylene dichloride X X X • • X X X X X
Methyl chloride X X X • • X X X X •
Methylene chloride X X X • • X X X X •
Trichloroethylene X X X • • X X X X •
In Table 2c the following definitions are used;
• – Resistant at ambient temperature, no maximum temperature available, advisable to consult supplier or materials expert
X - Not resistant
Number – Resistant up to quoted °C
Blank – No data or experience
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 103
TABLE 2D INORGANIC MATERIALS
Carbon, non-impregnated
Graphite, non-impregnated
Graphite, phenolic
Porcelain Glass-lining Quartz, silica Alumina Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia
Air: Max. op. temp. (°C)
400 400 200 250 250 1000 1700 1500 1100 1700
INORGANIC ACIDS
Hydrochloric 10 % • • 200 • 140 • • • • •
Hydrochloric 20 % • • 200 • 140 • • • • •
Hydrochloric 35 % • • 200 • 140 • • • X •
Hydrofluoric 10 % • • 150 X X X 50 • X X
Hydrofluoric 20 % • • 150 X X X • • X X
Hydrofluoric 35 % • • 150 X X X • • X X
Nitric 10 % 90 90 50 • 140 • • • • •
Nitric 65 % X X X • 140 • • • • •
Nitric 100 % X X X • 140 • • • • •
Phosphoric 10 % • • 150 • X • • • • •
Phosphoric 50 % • • 150 • X • • • • •
Phosphoric 75 % • • 150 X X • 100 • • 100
Sulphuric 20 % • • 200 • 140 • • • • •
Sulphuric 40 % • • 200 • 140 • • • • •
Sulphuric 60 % • • 200 • 160 • • • • •
Sulphuric 80 % • • 150 • 160 • • • • •
Sulphuric 98 % 70 70 X • 220 • 140 • 140 50
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 104
Carbon, non-impregnated
Graphite, non-impregnated
Graphite, phenolic
Porcelain Glass-lining
Quartz, silica
Alumina Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia
ORGANIC ACIDS
Acetic 10 % • • 150 • 100 • • • • •
Acetic 60 % • • 150 • 100 • • • • •
Acetic 100 % • • 150 • 100 • • • • •
Acetic anhydride • • 100 • 100 • • • • •
Benzene sulphonic 10 % • • • • • • • • • •
Benzene sulphonic 30 % • 100 • • • • • • • •
Chloroacetic 10 % • 100 120 • • • • • • •
Chloroacetic 20 % • 100 120 • • • • • • •
ALKALIS Ammonium hyd. 10 % • • • • X • • • • •
Ammonium hyd. 30 % • • • • X X • • X •
Calcium hyd. 10 % • • • • X • • • • •
Calcium hyd. 50 % • • • • X X 50 • X •
Potassium hyd. 10 % • • 100 • X • • • • •
Potassium hyd. 50 % • • • • X X • • X •
Sodium hyd. 10 % • • • • X • • • • •
Sodium hyd. 30 % • • • • X • • • • •
Sodium hyd. 70 % • • • • X X • X X •
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 105
Carbon, non-impregnated
Graphite, non-impregnated
Graphite, phenolic
Porcelain Glass-lining
Quartz, silica
Alumina Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia
LIQUID/GAS MEDIA
Ammonia gas • • • • • • • • • •
Ammon. Hydroxide 29 % • • • • • • • • • •
Bromine X X X • 100 • • • • •
Bromine water • • X • 100 • • • • •
Carbon dioxide • • • • 150 • • • • •
Carbon monoxide • • • • 150 • • • • •
Chlorine dry, concen. • • 50 • 200 • • • • •
Chlorine dry, dilute • • 50 • 200 • • • • •
Chlorine water • • • • 180 • • • • •
Chlorine wet, concen. • • • • 180 • • • • •
Chlorine wet, dilute • • 50 • 180 • • • • •
Hydrogen peroxide, 3 % • • • • 100 • • • • •
Hydrogen peroxide, 30 % • • • • 70 • • • • •
Sulphur dioxide, dry • • • • • • • • • •
Sulphur dioxide, liquid • • • • • • • • • •
Sulphur dioxide, water • • • • • • • • • •
Sulphur dioxide, wet • • • • • • • • • •
Sulphur trioxide • 120 • • • • • • • •
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 106
Carbon, non-impregnated
Graphite, non-impregnated
Graphite, phenolic
Porcelain Glass-lining
Quartz, silica
Alumina Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia
WATER
Brackish • • • • 130 • • • • 100
Distilled • • • • 130 • • • • 100
Potable • • • • 130 • • • • 100
Salt • • • • 130 • • • • 100
SALT SOLUTIONS
Aluminium chloride • • • • • • • • • •
Ammonium chloride • • • • • • • • • •
Ammonium fluor. , 25 % X X • • X • 80 • • •
Ammonium nitrate • 100 • • • • • • • •
Ammonium sulphate • • • • • • • • • •
Calcium carbonate • • • • • • • • • •
Calcium nitrate • 100 • • • • • • • •
Calcium sulphate • • • • • • • • • •
Ferrous sulphate • • 150 • • • • • • •
Potassium chromate • 100 • • • • • • • •
Sodium bicarbonate • 100 100 • • • • • • 50
Sodium chloride • • 200 • 80 • • • • 50
Sodium sulphate • 100 150 • • • • • • 50
Zinc sulphate • • • • • • • • • •
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 107
Carbon, non-impregnated
Graphite, non-impregnated
Graphite, phenolic
Porcelain Glass-lining
Quartz, silica
Alumina Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia
HYDROCARBONS - ALIPHATIC
Butadiene • • • • • • • • • •
Heptane • • • • • • • • • •
Hexane • • • • • • • • • •
Propane • • • • • • • • • •
HYDROCARBONS - AROMATIC Benzene • • 160 • 250 • • • • •
Phenol • • 100 150 200 • • • • •
Toluene • • 160 • 150 • • • • •
Xylene • • 140 • 150 • • • • •
HYDROCARBONS - ALCOHOLS Allanol • • 160 • • • • • • •
Butanol • • 160 • 140 • • • • •
Ethanol • • 160 • 200 • • • • •
Isopropanol • • 160 • 150 • • • • •
Methanol • • 160 • 200 • • • • •
Propanol • • 160 • • • • • • •
Glycerol 160 160 160 • 150 • • • • •
Glycol • • 160 • 150 • • • • •
Cyclohexanol • • 160 • • • • • • •
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 108
ETHERS • • 160 • • • • • • •
Carbon, non-impregnated
Graphite, non-impregnated
Graphite, phenolic
Porcelain Glass-lining
Quartz, silica
Alumina Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia
HYDROCARBONS - ALDEHYDES/KETONES
Acetaldehyde • 100 160 • • • • • • •
Acetone • • 150 • • • • • • •
Cycloheaxanone • • • • • • • • • •
Formaldehyde 70 70 • • 150 • • • • •
Methyl ethyl ketone • • • • • • • • • •
Methyl isobutyl ketone • • • • • • • • • •
HYDROCARBONS - ETHERS Amyl acetate • • • • • • • • • •
Butyl acetate • 100 • • • • • • • •
Dioctyl phthalate • • • • • • • • • •
Ethyl acetate • • • • 200 • X • • •
Sodium benzoate • 100 • • • • • • • •
HYDROCARBONS – AMINES Aniline • • 160 • 180 • • • • •
Dimethylamine • • • • 100 • • • • •
Trimethylamine • • • • 80 • • • • •
Urea • • • • 150 • • • • •
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 109
Carbon, non-impregnated
Graphite, non-impregnated
Graphite, phenolic
Porcelain Glass-lining
Quartz, silica
Alumina Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Zirconia
HYDROCARBONS - CHLORINATED
Allyl chloride • • • • • • • • • •
Amyl chloride • • • • • • • • • •
Carbon tetrachloride • • 80 • 200 • • • • •
Carbon trichloride • • 60 • 200 • • • • •
Chlorobenzene • • 130 • • • • • • •
Ethyl chloride 150 150 150 • • • • • • •
Ethylene chloride • • • • • • • • • •
Ethylene chlorohydrin • • • • • • • • • •
Ethylene dichloride • • • • • • • • • •
Methyl chloride • • 40 • • • • • • •
Methylene chloride • • • • • • • • • •
Trichloroethylene • • 90 • • • • • • •
In Table 2d the following definitions are used;
• – Resistant at ambient temperature, no maximum temperature available, advisable to consult supplier or materials expert
X - Not resistant
Number – Resistant up to quoted °C
Blank – No data or experience
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 110
APPENDIX 3 FIRE PERFORMANCE OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
FLAMMABILITY FLAME CHARACTERISTICS AND RESULTS OF HEATING
ODOUR
THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS
Polyethylene, medium density
Flammable Blue flame, yellow at top. Melts and drips
Paraffin odour similar to burning candle
Polyethylene, high density
Flammable Blue flame, yellow at top. Melts and drips
Paraffin odour similar to burning candle
Polypropylene Flammable Melts and drips more readily than polyethylene
Sweeter odour than polyethylene
Polyvinyl Chloride, plasticised
Self-extinguishing Ignites with difficulty. Yellow flame, green spurts
Acrid odour
Polyvinyl Chloride, rigid
Self-extinguishing Ignites with difficulty. Yellow flame, green spurts. Spurts less than PVC, plasticised
Acrid odour
Fluorinated Polymers
Non-flammable No burning or carbonising
Acrylics Flammable Blue/white flame Fruity
Polyoxymethylene, Polyformaldehyde
Flammable Blue flame, melts Formaldehyde
Polystyrene Flammable Yellow/white flame. Smoke Illuminating gas
Polyamide Self-extinguishing Ignites with difficulty. Blue/yellow flame. Melts and drips
Burning hair
Isobutylene Flammable
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
Flammable Yellow flame, black smoke. Drips
Acetic odour
Polyvinylidene Chloride
Self-extinguishing Yellow flame, green spurts. Ignites with difficulty
Hydrochloric acid
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 111
THERMOSETTING MATERIALS
Polyesters Flammable to self-extinguishing
Yellow flame, blue at edges. Material cracks and breaks
Characteristic odour
Phenolics Flammable to self-extinguishing
Difficult to ignite. Yellow flame
Carbolineum/phenol
Furanes Flammable
Ureas Self-extinguishing
Difficult to ignite. Burns with blue/green-edged pale yellow flame
Formaldehyde and fish
Melamines Self-extinguishing
Charring at 150 °C. Difficult to ignite
Formaldehyde and fish
Silicones Non-flammable White ash
Polyurethanes Flammable to self-extinguishing
Charring. Smoke Disagreeable, stinging
Epoxies Flammable to self-extinguishing
Black smoke. Yellow/green flame
Sharp acrid odour
RUBBERS AND ELASTOMERS
Natural Rubber Flammable Smoky flame Characteristic odour
Polychloroprene Self-extinguishing
Self-extinguishing Hydrogen chloride
Polyisoprene Flammable Smoky flame Characteristic odour
Polybutadiene Styrene Flammable Smoky flame Characteristic odour
Polybutadiene Acrylonitrile
Flammable Yellow flame, spurts Acetic odour, additional smell of rubber
Butyl Flammable Clear smokeless flame Characteristic odour
Vinylidene Fluoride-Chlorotrifluoroethylene
Non-flammable
Vinylidene Fuoride-Hexafluoropropylene
Non-flammable
Silicones Non-flammable
DEP 30.10.02.13-Gen. April 2003
Page 112
Last page of this DEP
APPENDIX 4 TYPICAL MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OCCASIONALLY USED NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
Chemical
Classification Maximum Operating
Temperature (°C)
Density (kg/m3)
Tensile Strength
(MPa)
Modulus of
Elasticity (MPa)
Thermal Conductivity
(W/m.K)
Coefficient of Linear
Expansion (*10-6 m/mK)
THERMOSET MATERIALS
Furane 140 1500 40 3500 0.25 50
IN-ORGANIC MATERIALS
Carbon, non-impregnated
400 - O2 3000 - inert
1500 15 12,000 5 3
Graphite, non-impregnated
400 - O2 3000 - inert
1600 15 8000 100 2
Graphite / phenolic
190 1900 25 15,000 100 3
Porcelain 1000 2400 35 50,000 1.5 4
Glass lining 250 2600 50 70,000 1.2 4
Quartz/silica 1000 2300 30 70,000 1.5 1
Tungsten carbide
500 14,500 1000 570,000 50 6
THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS
ABS 90 1050 55 2500 0.25 100
FEP 150 2150 21 600 0.20 90
PTFE 230 2200 25 750 0.23 160
PMMA (Plexiglas)
80 1180 75 3300 0.19 75
POM 100 1410 65 3200 0.25 110
top related