motivation why we do what we do…and how we feel about it
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Motivation
Why we do what we do…and how we feel about it.
Motivation• A need or desire that energizes
and directs behavior.
Early Motivation Theories
Motivation is based on our instincts:
•A behavior that is patterned throughout a species and is UNLEARNED.
What Is Motivation?
• Factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.
• Cannot be directly observed, must be inferred.
• Thought of as an intervening variable.
Motives as Intervening Variables
Sources of Motivation
• Biological Factors– Need for food, water, sex, temp. regulation
• Emotional Factors– Panic, fear, anger, love, hatred
• Cognitive Factors– Perceptions, beliefs, expectations…
• Social Factors– Reactions from others ie: parents, family, co-
workers, peers, friends…
Main Theories of Motivation
• Instinct Theory
• Drive Reduction Theory
• Arousal Theory
• Incentive Theory
• Cognitive Theory
• Hierarchy of Motives (Maslow)
Instinct Theory
• Explains some animal behaviors
•Explains some human behaviors
•Does not explain other human behaviors
Instinct Theory• Instinct = Automatic, unlearned, involuntary
behavior triggered by a specific stimulus.
• “Instincts” became meaningless labels.– Described behavior without explaining it.
• At least some aspects of human motivation seem innate - instinctual.– Evolutionary approach
• Sucking • Smiling and other facial expressions• Mate selection – what makes you attracted to someone
who you might have kids with?
Drive-Reduction Theory• The idea that a physiological need
creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
• The need is usually to maintain homeostasis.– Tendency to keep physiological systems in
equilibrium… – Glucose levels, leptin, regulation of set point in weight– not too cold, not to hot– not too wet, not too dry.
Drive Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
• We are not only pushed by our needs but.…
Pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
BUT… why do we ride rollercoasters, gangbang, and
bungee jump?
Optimum Arousal Theory
• Motivation is tied to regulation of arousal.
• Performance is best when arousal is moderate.
• Organisms are motivated to behave in ways that maintain their optimal level of arousal.
The Arousal-Performance Relationship
Incentive Theory
• Behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.
• Emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli that motivate behavior
• Two Incentive-Related Systems:– Wanting – being attracted to a stimulus.– Liking – Evaluating how pleasurable a stimulus
is.
Cognitive Theories• Extrinsic motivation
– involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards
• Intrinsic motivation– involves engaging in certain activities or
behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations
Extrinsic Motivation
• A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Intrinsic Motivation
• A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Cultivating Intrinsic Motivation
Hierarchy of Motives• Biological needs
– physiological requirements that are critical to our survival and physical well-being
• Social needs– needs that are acquired through learning and
experience
• Satisfying needs– Maslow’s hierarchy of needs– ascending order, or hierarchy, in which
biological needs are placed at the bottom and social needs at the top
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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