psych 101 chapter 10 1 prologue to chapter 10 motivation and emotion why do we do the things we do?...

Psych 101 Chapter 10 1

Prologue to Chapter 10

Motivation and Emotion Why do we do the things we do? Why do we feel the way we do about events in our

life? What is “hunger?” Why are many people

overweight? Why do some teenage girls starve themselves to death in the midst of plenty?

These are the questions of motivation and emotion


Definitions of motivation and emotion Motivation

those factors that activate behavior and give it direction

those factors that make us do what we do and give our behavior either a positive or negative direction

psychologists abbreviate the term “motivation” with the letter “K” (as per Clark Hull’s work in the 1940s)


Definitions of motivation and emotion Emotion

positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to environmental stimuli emotion is accompanied by physiological

arousal and related behaviors examples include love, hate, fear, joy,

loathing, etc. We will now examine primary motives


Primary Motives


Primary motives: biological needs Homeostasis: biological “thermostats”

homeostasis is a process by which internal body mechanisms sense biological imbalances and stimulate action to restore the proper balances

homeostatic controls exist for hunger, thirst, body temperature, electrolyte levels, etc.

we will discuss hunger and thirst motives in detail next


Primary motive: hunger

Hunger is the regulation of food intake There are biological and psychological

regulators operative in hunger Biological regulation of hunger

control center located in the hypothalamus homeostatic monitoring of blood sugar levels;

insulin and glucagon monitoring rat and cat experiments (surgical ablations)


Primary motives: hunger

Specific hungers and homeostasis animals deprived of protein, a specific

vitamin, or fat will tend to eat greater quantities of foods containing that element when later given a choice

children will, if it is available, eat the substances they need to have in their diet; have nutritious snacks available for them from which to choose and they will eat right


Primary motives: hunger

Psychological factors in hunger learning affects hunger emotion affects hunger incentives affect hunger social situations affect hunger commercials, time, and smells all affect hunger “stimulus control” and dieting: controlling the cues

to eat


Primary motives: thirst

Thirst is the regulation of fluid intake Biological regulation of thirst

a “drink” and a “stop drinking” center are located in different sections of the hypothalamus

homeostatic measurements of blood volume regulate thirst; as blood volume decreases a hormone called angiotensin is released by the kidneys; hypthalamic detection causes thirst



Biological regulation of thirst (cont.) cell fluid levels in the body and a dry mouth

are also stimuli which affect thirst Psychological factors in thirst

excluding alcohol, it is not as powerful as that for foods

body is not picky about what fluids, however fluids that contain addictive substances may be craved, e.g., coffee, pop, tea, and beer



Psychological factors in thirst (cont.) cravings for addictive drinks are not due to

deprivation of required substances (as is the case in food cravings); drink cravings are psychological dependencies

social drinking and coffee klatching as cues for injestion of certain beverages alcoholism and social drinkers


Psychological motives



Psychological motives are motives not directly related to the biological survival of the individual or species

Stimulus motivation: Seeking out novel stimulation the Optimum Arousal Theory the Yerkes-Dodson Law of motivation and

task performance



Affiliation motivation: the drive to be in contact with others

Achievement motivation: the need for success in competitive situations fear of failure

failure to try because of fear you might not succeed

fear of success snatching defeat out of the mouth of victory because of fear

of success



Solomon’s “Opponent-Process” theory of acquired motives based on a notion of affective contrast and

affective habituation people acquire habits of doing things that

provide emotional excitement and break up boredom

Would you hang-glide? Free-fall? Fly a plane or climb Mount Everest?


Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation


Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity itself; by the process itself and with no external rewards

Extrinsic motivation is stimulated not by the process itself but by what can be gotten from doing the activity, e.g., a reward or recognition or other gain

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation


Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs”

Lower level needs must be met before higher level needs will be operative

Maslow: a humanistic psychologist; his theory is often observed in business

Maslow’s pyramid of ascending needs


Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological Needs

Safety Needs

Belongingness Needs

Esteem Needs

Self Actualization


Emotions

Emotions


Emotions

Psychologists have trouble agreeing on a precise definition of emotions

Three (3) theories of emotions the “James-Lange Theory” suggests that an

emotional stimulus produces a bodily reaction, which them produces an emotional feeling. The BODY makes the feeling.


Emotions

Three (3) theories (continued) The “Cannon-Bard Theory” states that an

emotional stimulus simultaneously produces both the emotional experience and the physiological arousal; the BODY and the MIND are influenced together by the emotion-producing stimulus


Emotions

Three (3) theories (continued) “Cognitive Theory” suggests that there are

two (2) steps in the cognitive interpretation of emotion the interpretation of incoming stimuli from the

environment the interpretation of stimuli from the body

resulting from autonomic arousal the MIND influences the BODY which then

influences the MIND again...


Emotions

Each of these three theories suggests an approach for dealing with emotions and therapy in clinical settings Do you act your way into a new way of

feeling? Do you feel your way into a new way of

acting? Do you feel and act together simultaneously

to resolve emotional difficulties?


Emotions

The physiology of emotion and the lie detector device what is a lie detector machine? how does it work and what does it measure? can you beat a lie detector machine? why aren’t lie detectors considered good

evidence in a court of law?


Emotions

The role of learning and culture in the experiencing of emotion many psychologists believe that we are born

with basic emotions comparisons of different cultures reveal that

learning plays an important role in the experience of emotions and what emotions we will or won’t have

emotional illnesses by cultures


Emotions

Cultural emotional illnesses include: Windigo

an emotional illness in far North American Native Americans

an irresistable urge to kill and eat your neighbor Depression

Northern Europeans are particularly prone toward depression

Polynesian fears of the penis growing inward


Aggression


Aggression

The emotional and motivational aspects of human aggression

Why are we the most violent species? We will examine several theories

concerning human aggression Freud’s “instinct theory” Dollard & Miller’s “frustration-aggression” Bandura’s “social learning theory”


Aggression

Freud’s “instinct theory”: the release of aggressive energy sex and violence: the source of psychic

energy (the libido) “catharsis” Freud suggested that all animals (including

humans) are born with potent aggressive instincts that must be released in some way

the “sublimation” of aggression


Aggression

Dollard & Miller’s “Frustration-Aggression hypothesis” blocked goals cause aggression aggression is a natural reaction to the

frustration of a blocked goal theory suggests the inevitability of aggression is it inevitable that aggression occur and, if

so, what implications for the human race?


Aggression

Bandura’s “Social Learning Theory” and aggression aggression is learned by observing others

benefit from aggression theory posits that aggression is learned and is

not inevitable sources of observations of violence include

TV violence of many types are we teaching ourselves to be aggressive?


Aggression

Culture and aggression according to Richard Nesbitt, socially learned

attitudes may be the basis for the difference in rates of violence in the United States

love, hate, religion, racism, and war what about the future now that we have hydrogen

bombs and intercontinental ballistic missles to deliver megadeath in 30 minutes?

can we learn to be passive and not aggressive?


Applications of Psychology


Applications of psychology

Can we have peace on earth or will we become extinct? what do we teach ourselves? what must we do to preserve our species from

nuclear annilhilation? Green Peace vs Red War: can we reprogram

ourselves for a sustainable future?


Questions?

Any questions over Chapter 10?


Test #3 coming up!

We will have a test over chapters 8, 9, and 10 coming up

Remember to read the chapters, study your notes, use the study guide, and bring 2 #2 pencils to the class on test day

Remember to have your studyguide checked BEFORE test day by me or a proctor

psych 101 chapter 10 1 prologue to chapter 10 motivation and emotion why do we do the things we do?...

Documents

hunger hunger

hunger emotion

thirst thirst

thirst slide

thirst motives

emotion slide

hunger incentives

hunger learning