measures to improve osh in the e-waste recycling...
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Dr HG Sadhu, Scientist F
National Institute of
Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad
Measures to Improve OSH in
the E-Waste Recycling Units
Roundtable Meeting on Occupational Safety
Toxics Link
New Delhi, 14 April, 2015
National Institute of Occupational Health
Meghaninagar
Ahmedabad 380 016
OBJECTIVES
Prevention – Preservation – Promotion
• Workers / Community Health
• Work / Community Environment
Activities
•Research
•Education and Training
•Service
3
Component Hazardous Materials
CRT Pb, As, Hg, P
LCD Hg
Fluorescent
lamp
Hg, P, flame retardants (FR)
Cooling
system
Ozone depleting substance (ODS)
Others Se, AsO3, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Br, Ba
E-Waste: Dangers
4
E-Waste: Effects
Toxin Humans
Hg Impairment of neurological development in
foetus and small children; tremours, emotional
changes, insomnia, headache, kidney effects
respiratory failures, death
Pb Damage to brain and nervous system, slow
growth in children, hearing problems,
behavioural changes, physical disorders
5
Toxin Humans
Cr Asthmatic bronchitis, skin irritation, ulceration,
respiratory irritation, perforated eardrums,
Kidney damage, pulmonary congestion and
oedema, epigastric pain, erosion and
discolouration of the teeth
BFR May increase cancer risk to digestive and
lymph systems, endocrine disorder
E-Waste: Effects
6
Soil
• Toxic leachates: Hg, Cd, Pb, P
• Uncontrolled fire risk →toxic fumes
• Biologically non-degradable: Cd, HG, BFR
There are also hazardous effects on
livestock, ecology, etc.
E-Waste: Effects
7
E-Waste poses a serious threat to human
health and the environment.
Rapid
technological
changes
Increased
electronics
purchase
More
E-Waste
More
Hazardous
materials
in landfills
Increasing
human
health risks
The Problem
8
Almost everyone is a stakeholder
E-Waste
Suppliers
Collectors
Manufacturers
End-users
Recyclers
Resellers
Aggregators
Stakeholders
E-waste Disposal
Methods
• Recycle
• Landfill
• Incineration
• Recovery And Reuse
10
E-waste recycling is presently concentrated in
the informal (unorganized) sector
No organized collection system prevails
Operations are mostly illegal
Processes are highly polluting
Recycling operations engage in:
dismantling
sale of dismantled parts
valuable resource recovery
export of processed waste for precious metal recovery
Recycling scenario in India
11
High-risk backyard operation
Non- efficient and Non-environmentally sound
technologies
Occupational and environmental hazards
Loss of resources due to inefficient processes
Impacts vulnerable social groups- Women,
children and mmigrant labourers
Concerns: Informal Recycling
Recycling and reprocessing
units in India
• Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Haryana , Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh
• M/s Ramky E-waste Recycling Facility (Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd.)
• Attero Electronic Asset Management Company. Unit: Roorkee.
Owner: IIT Delhi Passout.
• M/s E-R3 Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Peenya Bangalore – 560 058
12
Land Filling
Definition : Land fill is also known as dump , is a site for the disposal of waste a
site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest
form of waste treatment.
Disadvantages :
Metals like mercury, cadmium,
lead leach into the soil and
ground water make them polluted
Require large amount of space.
It is not a environmentally
sound treatment
Incineration
Definition :
It is a controlled and complete combustion
process, in which the
waste material is
burned in specially
designed incinerator
at a high temperature
(900 – 10000 c)
The hazardous waste (management and handling ) rules, 1998 as
amended in 2008 for Toxic content – registration mandatory for
recyclers
Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules for non-Toxic
content
Basel convention for regulating transboundary movement
Foreign Trade policy restricts import of second-hand computers and
does not permit import of e-waste
‘Guidelines’ by Central Pollution Control Board ( 2008)
Legislations Governing E-Waste
16
The guidelines notified in April 2008 - basic guidance document
identifying and recognizing fundamental principles:
Producer Responsibility
RoHS (Restriction on Hazardous Substances)
Best practices
Insight into technologies for various levels of recycling
The guidelines explicitly mention the need for a separate
legislation for implementing ‘Producer Responsibility’
E-Waste Guidelines
1st Level E-waste Treatment [MoEF, Guidelines, 2008]
Flow Chart of 1st Level Treatment
2nd Level E-waste Treatment [MoEF Guidelines, 2008]
Flow Chart of 2nd Level Treatment
Pre- comminuting for a rough liberation
Liberation of Non Ferrous Metals
Classifying for unproved separation
Electrostatic separation of metal fraction
Separation of Cu, Al, Au, Ag
and other precious metal
E-waste
Cyclone
Plastic
Separation of Fe and
Non- Fe (Cu, Al, Au, Ag
and other precious metal)
Fractions (Cu, Al, Au, Ag
and other precious metal)
Magnetic & eddy current separation
of ferrous and nonferrous metals
Subsequent comminution
(Pulverization) of unliberated materials
Dust Extraction Optional gravity or eddy
current separation of coarse metal fraction
3rd Level E-waste Treatment [MoEF Guidelines, 2008]
Flow Chart of Non-CRT Based E-waste Treatment [MoEF, Guidelines, 2008]
Treatment
1) Removal from exposure
2) No specific treatment
3) Prevention
Treatment - Heavy Metals
1) Removal from exposure
2) Chelating agents – Ca or Na EDTA 3 gm in
600 ml of 5% glucose IV for 3 – 4 days
D – Penicillamine: 20 mg/kg body weight
Diagnosis
1) High suspision
2) Occupational history
3) Relevant laboratory investigations
Periodic Medical Examination
1) Early detection
Steps to Protect Workers
• Anticipate potential hazards
• Recognize potential hazards
• Evaluate exposure and risk
• Control exposure and risk
• (Not just for health hazards)
Hierarchy of Controls
1. Engineering controls: Remove hazard
– Process change, Chemical substitution
– Ventilation, Shielding, Guarding
– Requires little or no employee action
2. Administrative controls: Manage exposure
– Worker rotation, Procedures
– Training
– Controlled access areas
– Requires employee action
Hierarchy of Controls
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
– Respirators, Gloves, Boots, Clothing
– Fall protection equipment, Hard hats
– Requires individual employee action
– Last line of defense, behind engineering and
administrative controls
Recycling Technologies
The state-of-the-art recycling of e-waste
comprises three steps:
Detoxication Shredding Refining
Community Exposure
Thank you for your attention
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