Impact of measures to improve urban air quality in Spain.

Studies to estimate impact of measures for improving air quality in Spain and in

some cities

Fernando Martín, Marta G. Vivanco, José Luis Santiago, Rocío Alonso,

Alberto Martilli Atmospheric Pollution Division,

CIEMAT, Madrid. Spain

TFIAM/FAIRMODE Workshop on modelling of urban and regional measures for improve air quality 15-16 February, 2017, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Outline • Past studies:

– International contribution to air pollution in Spain – Reducing PM10 levels applying BATs in ceramic industries – Impact of traffic redistribution on a district of Pamplona – Impact of house heating on AQ of a district of Madrid – Effect of photocatalytic pavements in urban areas – Impact of periurban forest in ozone levels – APPRAISAL project

• Present studies: – Impact of street vegetation on street air quality

• Next studies: – Effect of action plan for episodes in Madrid – Estimating the impact of emission reductio dur to Directive if National

Emission Ceilings

Reducing PM10 levels applying BATs in ceramic industries (Castellón area) DUSTCERAM project

Castellón

Burriana

BenicasimOropesa

Alcora

Onda

Almenara

La Vall d´UixóNules

Cabenes

Villareal

4420

4440

4460

Lat (

UTM

)

720 740 760 780

Long (UTM)

15101520253035404550556065707580859095100125150

PM10 annual mean concentration estimated with MM5-MELPUFF (base case)

PM10 annual mean concentration estimated with MM5-MELPUFF assuming implementation of BAT in the ceramic industries

Castellón

Burriana

BenicasimOropesa

Alcora

Onda

Almenara

La Vall d´UixóNules

Cabenes

Villareal

4420

4440

4460

Lat (

UTM

)

720 740 760 780

Long (UTM)

Plaza de la Cruz (Centre of Pamplona, Spain)

Traffic Reorganization

26-06-2013 NUEVAS MEDIDAS PARA LA MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD - UIMP - SANTANDER 7

CFD modelling to compute the contribution of each street 90

80

70

60

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0

E1 Avenida de Baja Navarra E2 Avenida de Zaragoza

E4 Avenida de Galicia E3 Alrededores de la Plaza de la Cruz 90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

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0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

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0 Wind ESE (112,5º)

E1 E2 E3 E4

Total

Traffic Reorganization

Proposal of traffic reorganization:

30% Traffic reduction in streets 2 and 3 75 % of the traffic reduction in

streets 2 and 3 goes to street 1 25 % of the traffic reduction in

streets 2 and 3 goes to street 4 Effects:

Important reduction of pollution at point A and B where there were high concentrations Incresing of pollution at point C but

with lower level than at points A and B.

% Concentration respect point A

% Change of number of LV exceedances

Point A

Before 100 - After 72 -66

Point B

Before 220 - After 160 -32

Point C

Before 35 - After 55 +40

E1 E2 E3 E4

A

C

B

Traffic Reorganization

MODELLING THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT FUELS FOR BOILERS FOR HOUSE HEATING ON AIR QUALITY OF AN URBAN DISTRICT OF MADRID

Escenario Proporción de tipos de calderas en consumo

energético

Aumento del área de superaciones de 50 µg/m3 de PM10

respecto al escenario base

Máximo aproximado de la concentración

de PM10 debido a las calderas (µg/m3)

0 Biomasa=0.6%; Gas Natural=76.6%;

Productos Petrolíferos=20.6%; Carbón=2.2%

0% 1.8

1.a Biomasa(150 mg/m3)=25% ; Gas Natural=75%

20% 6

1.b Biomasa(60 mg/m3)=25% ; Gas Natural=75%

3% 2.5

2.a Biomasa(150 mg/m3)=50% ; Gas Natural=50%

52% 11

2.b Biomasa(60 mg/m3)=50% ; Gas Natural=50%

14% 4.5

3.a Biomasa(150 mg/m3)=75% ; Gas Natural=25%

85% 16

3.b Biomasa(60 mg/m3)=75% ; Gas Natural=25%

24% 6.5

4.a Biomasa(150 mg/m3)=100% ; 117% 21

4.b Biomasa(60 mg/m3)=100% 38% 8.5 5 Gas Natural=100% -7% 0.5 6 Carbón=100% 278% 55

ESCENARIO 0

ESCENARIO 4.a

House heating (different scenarios of fuels: Biomass, coal and natural gas) and road traffic CFD Modelling Low impact of house heating in base scenario, but if massive use of biomass or coal the impact on PM10 is very important

Effect of street vegetation on air quality

Vos et al., 2013 Environmental Pollution

Paradox:

Urban vegetation removes pollutants (deposition).

Urban vegetation disturb the wind fields and

turbulence affecting to pollutant dispersion.

Modelling studies

Experimental campaigns

26-06-2013 NUEVAS MEDIDAS PARA LA MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD - UIMP - SANTANDER 13

Effect of urban vegetation in a district of Madrid CFD Modelling

Effect of street vegetation on urban air quality

VDepositonMicro = 10 cm/s

CFD simulations taken into account deposition + dynamic effects

Dense foliage Light foliage

No vegetation

LIFE-RESPIRA project Participants: Universidad de Navarra, CIEMAT, GANASA

General objetive: Assessment of cyclists and pedestrians exposure to urban air pollution.

Modelling objectives:

o High resolution modelling of urban air quality.

o Quantifying and modelling the effect of urban vegetation on urban air quality.

o …. Pamplona district

020406080

100120140160180200220240260280300320

NO

x [

µg

/m³]

UTC

March 2016

NOx_EXP NOx_SIM (LAD = 0.1)

. ; . ;

Real New Veg.

LAD 0 5 Vdep 3 LAD 0 5 Vdep 3SIM SIMC C= = = =−

Dynamic/dispersion effects are more important

than pollutant deposition effects.

Field experiments investigating effect of urban vegetation

LIFE-RESPIRA • Experiments in street canyons.

– Two streets. One with trees and other without trees.

– Simulations with CFD model.

• Experiments in streets crossing urban parks: – Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk – Effect of trees

Meteo Pollutants

Campaigns in different seasons Microsensors, Grimm and meteorology

Trees

Calle San Fermín

3,8

15,5m 6,5

10m 21,1m No trees

Calle Tafalla 11,8m 7,9m 4,2m

11,7m

6,8m

3,4m

Experiments in street canyons

At 6.5 m (a.g.l.) -14% respect lower level At 10 m -14% respect lower level

At 6.8 m (a.g.l) -15% respect lower level At 11.7 m -28% respect lower level

Experiments in street canyons

meteo Contaminantes atmosf. Ave. Navarra

Experiments in streets crossing urban parks Effect of trees on black carbon

Preliminary results: No significative effect. Check depending wind direction

Ave. Navarra

Experiments in streets crossing urban parks: Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk on black carbon

Some preliminary data show BC concentrations are lower (10-15%) behind the hedge compared to places without hedges

TECNAIRE Project Coordinated by UPM Participants CIEMAT, UCM, CSIC

Plaza Fernández Ladreda

22

Escuelas Aguirre

Interpolated

measurements

Modeled

concentrations

Appraisal Project Air Pollution Policies foR Assessment of Integrated Strategies At regional and Local scales (ENV2012.6.5-4 - FP7-ENV-2012-one-stage) Coordinator: Brescia University, Italy, Partners: JRC, U. Aveiro, VITO, INERIS, CIEMAT, etc Stakeholders: ARPA Lombardia, Emilia Romagna, IIASA, etc)

Scenario assessment, expert opinion

Optimization

How to select the best scenario to improve the air quality? Best cost/benefit ratio

Guidance document on integrated air quality and health assessment systems Test areas: Aveiro and Brussels

Appraisal Project

Next studies Impact of applying protocol for high pollution episodes in Madrid December 2016. TECNAIRE project. Colaboration with UPM (Julio Lumbreras and Rafael Borge group and other research groups). • Analysis of recorded data at AQ stations and

other data • WRF/CMAQ simulations Use of CFD modelling to investigate the effect of private traffic cuts in the Gran Via street.

Next studies

• Estimating the effect of the pollutant emission reductions in Spain as a result of the Directive of National Emission Ceilings. – Contract with Spanish Environment Ministry. – Iberian Peninsula domain including Balearic Islands – What improvements on AQ are expected from

reduction scenarios by SNAP sectors? – Tools: WRF/CHIMERE and SHERPA tool (Screening

High Emission Reduction Potential on Air from FAIRMODE)