may 23, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 4 key issue 3 why is popular...
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April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 4Key Issue 3
Why is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
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Popular culture varies more in time than in
place.It diffuses rapidly across
Earth to locations with a variety of physical
conditions.
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Diffusion of Popular Housing, Clothing, and
Food
Some regional differences persist in MDCs, but differences are much less than in the past.
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Popular Housing Styles
Housing built in the United States since the 1940s
demonstrates how popular customs vary more in time
than in place.
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Since the early 1800s
Housing in the US has been built to reflect
rapidly changing fashion concerning the most suitable house form.
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After World War II
Most US houses were built in a modern style. Since the 1960s, styles the architects call neo-
eclectic have predominated.
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U.S. House Types
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Modern House Styles (1945-60)
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the dominant type was known as minimal traditional.
The ranch house replaced minimal traditional as the dominant style of housing in the 1950s.
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Ranch Style Single story with low pitched gable roof and deep-set eaves
Horizontal, rambling layout Large windows Sliding glass doors leading out to patios
Attached garage
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Ranch Style House
Large lots encouraged urban
sprawl
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Other Modern Style Houses
Split Level Contemporary Shed
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Split-Level Style Popular variant between the
50s-70s. The lower level contained the
garage and the newly invented family room.
The kitchen, formal living, and dining room were on the intermediate level.
Bedrooms were on the top level.
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Split Level Style
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Contemporary Style
Especially popular choice between the 1950s and 1970s for architect-designed houses.
Frequently had flat or low pitched roofs.
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Contemporary Style
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Shed Style Houses
Popular in the late 1960s, Characterized by high-pitched shed roofs, giving the house the appearance of a series of geometric forms.
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Shed Style
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U.S. House Types
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Neo-eclectic House Styles
Became popular in the late 1960s, and by the 1970s had surpassed modern styles in
vogue.“Great Room” replaced
separate family room and formal living room.
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Neo-eclectic House Styles
Mansard Neo-Tudor Neo-French Neo-colonial
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Mansard Style Popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Shingle-covered second or third-story walls sloped slightly inward and merged into the roofline.
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Mansard
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Neo-Tudor Style
Popular in the 1970s. Characterized by dominant, steep-pitched front-facing gables and half-timbered detailing.
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Neo-Tudor
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Neo-French Style Appeared in the early 1970s. Was the most fashionable style for new houses by the 1980s.
Featured dormer windows, usually with rounded tops, ahd high-hipped roofs.
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Neo-French
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Neo-colonial Style
An adaptation of English colonial houses.
Has been continuously popular since the 1950s but never dominant.
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Neo-Colonial
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Rapid Diffusion of Clothing Styles
Individual clothing habits reveal how popular
culture can be distributed across the landscape with little regard for distinctive
physical features.
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Clothing Styles In MDCs reflect
Occupations rather than particular environments
Higher income Diffusion of clothing styles permitted by improved communications.
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DiffusionImproved Communications permit
rapid diffusion of clothing styles from one region of Earth to another.
Inexpensive reproductions of designer’s originals are available in the stores in less than six weeks.
The globalization of clothing styles has involved increasing awareness of the variety of folk costumes around the world.
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Continued use of Folk Costumes
May persist not because of distinctive environmental conditions or traditional
cultural values but topreserve past memories or
to attract tourists.
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Jeans
An important symbol of the diffusion of western
popular culture throughout the world.
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Denim Jeans Are available throughout Europe and Asia for under $10
“Genuine” jeans made by Levi Strauss, priced at $50 to $100, are preferred as a status symbol.
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Blue Jeans
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Jeans in the Former Soviet Union
Became an obsession and a status symbol among youth, when the Communist government prevented their import.
Their scarcity was just one of many consumer problems that were important motives in the dismantling of Communist governments in Eastern Europe around 1990.
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Popular Food Customs
People in a MDC are likely to have the income, time,
and inclination to facilitate greater adoption
of popular culture.
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Alcohol and Fresh Produce
Consumption of large quantities of alcoholic beverages and snack
foods are characteristic of the food customs of
popular societies.
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Americans Choice, in part, on the basis
of preference for what is produced, grown, or imported locally.
Cultural backgrounds also affect the amount and types of alcohol and snack foods consumed.
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Low Alcohol Consumption
Because Baptists are concentrated in the
Southeast and Mormons in Utah, these regions
have relatively low consumption rates.
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Geographers cannot explain all the
regional variations in food preferences.
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Per Capita Consumption of
Rum
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Per Capita Consumption of
Canadian Whiskey
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Wine Distinctive character is derived
from unique combination of soil, climate, and other characteristics of the topography where the grapes are grown.
Distribution is based principally on culture, both historical and contemporary.
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Wine Consumption Extends from the Roman
Empire. Production traditions were preserved by monasteries during the Middle Ages.
Extremely popular in Europe and Western Hemisphere.
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Wine Identification
The world’s finest wines are most frequently identified by their place of
origin. - Bordeaux is grown in sandy and
gravelly soil- Champagne is grown in chalky
soil- Moselle is grown in soil of a
slate composition
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Wine Productionis discouraged in regions of
the world dominated by religions other than
Christianity. Hindus and Muslims avoid
alcoholic beverages.
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Wine Production
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Role of Television in Diffusing Popular
CultureThe most popular leisure activity
in MDCs throughout the world.The most important mechanism by which knowledge of popular
culture, such as professional sports, is rapidly diffused across
Earth.
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Diffusion of Television
Inventors from the US, the UK, France, Germany, Japan, and the
Soviet Union, simultaneously contributed to the development of
television.The US public first saw television in
the 1930s. However, its diffusion was blocked for a number of years when broadcasting was curtailed or
suspended entirely during WWII.
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Early Television
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T.V. from 50s - 90sDuring the early 1950s
television sets were being sold in only 20 countries, and more
than 85% of the world’s 37 million sets were in the US.
By the early 1990s more than 180 countries had 900 million sets, with less than one-fourth
in the US.
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Televisions/1000 (1954)
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Televisions/1000 (1970)
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Televisions/1000 (1999)
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Levels of T.V. Service
Countries where nearly every household owns a TV set.
Countries in which ownership of a television is common but by no means universal, primarily Latin America…and the poorer European states.
Countries in which television exists but has not yet been widely diffused.
About 30 countries, most of which are in Africa and Asia, have very few television sets.
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Afghanistan in the 1990s
The Taliban made it illegal to own or watch television.Typical punishment was three months in jail and
confiscation of equipment.
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Diffusion of the Internet
Internet service is following the pattern established by
television a generation earlier, and is likely to diffuse rapidly to other countries in
the years ahead.
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Internet in LDCs
Among less developed regions, Latin America and Asia are likely to expand internet hosts
more rapidly than Africa.
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Internet Hosts per 1,000 Population
2002
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U.S. T.V. Ownership Most television stations are
owned by private corporations. Some stations, however, are
owned by local governments or other nonprofit organizations and are devoted to educational or noncommercial programs.
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In Most CountriesThe government(s) control
television stations to minimize the likelihood that programs hostile to current policies will be broadcast . . . in other
words, they are censored.
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In Most CountriesOperating costs are typically paid by the national government from
tax revenues, although some government-controlled stations do sell air time to private advertisers.
A number of Western European countries have transferred some government-controlled television
stations to private companies.
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Reduced Government Control
In the past, many governments viewed television as an important tool for fostering cultural integration.
In recent years, changing technology—especially the diffusion of small satellite dishes—has made television a force for political change rather than stability.
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Electronic Technology Governments have had little success
in shutting down satellite technology. The diffusion of small satellite dishes
hastened the collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe during the late 1980s.
Facsimile machines, portable video recorders, and cellular telephones have also put chinks in government censorship.
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