long term effects of exercise shubham

Long Term Effects of Exercise

Shuvam Roy

5th semester

Medical College

Two types of training

• Strength training

• Endurance training

Musculo-skeletal system: Effect of optimal resistance training on increase in

muscle strength

Changes in hypertrophied muscle

muscle diametermuscle diameter no. of myofibrilsno. of myofibrils sarcoplasmic volumesarcoplasmic volume contractile proteincontractile protein mass of fast twitch fibresmass of fast twitch fibres

Changes in muscle cell due to aerobic training

• More myoglogin, bigger mitochondria

• Increased oxidative enzymes

• Increase in stores and utilization of fat

• Increase in glycogen stores

• Glycogen sparing

• Better recruitment of slow twitch muscle fibres

CVS: Increase in stroke volume

• Increased end diastolic volume

• Enlargement of the heart chambers and increased thickness/strengthening of its muscular walls.

• Greater elastic recoil of myocardium

• Decreased peripheral resistance

Effect of specific sports training on LV cavity dimension or wall thickness in elite athletes, representing 27 different sporting disciplines.

Maron B J , Pelliccia A Circulation 2006;114:1633-1644

Copyright © American Heart Association

Effects of exercise on heart rate

CVS: Cardiac output

• Maximal cardiac output is increased

• Cardiac output in submaximal exercise is decreased

CVS: Blood pressure

• Blood pressure at rest is decreased

• Less increase in SBP due to exercise

• Decreased myocardial oxygen consumption

Physiological Basis for Differences in VOPhysiological Basis for Differences in VO2max2max

Vascular changes

• Increased capillarisation of trained muscle and improved dilation of existing capillaries

• Increase in blood volume is attributed to an increase in plasma volume and number of red blood cells.

• Increased elasticity and thickness of smooth muscle of arterial walls

Respiratory system

• Ventilatory equivalent of oxygen is decreased in submaximal exercise

• Maximum exercise ventilation is increased

• Respiratory rate at rest is decreased

Oxygen Deficit and DebtOxygen Deficit and Debt

Blood lactate as a function of training

Other changes

• Increase in thickness and strength of tendons.

• Increased flexibility of ligaments.• Thickening and improved elasticity of

cartilage.• Improved capability of cartilaginous tissue

to absorb and expel synovial fluid.• Strengthening of bone tissue due to

increased depositing of calcium, therefore reduced risk of injury.

• Acclimatization to heatAcclimatization to heat

Strength-Endurance ContinuumStrength-Endurance Continuum

En

du

ran

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Str

en

gthHigh

StrengthHigh PowerHypertrophy

Olympic lifting

Power lifting

Throwing Rowing

Football100m

Decathalon

Swimming

Marathon

BasketballHigh CapillarityHigh VO2max

Aerobic PowerHigh Mitochondria

Bodybuilding

Rugby

400m

Mile Run

Soccer

10K

10 sec 5 min > 2hrs

ReversibilityReversibility

Exercise prolongs life

• Lowered blood pressure• Lowered blood cholesterol and LDL• Raised HDL• Reduction of obesity• Greater cardiac and respiratory reserve• Greater strength of bones and joints

Thank you