living systems a.characteristics of life b.taxonomic levels c.four kingdoms of eukarya d.what about...

Living Systems

A. Characteristics of life

B. Taxonomic levels

C. Four Kingdoms of Eukarya

D. What about viruses?

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

Feedback systems

• 1. Components

• 2. Types of– a. Negative– b. Positive

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism• 6. Excretion• 7. Reproduction

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism• 6. Excretion• 7. Reproduction• 8. Grow and develop

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism• 6. Excretion• 7. Reproduction• 8. Grow and develop• 9. Populations evolve

A. Characteristics of life

• 1. Living organisms are made of cells

• 2. Respond to their environment

• 3. Maintenance of homestasis by feedback mechanisms

• 4. Movement• 5. Metabolism• 6. Excretion• 7. Reproduction• 8. Grow and develop• 9. Populations evolve• 10. Genetic material

B. Introduction to Taxonomy

• 1. Taxonomy is the study of classification

• 2. The field of taxonomy is in a state of flux

B. Introduction to Taxonomy

• 1. Taxonomy is the study of classification

• 2. The field of taxonomy is in a state of flux

• 3. Organisms previously have been organized and classified based upon morphological and embryological similarities and differences

B. Introduction to Taxonomy

• 1. Taxonomy is the study of classification• 2. The field of taxonomy is in a state of flux• 3. Organisms previously have been

organized and classified based upon morphological and embryological similarities and differences

• 4. With increasingly strong powers of observation, older schemes are being replaced with newer taxonomic schemes

B. Introduction to Taxonomy

• 1. Taxonomy is the study of classification• 2. The field of taxonomy is in a state of flux• 3. Organisms previously have been

organized and classified based upon morphological and embryological similarities and differences

• 4. With increasingly strong powers of observation, older schemes are being replaced with newer taxonomic schemes

• 5. The older five kingdom approach is being replaced with a system which adds a new taxon at a higher more inclusive level.

6. Levels of taxa

• Domain– Eubacteria– Archaebacteria– Eukarya

6. Levels of taxa

• Domain– Eubacteria– Archaebacteria– EukaryaKingdomPhylum Class Order Family GenusSpecies

7. Terminology

• a. Procaryotic vs. eucaryotic

7. Terminology

• a. Procaryotic vs. eucaryotic

• b. Autotrophic vs. heterotrophic

• c. Monophyletic vs. polyphyletic

8. Three different domains

• a. Eubacteria

• b. Archaebacteria

• c. Eukarya

C. Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya• 1. Plant Kingdom

– Cell walls and membranes

– Photoautotrophic– Relatively immobile,

but still possess the ability to move

– Eucaryotic– Multicellular– Monophyletic

Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya

• 2. Animalia– Cell membranes only– Ingestive heterotrophs– Mobile– Eucaryotic– Multicellular– Monophyletic

Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya

• 3. Fungi-a kingdom of questionable origin– Cell walls but made out of

chitin/cellulose– Heterotrophic but

absorptive instead of ingestive

– Relatively immobile except for the slime molds

– Eucaryotic– Multicellular– Monophyletic

Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya

• 4. Protista– Apparently

polyphyletic– Some appear to be

more closely related to animals than to plants

Four phyla of the Eukarya

• 4. Protista– Apparently

polyphyletic– Some appear to be

more closely related to animals than to plants

Four Kingdoms of the Eukarya

• 4. Protista– Apparently

polyphyletic– Some appear to be

more closely related to plants than animals

III. What about viruses?

• Virus Structure

Viral Life Cycle

Is a virus a living thing?

33% 33%33%

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1. Yes

2. No

3. Maybe so

Is a virus highly evolved or primitive?

33% 33%33%

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1. Highly evolved

2. Primitive

3. Not sure

To which domain does the virus organism belong?

25% 25%25%25%1. Eubacteria

2. Archaebacteria

3. Eukarya

4. None of the above

To which kingdom does the virus belong?

20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Animalia

2. Plantae

3. Protista

4. Fungi

5. None of the above

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