lecture 9 tourism in south asia-1

TDM 458Ara Pachmayer

TOURISM IN ASIA

Strong and vibrant culturesLess assimilated by the westPreserved traditional practices

LanguageAgriculturalReligionLifestyle

OVERVIEW OF ASIA

South AsiaPakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal . . .Greatest diversity of ethnicities in the world

South East AsiaThailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore . . . Culturally diverse

East AsiaChina, Korea, Japan . . .Relatively homogenous, share Chinese influences

OVERVIEW OF ASIA

Size - largest continent Area - 31,415,000 sq km (23% of the

global land area)Variety of countries - 48 Population - close to 3.8 billion or 56%

of the world’s populationLarge population base for domestic and regional travel, short and long haul tourism

FACTORS AFFECTING ASIA TOURISM EVOLUTION AND

DEVELOPMENT

Has more than double the average world population - crowded cities

Has 6 of the world’s 10 largest cities: Tokyo, Mumbai (Bombay), Shanghai, Calcutta, Seoul, Beijing

Diversity - Oil rich to peasant poor, rural to urban, industrialized to traditional; varying political systems

FACTORS AFFECTING ASIA TOURISM EVOLUTION AND

DEVELOPMENT

Tremendous historical and cultural resources: religious, architectural, festivals, gastronomic, lifestyle - which makes it an attractive and interesting place to visit

Variation in landforms, ecological and physical environments: almost from the Mediterranean to the Pacific and the Indian Ocean; deserts to alpine and forests zones; plains to mountains; islands to mainland

FACTORS AFFECTING ASIA TOURISM EVOLUTION AND

DEVELOPMENT

In 2011Asia accounted for about 20% of global arrivals

Asia and the Pacific accounted for 20% of departures

Both are increasing quickly!Asia and the Pacific account +30%

global arrivals by 2030

TOURISM OVERVIEW

INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS, 1950-2030

KEY DESTINATIONS IN ASIA 2011

Country Arrivals (Millions) Receipts (Billions of $)

China 57.6 48.5Hong Kong 22.3 27.7Malaysia 24.7 18.3Thailand 19.1 26.3Macau 13 NRSingapore 10.4 18Indonesia 7.7 8

* In 2011 growth was primarily driven by Southeast Asian destinations (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cambodia . . . )

Four Countries receive over 65% of arrivals in Asia

These are China (including Hong Kong and Macau) Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore

CONCENTRATION OF TOURISM

OTHER DESTINATIONS IN ASIA 2011

Country Arrivals (Millions)Receipts

(Billions of $)

South Korea 9.8 12.3Japan (-27.8%) 6.2 11India 6.3 17.5Taiwan 6.0 11.0Vietnam 6.0 5.6Philippines 3.9 3.2Cambodia 2.9 1.7

FREE FLIGHTS TO BOOST TOURISM TO JAPAN

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-10/japan-offering-free-trips-to-foreigners/3459548?section=world

Global (and Asian) recessionTerrorism targeting tourism enterprises

especially Indonesia, India, Philippines Islamic FundamentalismCivil wars - India/Pakistan, East Timor, Tamil

TigersNorth - South Korea conflict Illegal drug traffi c Disasters - earthquakes, tsunamis, floods,

droughts, environmental disasters

CURRENT AND FUTURE ISSUES IN ASIA

TOURISM IN SOUTH ASIA

PakistanIndiaBangladeshNepalBhutanSri LankaThe Maldives

SOUTH ASIA

The world’s second largest population cluster (where is 1st?)

Significant demographic problems Linguistic diversity & More than 2000 ethnic groups Strong cultural regionalism - culturally fragmented Fast growing birthrates

Religious Patterns Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism

Low income economies - 2nd lowest average income after Sub-Saharan Africa Culture Shock for western visitors

Population concentrated in villages - subsistence agriculture

Boundary problems (Pakistan - India, Jammu & Kashmir)

Climatic disturbance

MAJOR QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA

PAKISTAN

Islamic Republic of PakistanPopulation - 166.9 million80% Sunni Muslim; 16% Shia Minority

PAKISTAN

West PakistanEast Pakistan

India

PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION)

Partition and Independence Leaders of Jammu and Kashmir joined with India (they were Hindu) Hindu ruler but Muslim population

Pakistan wants region backAlmost continuous state of war since 1947Long history of tourism in the region, Main source of

income Floating luxury hotels and houseboats on lakes

However, issues with tourism in the region include Dal Lake - has shrunk due to unregulated tourism and

residential development Periodic terrorist and military action Decline in tourism

KASHMIR

Used to be fairly significant Abundance of natural and cultural resources

Political crisis and war have deteriorated tourism Travel warnings abound

Relationship between India and PakistanLittle other tourism beyond VFR

but missing India to some degree Difficult for Indians and Pakistanis to get visas to

either country (though citizens of other countries can cross)

TOURISM IN PAKISTAN

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWc1cEV-wAo

BORDER CROSSING VIDEO

INDIA

Encompasses 75% of the total area in South Asia

Population - 1.2 billion - largest democracy in the world

28% Urbanized14 major and many minor languages

INDIA

Average annual income - $2,880 Per person

38% live below the poverty lineTraditional village farming and modern

agricultureHandicraft, old and new branches of

industrySupport services - Call CentersClothing Industry

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Kolkatta (Calcutta) - 14.6 million500,000 Homeless/est. 200,000 are children

Former British Colonial Capital - 1772 - 1911

Delhi (New and Old) - 16.2 millionBritish and Indian seat of Government

Mumbai (Bombay) - 18.9 millionAchieved primacy based on location (Suez Canal)

CITIES

TransportationWell developed train system allowed for mobility, also comprehensive road network

Adapted from the English Legal system Political systemEducation system

Conflicts between Hindus and Muslims (partition)

Caste systemAbolished in 1950 but still important in rural and more traditional areas

COLONIALISM AND THE MODERNIZATION OF INDIA

Grew by 9% in 2011, 12% in 2010 Growing as a source market as wellVFR

Huge Indian Diaspora from emigration, voluntary and forced (indentured servitude). These people return “home”

Backpacker Exotic, beaches, trekkingRishikesh - 100K visitors/per year (vegetarian city by law, have banned the use of plastic bags, world capital of Yoga, famous for the Beatles visit)

TOURISM IN INDIA

NatureNational parks, mountains and nature preserves

CultureMultiplicity of cultures and historic sites

Religious TourismHindu, Buddhist and Muslim pilgrimagesKumbha Mela and other festivalsAshrams (meditation centers

Medical Tourism Full Service “package”

Business Tourism

TOURISM IN INDIA

TRANSPORTATION/INFRASTRUCTURE

VFR

BANGLADESH

Independent since 1971Formerly East PakistanPopulation - 147 millionDensity - 3914/square mile (AZ =

91/square mile, Phoenix = 2700/square mile

2.1% annual growth rateAnnual income $1870 per personNatural Hazards - Cyclones, Flooding

BANGLADESH

TOURISM POTENTIAL

World’s largest unbroken beach in the Bay of Bengal

World’s largest mangrove forestHome of the Bengal tigerSeveral ancient cities dating to the

12th century

BARRIERS TO TOURISM

Annual Climatic Disturbances

Muslim - perceived security concerns

Low levels of technological development

One of the world’s poorest and least developed countries

HIMALAYAN KINGDOMS

Turbulent political situation Maoist rebels, Changes in government

Traditions of tourism due to hundreds of years of religious tourism

Culture Kathmandu - City of Temples, Freak Street, gateway to Everest Kathmandu Valley - 7 UNESCO WHS Lumbini - birthplace of Lord Buddha - WHS

Nature Chitwan National Park - Rhinos, tigers, and elephants, oh my!

Trekking - Annapurna Mount Everest

Mt. Everest…Grew by 37% in 2007…declined by 5% in 2008 $10K - $65K per person for a climbing permit which =major

revenue Environmental degradation is a major issue! - trash, tramping,

burning bushes which leads to erosion

NEPAL

Mountain Kingdom in HimalayasClosed Buddhist SocietyGNH - Gross National HappinessUnique tourism model

Tourism highly restricted, only 25,000 a yearProtectionism

Culture and religionNatural environment“High Value, Low Volume/Low Impact”

BHUTAN

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9MFDOGUJA0 Watch this short video if you would like additional

information on Bhutan - not requiredhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbCus2hNU

co Sustainable Adventure Rural Tourism Project

between Bhutan and Costa Rica

BHUTAN

The Maldives >1,000 Islands <115 square miles Population - 300,000 Mainly Muslim Highest GNP in the region Tourism dependent Prone to disasters

Only 8 feet above sea level on average so vulnerable to storms, tsunamis

The sinking islands It is expected that the Maldives will be below sea

level within the next century due to rising sea levels

THE MALDIVES

Unique tourism modelCatering to affluent Europeans Islands as self-contained resortsTourists aren’t encouraged to leave resortsTourism restricted by the government

Maldives PR disasterhttp://minivannews.com/society/resort-wedding-ceremony-in-dhivehi-degrades-tourist-couple-as-infidel-swine-mocks-islam-12671

THE MALDIVES