language skills - reading 9710004m jeffrey 9710009m carl 9710010m joyce
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Language Skills - Reading
9710004M Jeffrey9710009M Carl9710010M Joyce
Teaching Children Literacy Skills in a Second Language
IntroductionIntroduction
1. Reading has been increased focusThe most important skills for L2 learners
2. The teaching of writing and oral skillsIntegrated with reading instruction for
NES and ELLs.
NES: Native English SpeakersELLs: English Language Learners
3. Integrate expectationThe development of four languages
Reading as a Complex Interactive ProcessReading as a Complex Interactive Process
1. Reading is interactive, sociocognitive process A text, a reader, and a social context
2. Six areas have been identified:
A. Automatic recognition skills
B. Vocabulary and structural knowledge
C. Formal discourse structure knowledge
D. Content/world background knowledge
E. Synthesis and evaluation skills/strategies
F. Meta-cognitive knowledge and skill monitoring
Becoming Literate in a Second LanguageBecoming Literate in a Second Language
1.Similarities in the process of learning
a)Read for ELL and NES children
b)Been used to native and non-native readers
2.Differences in the process of learning
a)L2 learners shouldn’t be segregated from L1learners
b)Teachers of ESL students need to be prepared and need to adjust the instructional strategies
Oral Language Skills and Oral Language Skills and
Academic Literacy SkillsAcademic Literacy Skills
1.NES and ELL children’s difference
A.For NES children
a)Acquire their mother tongue naturally
B.For ELL children
a)Completely new language
b)Learn quickly on informal oral language
2. The importance of accessing students
A.Oral and written language abilities independently
B.For knowing students’ overall language proficiency level
3. The research suggests that
A.ELLs can learn to read and write without oral fluency
a)e.g., NES acquire English.
4. ELL Children prefer written language input first
However,
5. Mutual support on four skills when practicing
A.Provide abundant exposure to
a)Functional, meaningful uses
b)Oral and written language for all learners
The Role of the First Language The Role of the First Language
in Literacy Developmentin Literacy Development
1. Children can learn L2 even though the teacher can’t speak the L1s
A.NES bring oral language to read and write
a)ELL may bring the literacy background to learn L2
2. A strong relationship
A.Between children’s prior native language literacy and their development of English literacy
Varied Experiences, Background Knowledge,Varied Experiences, Background Knowledge,
and Cultures of ESL Studentsand Cultures of ESL Students
1. Teacher must be cautious about
A.Making any assumption about
a)Cultural or language background of ELLs
2. Implications for teachers of ESL literacy
A.ELLs bring the differences
a)Background knowledge
b)Degrees of topic familiarity
Different background knowledge and topic affect ESL student’s comprehension
3. Variability affect comprehension
A.Incorporate “responsive teaching”
B.Ss’ cultural background and experiences
C.Various method to activate the ss’s schemata
D.Choosing reading material on familiar topics
First Language LiteracyFirst Language Literacy
1. Younger children is easy to fit a new environment
A.With younger ESL children
a)NES peers are developing literacy as well
= ESL can catch up NES peer’s level
2. For older beginning ELLs
A.Important to provide reading material
a)Appeal to their age level and interest
3. Some assumptions we make about print
• Pictures with text
• Read from left to right, front to back, top to bottom
• Words written separately
• Quotation marks
• Punctuation
• Different rules and convention from oral language
Is There An Optimal Way to Teach ReadingIs There An Optimal Way to Teach Reading
and Writing?and Writing?
1.Part-Centered Approaches
(Code-Emphasis; Bottom-up)
A.Phonics approaches
a)Sound-symbol patterns and conscious learning of rules
Students can decode new words
b)Phonemic AwarenessSpeech consists of individual sounds
B. Linguistic approach
a) Regular spelling patterns Infer the letter-sound relationships
b) Special alphabet (about 44 phonemes) Children learn to read easily
C. Sight word or look-say method
a) Recognize about half of the words they encounter in most texts
b) Rapid recognition or “decoding”
D. Basal reader approach
a) Children learn to read Careful control, sequencing, and the sounds
b) Graded, sequenced skills at increasing levels
c) “Eclectic” Phonics Regularly patterned words Basic sight words View reading as the mastery of individual
reading skills
2. Socio-Psycholinguistic Approaches
(Meaning-Emphasis; Top-down)
A.LEA (Language Experience Approach)
a)From the familiar to the unknown
b)Reader’s knowledge and schemata similar to the text they are reading
c)A series of stepsDictateTeacher and class read the storyEngage in various extended activitiesRead other’s writing
d) Useful for beginning readers and writers Only dictate the story, and even done
collaboratively
e) “Writing to read” Match between children’s knowledge or
experience and the texts they read
B. Literature-based approach
a) Intention of focusing on Meaning, interest, and enjoyment
b) Satisfy individual children’s needs
c) Have access to a collection of books
d) Books either slight above their reading level or best fit students’ interest
If their interest is held by the books they’ve selected, they will want to continue reading.
C. Whole Language approach
a) Teaching reading, guiding and assisting students
b) Developmental stages
① Scribbling
② Seeing print and drawing
③ Using letters of the alphabet
④ Using one or two letters
⑤ Using letters to represent the sounds
⑥ Using transitional spellings
⑦ Using Conventional spelling
c) Incorporate all of the language skills
d) “Authentic” texts with function of literacy
The Phonics/Whole Language DebateThe Phonics/Whole Language Debate
1.Inconclusive result of numerous studies
A.Don’t address issues of comprehension
B.Children care about the right pronunciationLess comprehension of what they read
C.Some sounds and patterns don’t follow basic sound-symbol correspondence
ELLs children may have been taught
D.Basal readers have been criticized
2. Conclusion Bond and Dykstra reached
A. Systematic emphasis and teaching of word study skills are necessary
B. Eclectic programs produced better results
C. Not all reading program work equally in all situations
D. Children are able to learn to read by various methods and materials
E. A writing component is likely to be an effective addition
F. Improvements would result from adopting certain element from each methods
3. Balanced Approach (whole-to-part-to-whole)
A. Skills and meaning always be kept together
B. Systematically predetermined instruction that is identical
C. Intensive instruction on individual skills or strategies
D. Regular documentation and assessment of students’ learning
E. Language arts instruction must be integrated
Standards and Second Language LiteracyStandards and Second Language Literacy
DevelopmentDevelopment
1.Standards dealing with the various areas• Diversity may not the key role of influencing
the language acquisition
2.Complex curriculum and instruction design
3.The TESOL standards is a bridge
Strategies to Facilitate Second LanguageStrategies to Facilitate Second Language
Literacy Development and Help StudentsLiteracy Development and Help Students
Achieve StandardsAchieve Standards
1.Expose Students to the Many Uses of Print around Them
• Label items in the room• Focus attention on the print• Manage aspects of classroom business• Establish a regular place to post messages• Record class discussion on chart paper• Create areas for specific literacy purpose• Display different genres of material
2. Provide Opportunities for Children to Read More Extensively on a Subject
• Effectively extensive reading• Excellent resources from Internet
3. Provide Authentic Purpose for Reading and Writing
• Natural urge to communicate• Real communication contexts
4. Provide Scaffolding for Learning• Temporary support• Decrease or remove support
5. Use Oral Skills to Support Reading and Writing Development
• Van den Branden (2000) found that the discussion of teacher and peers with facilitation is better than just simplified the text for comprehension.
• Encourage cooperative groups• Explain orally what they will write• Report back the class what they accomplish
6. Focus Students’ Attention on Reading and Writing Strategies
• Thinking about what topic they know
• Asking whether the similar words I know
• Looking backward and forward (context)
• Monitoring whether understand the content
SUMMARYSUMMARYThree elements involved in readingThe text, the reader, the context
Children also need to master their L2
Teachers need to be familiar with various approaches to teaching reading
• Make wise choices about how to teach
Developing Adult Literacies
Developing Adult Literacies
ForwardExamine the role of language and
literacies in learners’ lives
Examines critical contexts for ESL literacy instruction.
Provide a synthesis of orientations to curriculum and teaching.
IntroductionProfiles in Diversity and StrengthAdults like these have different histories,
circumstances, and purposes for wanting to develop and improve language and literacy skills.
Understand the possibilities for language and literacy instruction.
It is important to know something about learners----resources, needs, goals for learning English.
What is English as a Second Language (ESL) Literacy?
Non-literate
Pre-literate
Bi-literate
Many Learners, Many Literacies
National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS):
Prose literacy
news stories, poemsDocument literacy
job application, transportation schedulesQuantitative literacy
order forms
Contexts For Literacy Instruction
Four themes or purposes for language and literacy learning emerged:
Access: information
Voice: express ideas and opinions
Independent: solve problems and make decision
Bridge to the future: learning how to learn
Basic Adult ESL/Literacy and Lifelong Learning
Adults pursued their desire to improve language and literacy skill for :
Personal
Professional
Academic reason
Family or Intergenerational Literacy
Describe how literacy is valued and use in the lives of children and adults.
Describe educational programs designed to strengthen literacy resources by involving at least two generations for a variety of stated goals.
Family Literacy Program Goals and Models
Support parents in promoting children’s school achievement
Foster a love of reading among both adults and children
Provide literacy to support adults in addressing family concerns
Aim to reconnect the generations in positive ways
Issues and Agendas in Family LiteracyIllustrate tensions when the culture of
schooling violates the norms of family values.
Majority of family literacy programs are designed to foster participation of children and their mothers.
Family literacy programs often grow from sources in early childhood education.
Goals of Pre-employment and Workplace Programs
To get a job
To survive on a job
To thrive on a job (and have job mobility)
Issues and Agendas in Literacy for Workers: Workplace or Workforce Education
Workplace education:
Improve productivity in a given job
Workforce education:
More oriented toward education of the whole person in his or her roles as a parent, community member, and even as a union member.
Civic ESL/Literacy Education
Created to assist immigrants in assimilating to life in the United States.
Evaluate the applicant’s knowledge of U.S. history and government by quizzing applicants from a list of 100 questions, as well as testing basic knowledge of spoken and written English.
Goals of Civic ESL/Literacy Education
Assist learners in preparing to take the naturalization exam.
Question Division
Information gap activities
Flash cards
Goals of Civic ESL/Literacy Education
Encourage learners who have been naturalized to exercise their newly earned franchise with the vote.
Mock election
Voting basics
How and where to find information
Goals of Civic ESL/Literacy Education
Focus more broadly on many forms of civic participation.
Examine their beliefs
Identify and analyze issues
Build skills and strategies
Issues in Civic ESL Literacy Education
The schism illuminates the irony that the citizenship exam, as it’s currently conceived and administered, does little to promote engagement for learners in the life of their communities.
A challenge for concerned ESL teachers to prepare learners for a test that has grave consequences for their lives, while also encouraging them to develop a voice and become informed and active members of their communities.
Orientations to Curriculum and Instruction
Mastery or Transmission of Knowledge
Mastery-based orientation:focus on linguistic structures, language
skills, specific content, and competencies.
Mastery or Transmission of KnowledgeLanguage structures: grammar translation
to contemporary textbook organized by verb tense and language form, mastery of language structures.
Language skills: with varying degrees of attention to the four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Mastery or Transmission of Knowledge
Content-based approach:
language and literacy curriculum focus on specific subject matter.
Competency-based education:
an instructional objective describe in task-based terms
teach learners about language and grammar.
enable learners to use language to accomplish a
non-linguistic end
Meaning-Making or Constructivism
Participatory or “Freirian” approach:
Help people recognize and liberate themselves from the social conditions that oppress them.
1. Use of generative words and themes
2. The notion of teachers as facilitators rather than transmitters of knowledge
3. Use of “problem-posing”
Meaning-Making or Constructivism
The Whole Language Approach:Language is seen as social, and is learned in
interaction with other speakers, readers, and writers.
Ex: In the whole-language classroom, learners
work together to read and write for and with each other and evaluate products together.
Meaning-Making or Constructivism
The Language Experience Approach (LEA):Technique related to the whole language
tradition, enables adult ESL literacy learners to engage with print from the outset by drawing on stories.
Stories dictate to a teacher or more able classmate, and in the native language or in English
Meaning-Making or Constructivism
Learners’ Lives as Curriculum (LLC): Learner texts (story, interview) are used as
catalysts for discussing themes of interest or concern to learners.
• Four thematic units:1. Narratives with a contextualized focus on themes
and hot topics2. Language skills, structures, and competencies.3. Opportunities to document current language use
and monitor progress.4. Opportunities to build a classroom community.
Meaning-Making or Constructivism
Project-Based Learning:
Learners investigate a question, solve a problem, plan an event, or develop a product.
not only receive knowledge from a teacher or book, but also collectively share and create knowledge.
What Works? Continua for Observation and Inquiry
These questions can guide our own inquiry, as we observe “what works” for different learners in different situations.
What is the relative emphasis on reading, writing, speaking and listening?
How much emphasis is given to linguistic versus non-linguistic outcomes?
What Works? Continua for Observation and Inquiry
What is the extent of focus on structure versus meaning-making?
What is the extent of “language practice” versus authentic communication?
For how much time in the class do learners actually use language and literacy?
What Works? Continua for Observation and Inquiry
Is curriculum predetermined or does it reflect evolving learner interests?
To what extent do learners know the objective of the lesson and have an opportunity for input?
Setting Goals, Monitoring Progress
In general, there are two board categories of assessment:
General assessments: allow comparison across programs
Standardized test:
1. CASAS
2. BEST2
Setting Goals, Monitoring Progress
The advantages of standardized general assessment:
Have construct validity and scoring reliabilityAre cost effective and relatively easy to
administerAre accepted by funders for program
accountabilityAllow for comparisons of learner progress
within and across programs
Setting Goals, Monitoring Progress
The disadvantages of standardized general assessment:
Don’t reflect what has been taught, or capture what has been learned.
Don’t capture changes in language use and literacy practices beyond the classroom.
Don’t discriminate well at the lower end of literacy achievement
May be inappropriate used for “gate-keeping” purposes, especially in the workplace.
Setting Goals, Monitoring Progress
Program-Based assessment: reflect the approach of the program and the content of the curriculum.
Based on commercial materials used in the program
May be developed by teachers through checklists of skills and competencies.
Setting Goals, Monitoring Progress
The advantages of program-based assessments:
Reflect a program’s underlying philosophy of instruction
Are learner centered, reflecting strengths and goals of individual learner
Are done “with” not “to” learnersInvolve a variety of tools, giving a more
complete picture of each learner and his or her needs and progress
Promising Directions in Adult ESL Literacy Instruction
• Take an inquiring stance:Practitioners who learn about learners are in
the best position to help them address their evolving needs.
• Balance skills and structures with meaning-making and knowledge creation:
Good at teaching language structures and functions but less practiced at staring conversations
Promising Directions in Adult ESL Literacy InstructionDevelop “vision-making” muscles:
What is our purpose?
What are we hoping to make happen for learners who enter our classrooms when they come in and after they’ve left?
Promising Directions in Adult ESL Literacy InstructionDemand mutual accountability:
It’s important for practitioners to have their own vision of what they are trying to accomplish through their literacy work and to seek ways of assessing the degree
Teachers and learners would be
responsible for each other.
Promising Directions in Adult ESL Literacy InstructionCreate communities of learners and
communities of teachers:
Communities of teacher-learners, whether in person or on-line, can provide support in one of the most challenging but rewarding endeavors imaginable.
Reading for Academic Purposes(EAP)Guidelines for the ESL/EFL Teacher
Purposes for Reading
Search for information
For general comprehension
Learn new information
Synthesize and evaluate information
A Definition of Reading
The reader draw information from a text and combine it with old information and expectations.
What fluent readers usually do?
1. Read rapidly
2. Recognize words rapidly and automatically
3. Use large vocabulary store
4. Integrate text information with their own
knowledge
5. Recognize the purposes
What fluent readers usually do?
6. Comprehension is necessary
7. Read strategically
8. Use strategies to monitor
9. Recognize and repair miscomprehension
10. Read critically and evaluate
General Implication from Research for Reading Instruction
1. Build a recognition vocabulary
2. Provide a clear instruction to help Ss build a
reasonable foundation in L2
3. Address the range of skills
4. Introduce Ss to discourse-organizing through some
practices5. Help Ss become strategic readers by focus on meta-
cognitive awareness and strategy learning
General Implication from Research for Reading Instruction
6. Give Ss many opportunities to read
7. Make extensive reading and exposure to L2 text
8. Motivate Ss to read
9. Integrate Reading and writing
10. Develop effective content-based instruction
L2 Readers and Sociocultural L2 Readers and Sociocultural Factors in Learning to ReadFactors in Learning to Read
L2 readers generally have weaker linguistic skills and a more limited vocabulary than do L1 readers.
L2 students are able to rely on their L1 knowledge and reading abilities when such abilities are useful.
Goals for an Effective Reading Curriculum
1. Conduct needs analyses to interpret
institutional goals and expectations
2. Fine-tune reading curricula in relation to
specific goals
3. Select appropriate materials and support
resources
Goals for an Effective Reading Curriculum
4. Diversify Ss’ reading experiences
5. Work with texts by means of pre-, during-,
and postreading framework
6. Recognize the complex nature of reading
through meaningful instruction
Conducting Needs Analyses
It is especially important to examine Ss’
motivations and attitudes toward reading in
general.
Teachers have a responsibility to gather
information about Ss’ goals, prior reading
experiences, and attitudes
Diversifying Ss’ Reading Experiences
Reading can develop successfully only if
students read a large amount of material.
Silent reading should be one part of every
reading lesson.
Working with Texts by Means of a pre-, During-, and Postreading framework
Teachers’ choices should be guided by
instructional goals, student readiness, text
resources, and implications from research
and theory.
Prereading Instruction
1. Previewing the text
2. Skimming the text or portions of the text
3. Answering questions
4. Exploring key vocabulary
5. Reflecting on or reviewing information
During-reading Instruction
1. Outlining or summarizing
2. Examining emotions and attitudes
3. Determining sources
4. Looking for answers
5. Writing down predictions
Postreading Instruction
1. Completing a graphic organizer
2. Expanding or changing a semantic map created
earlier
3. Listening to a lecture and comparing information
4. Ranking the importance of information
5. Answering questions
Addressing the Complex Nature of Reading through Meaningful Instruction1. Vocabulary Development
2. Careful Reading of Texts
3. Awareness of text structure and discourse organization
4. The use of graphic organizers to support comprehension
5. Strategic reading
Addressing the Complex Nature of Reading through Meaningful Instruction
6. Fluency development
7. Extensive reading
8. Student motivation
9. Integrated-skills tasks
Vocabulary Development
Students need to recognize a large
number of words automatically if they
want to be fluent readers.
Key words should be the most important
part for a text
Careful Reading of Texts
The careful reading requires readers to
demonstrate a good understanding of details
in the text.
1. Filling in blanks
2. Determining the attitude of the writer
3. Listing examples
4. Matching information
Awareness of Text Structure and Discourse Organization
A consistent effort to guide students to see the ways
that texts are structured will help them build
stronger comprehension skills.
1. Identifying the sentences
2. Examining headings and subheadings
3. Adding information
4. Underlining transition phrases
Awareness of Text Structure and Discourse Organization
5. Explaining pronouns
6. Examining an inaccurate outline and adjusting
it
7. Reorganizing a scrambled paragraph
8. Creating heading
9. Identifying clues
Use of Graphic Organizers to Support Comprehension and Discourse Organization Awareness
The main goal of graphic representations is
to assist students in comprehending
difficult texts.
Not all graphics representations are helpful.
Strategic Reading
Major goal for academic reading instruction- the
development of strategic readers
Strategic readers understand the goals of a
reading activity, have a range of well-practiced
reading strategies at their disposal.
Strategic ReadingCommon Strategies:1. Previewing2. Predicting3. Summarizing4. Learning new words through analysis5. Using context to maintain comprehension6. Recognizing text organization7. Generating appropriate questions8. Clarifying meaning9. Repairing miscomprehension
Fluency Development
Fluency involves :
a. Rapid and automatic word recognition
b. The ability to recognize basic grammatical
information
c. The rapid combination of word meanings and
structural information to create larger meaning
units
Fluency Development
Reasons:
1. Reading fluency depends on knowing a fairly large
number of words.
2. The development of words is an essential component .
3. Oral reading is a helpful support for reading
development.
4. Lots of ways to promote fluency without requiring a
significant investment in resources.
Fluency Development- Activities
“Extensive reading activity” can develop overall fluency,
rate, and word recognition.
Fluency- 1. Rereading practice 2.Rereading for other
purposes
Rate- 1. Timed reading 2. Paced reading
Rapid recognition skills- 1. word-recognition exercises
2. flashcard practice 3. rereading practice
Extensive Reading
Extensive reading should be a central
component of any course with the goal of
building academic reading abilities.
Students can engage in to improve their
reading abilities by the sustained silent
reading of level-appropriate texts.
Extensive Reading- Ideal Conditions
1. Provide time for extended silent reading
2. Create opportunities
3. Find out what and why Ss like to read
4. Make materials interesting, attractive, and level-
appropriate
5. Build a well-stocked, diverse class library
6. Allow Ss to take texts home to read
7. Create incentives
Extensive Reading- Ideal Conditions
8. Have Ss share and recommend materials
9. Keep records
10. Seek out class sets of texts
11. Make use of graded readers
12. Read interesting materials aloud
13. Visit the school library regularly
14. Create a reading lab and designate time for lab
activities
Student Motivation
Motivation is another key to successful
reading, but it is typically ignored in the
reading instruction easily.
Student Motivation- Development Ways
1. Discuss the importance of reading and reasons for
different activities
2. T need to talk about what interests them as readers
and why
3. All activities should be related to course goals
which Ss have been introduced
4. All readings tasks should have lead-ins
Student Motivation- Development Ways
5. T need to build Ss’ knowledge base
6. Teachers need to select texts and adapt activities
with Ss’ reading abilities
7. T should nurture “a community of learners” among
Ss
Integrated-Skills Instruction
Reading is used to carry out further language- and
content-learning tasks.
The goal for EAP curricula should be the use of
reading as a resource for integrated-skills tasks
The Practice of English Language Teaching
Reading
Extensive and intensive reading
A. Get maximum benefit from reading
1. Both extensive and intensive reading
B. Extensive reading
1. For pleasure
2. For language improvement
C. Intensive reading
1. For developing specific receptive skills
Extensive readingA. Importance
1. Development of word recognition
2. Improvement as readers
B. Offer a program
1. appropriate materials
2. guidance
3. tasks
4. facilities
a. portable libraries of book
Extensive reading materials
A. Understandable reading materials
1. reading for pleasure
B. Comprehensible written texts
C. Appropriate level
1. read with ease and confidence
Setting up a library A. Build up a library of suitable books
B. Organize static libraries 1. Keep the books around with us
C. Make awareness 1. what kind of books 2. what library contains 3. what classification system
D. Keep track of the books 1. signing-out system
E. Administrate the scheme
The role of the teacher in extensivereading programs
A. Encourage the students
1. promote reading
2. assist of reading as a valid occupation
3. persuade students of its benefits
e.g.,
> show how exciting books can be
F. How to persuade students of the benefits
1. Organize reading program
a. indicate teacher’s expectation to students
2. Explain how to choose from what to read
3. Suggest what genres with proper level
Extensive reading tasks
A. Reading different texts
1. Choose own reading texts
a. their own likes and interest
B. Purpose:
1. To encourage students keep reading
C. Method:
1. To Encourage students report back
2. Various ways of reporting back: a. Ask question b. Tell classmates the enjoyable content c. Keep a weekly reading diary d. Write short book review e. Vote on the most popular book f. Fill in reading record chart g. Keep a reading notebook h. Engage in oral interviews i. Write comment
Purpose:
Reading as much as often as possible
Intensive reading: the roles of theteacherA. Create interest in the topic and tasksB. Four kinds of roles: 1. Organizer a. What their reading purpose is b. How to achieve it c. How long they have to do
2. Observer a. Without interrupting reading b. Observing their progress 3. Feedback organizer a. Lead the feedback session b. Check answers c. Be supportive > restrain negative feeling > sustain motivation
4. Prompter a. Notice language features b. Being controllers also > direct to the text construction > clarify ambiguities > make aware of text structure
Intensive reading: the vocabularyquestion
A. Common paradox 1. Reading for general understanding 2. Looking up every words
B. Accommodation between 1. Teachers’ desire 2. Students’ natural urge
C. Limit time spent on vocabulary checking:
1. Time limit
2. Word/phrase limit
3. Meaning consensus
a. check word meaning together
> Intervening process
1. encouraged students search meaning
> Understand each word
1. changed into cooperative learning
Intensive reading: letting the students inA. Like to engage in a text
1. Bring feelings and knowledge
B. Allow affective response to the content
1. Feelings about what they have read
a. “Do you like the text?”
b. Provoke “cuddle factor”
> emotional attachment to the word
C. Create students’ own comprehension task
1. Provide a perfect lead-in
a. Activate schemata
2. End up with a good reason to read
a. Knowing what to read
> what they’ve written in the chart
D. Jigsaw reading (Example 7)
1. Read different texts
2. Share the gathered information
3. Piece together the whole story
Reading lesson sequences
A. Intensive reading sequences
1. Practice specific skills
a. general understanding
> skimming
> gist
b. Specific information
> scanning
> detail
2. Identify specific uses of language
a. read texts for communicative purposes
B. Many other reading skills
1. The first type
a. read for gist
b. read the text again for detailed
2. The second type
a. identify the topic of a text
b. scan the text to recover detail
3. The last type
a. read for specific information
b. identify features of text construction
Example 1: AKA DiazFocus: reading to confirm expectationsSkills: predicting; reading for gist; reading for
detailed comprehensionAge: adultLevel: intermediate
Pre predict the content of the text from the clues that teacher gave.
During students work as a group to discuss then predict the text
Post read the text for themselves then answer the comprehension questions.
Example 2: Going homeActivity: general readingSkills: reading for gist; reading for detailed
comprehensionAge: anyLevel: upper intermediate
Pre ask students questions about the reading texts
During discuss the answers with each otherPost talk about their personal experience
related to the text
Example 3: Village of SnakesActivity: modified cloze textSkills: reading for gist; reading for detailed
comprehensionAge: teenageLevel: elementary
Pre asking students questionsDuring work with colleague and try to fill
the blanks Post check the answers of the blank then
read the complete text again
Example 4: The Right FilmActivity: researching a topicSkills: scanning; reading for gistAge: anyLevel: intermediate
Pre using computer to find a film that is suitable for their level and ability
During check the film on the internet for some information or summaries then make a choice
Post explain their decision
Example 5: Look behind youActivity: ordering sentencesSkill: reading for gist; reading for detailed
informationAge: anyLevel: elementary
Pre students do a reading puzzleDuring students make a storyPost work out the ending and discuss
Example 6: Plastic surgeryActivity: reading for discussionSkill: reading for gist; reading for more
detailed comprehensionAge: adultLevel: intermediate plus
Pre teachers ask questions and Ss discuss During read the article and discussPost Ss discuss topics about plastic surgery
Example 7: The cellistActivity: jigsaw readingSkill: reading for detailed comprehensionAge: young adult and aboveLevel: intermediate
Pre each Ss read the different text During ask other Ss to get the whole storyPost Ss discuss and study vocabulary for
music
Thank you for your listening!!
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