key issue 4 why do people migrate within a country?
Post on 17-Dec-2015
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Why do people migrate within a country?Less disruptive than international
Different cultural traditions: language, religion
Two Main TypesInterregional
Rural and urbanIntraregional
Older cities and suburbs
Interregional MigrationUnited States
PastLack of farmland lured farmers to frontier for
more abundant landToday
Mostly for better jobs
Migration between Regions within the United StatesAmerican West
Opened up 200yrs ago
Mass interregional migration to interior
Changing Center of Population
Population center: average location of everyone in the country “center of population gravity”Where the “flat” Earth would balance on a pin1790, population center was Baltimore, MD
Most people were settled along Atlantic CoastDepended on coastal locations
Interior obstacles: Appalachian Mountains & Native Americans in West
Early Settlement in the Interior1830, Population Center moved west:
Moorefield, WVLarge amounts of fertile and available at low
priceTransportation improvements opened interiorCanals made travel accessible between New
York & Great LakesSteam powered boats
Early Settlement in the InteriorAfter 1830, Population center moved further
west: Cincinnati, OhioWestern pioneers headed toward California
Gold Rush, late 1840sNon-stop trip to CA
Settlers preferred forested areas (lumber)40” rain fall for agricultureWest of 98th meridian: Interior proved unsuitableDeclared region unfit: few trees, little rainfall“Great American Desert”
Modern Technology has transformed region to become one of world’s “richest” farming areas
Settlement of the Great PlainsAfter 1880, Population center continues to
move west, at slower paceMore Europeans migrating to US East CoastBalanced out American migration to West
CoastPeople began to settle in Great PlainsDakota Territory1870: 14,0001880: 135,0001890: 539,000
Settlement of the Great PlainsAgricultural TechnologyEnabled people to farm in Great PlainsBarbed wire introduced, no longer needed
forests to build fencesWindmills & well-drilling to pump water
Settlement of the Great PlainsExpansion of RailroadsTransportation for goods to move to
populated East CoastLand grants for railroad companiesEncouraged more Western Settlers1980, population center moved west of
Mississippi River
Recent Growth of the SouthLate 20th Century, population center moved
southward1980s and 1990s, 5 million moved to South,
only 2 million moved outJob opportunities (5% job growth in south
compared to average 2-3% for US)Environmental Reasons“sunbelt” temperate climate: outdoor rec
activities“rustbelt” Northeast & Midwest: dependency
on steel
Interregional AntagonismNortheast & MidwestBelieve south is stealing jobs/industrySome have relocated, but many are newly
created jobs
Past to Present 1929 average income was 2/3 lower in South1960 average income 1/3 lower in SouthToday, average income ONLY 1/5 lower in
South
Net migration for African Americans1900, most African Americans lived in South Forced migration for slaveryAfricans began to move to larger cities in NE,
MidWest and West for jobsEqual amount of African Americans moving
N-S as S-N, much more Whites moving South
21st Century,Much LESS interregional migration
Net migration from regions is almost ZEROMost new jobs are service sector
Location becomes less important
Migration Between Regions in Other CountriesRussiaSoviet policy encouraged factory construction
NEAR raw materials, not near current populated areas
Encouraged interregional migrationFill jobs at mines, factories, construction
sites
RussiaSiberiaFar North, 45% land, only 2% populationRich in natural resources: fossil fuels, minerals, forestsSoviet gov’t gave incentives to move north (higher
wages, paid holidays, early retirement)Harsh climate & remoteness Many workers moved back southKomsomol: young volunteers during summer to
construct projectsCollapse of Soviet Union market-based economyInterregional migration no longer encouraged
BrazilEncouraged interregional migrationMostly populated on Atlantic Coast
Rio de Janeiro, Sao PaoloTropical interior sparsely inhabitedGov’t moved capital from Rio to Brasilia, 600
miles from Atlantic CoastSlow growth at first, resentment of moveRapid population growth: more moving to
Brasilia for employment
IndonesiaGovernment encouraging migration FROM
Java (most populated island) to less populated ones
More than 5 million have movedIncentives: 5 acres of land, materials to build,
seeds, pesticides, and foodLess recent migration: environmental
concerns, disruption of indigenous people, not productive land
EuropeMoving to regions with higher incomesItaly: Migrating North for job opportunities
rich agricultural land & strong industrial base2x higher income, unemployment 15% less in north
United Kingdom:migrating south for job opportunities
North: industrial revolution- no longer competitive in global economy
Regions closer to European markets have advantageHeart of Europe
IndiaGov’t limits ability to migrate from regionsPermit is required to visit State of Assam, NE
IndiaProtect ethnic identity of regionLimit job competition with outsidersLimit international migration
Migration within One RegionSince 1800, most intraregional migration in
world has been from RURAL to URBAN areas
Migration from Rural to Urban AreasUrbanization, 1800s, Europe & North AmericaRapid industrial developmentUS Population in Urban Areas 1800 5% 1920 50% 2010 75%Pushed from lack of jobs in agriculture, pulled by jobs
in factories & service industryRecent years, urban migration is skyrocketing in LDCsSao Paolo, Brazil: migration is 300,000 per yearCity cannot support migrantsFavelas: squatter settlements, lack electricity, running
water, paved streets
Migration from Urban to Suburban AreasDeveloped countries: Canada, UK, West
Europe, USFrom central cities out to the suburbsNOT related to employmentDetached house, private yard, garage,
driveway, modern schoolsSuburbia is rapidly expandingFarms are being converted to housing
developments: new roads, sewers, other services
Migration from Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan AreasLate 20th century, MDCsMore people migrating INTO rural areas than OUTCounterurbanizationMigration from cities & suburbs to small towns
and rural communitiesLifestyle reasons: live on a farm, own horses,
grow vegetablesModern communication & transportation make
transition easyCounterurbanization has stopped in US, numbers
IN and OUT are about the same
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