kegley chapter 14
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Chapter 14: Population,
Resources, and Global
Environmental Politics
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning
Transnational Crime Global Drug Trade ($300 billion per year) Money Laundering “Conflict Diamonds” Endangered species Stolen Automobiles Piracy of Copyrighted Materials The Arms Trade Terrorism
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International Enforcement
Interpol Combating Drug Smuggling
• U.S. Plan Columbia
Combating Money Laundering• Financial Action Task Force
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The Spread of Disease
Long history• Bubonic plague• 1918 flu• Polio
SARS: 2003 H1N1 (swine flu)
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Efforts to Fight Disease World Health Organization (WHO) USAID
• HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment• Fighting infectious diseases such as
malaria, tuberculosis, and polio• Maternal and children’s healthcare• Family planning• Strengthening health systems
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NGOs in International Health
The International Red Cross and Crescent
Medecins sans Frontiers (MSF) The Gates Foundation
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The Agenda HIV/AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis (TB) Treating a new flu pandemic
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Ecopolitics The global commons: The physical and
organic characteristics and resources of the entire planet—the air in the atmosphere and conditions on land and sea—on which human life depends and which is the common heritage of all humanity.
Carrying capacity: The maximum number of humans and living species that can be supported by a given territory.
Politics of scarcity: Scarce resources can undermine security and lead to military conflict.
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Global Environmental Problems
Depletion of the ozone layer Global warming Biodiversity loss Overpopulation Oil shortages
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The Tragedy of the Commons
An example of what can happen with shared resources: land, fish, air.
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International Environmental Collaboration Is Difficult
Conflict with existing agreements Competing priorities Equity Scientific uncertainty
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The Kyoto Protocol Limits greenhouse gases Includes provisions for emissions
trading• Problems:
• Some feel it is too restrictive• Others feel it is too weak
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Other International Agreements
The Montreal Protocol • Reduce the production and use of gases that
deplete the ozone layer
The Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) • Limit the dumping of land-based pollution into
the Mediterranean Sea
The Convention on Biological Diversity• The conservation of biological diversity, the
sustainable use of components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.
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Ecopolitics Environmental security:
Environmental threats can be as important as military threats
Sustainable development: Economic growth that does not deplete the resources needed to maintain growth
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Climate Change Greenhouse effect
• CO2, methane
• World temperature to rise 2–12ºF by 2100 unless action is taken
Possible effects of global warming• Rising sea levels• Warmer winters and more severe hot spells• Increased rainfall in areas prone to flooding;
dryer drought-prone regions• The disappearance of entire ecosystems• Increases in tropical disease• Increased hunger and water shortages
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Rising Average Global Temperatures at the Earth’s Surface Since 1867
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Global Warming, Climatic Catastrophes, and Mass Suffering
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Ozone Depletion and Protections
Emergence of an international regime Montreal Protocol 1987
• Strong scientific evidence and• Active NGO epistemic community
Can this translate to other issues?• Mountains
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The Ecopolitics of Forests and Biodiversity
Biodiversity: The variety of plant and animal species living in the earth’s diverse ecosystems
Deforestation • 1992 Earth Summit
Desertification
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Loss of Forest and Ground to Deserts
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Biodiversity Genetic diversity, species diversity,
and ecosystem diversity 14 percent of the world’s species are
threatened with extinction Most likely to affect the Global
South Role of MNCs
• Enclosure movement
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Locating Biodiversity Bastions and Endangered Biodiversity Hot Spots
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Sources of the Ecological Threats to the Global Commons
Tragedy of the commons• Rationally self-interested behavior may
have a destructive collective impact• Overgrazing of animals on the village
green• Applies to human behavior and
ecological systems
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The Globalization of Planetary Dangers
IPCC Report 2007• Human activity is the main cause of
global warming
Climate Change• U.S. and China major sources of CO2• Burning coal also causes acid rain
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Touring Trends of the Greenhouse
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The Global Politics of Energy Supplies and Consumption
Oil is being used faster than it’s being discovered
OPEC countries control oil supply• Cartel
Oil and natural gas located in politically unstable regions
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Toward Sustainability?
Global solutions• Converting to renewable sources for
energy• International treaties for environmental
protection • Free trade?• “Green” corporations
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Phasing Out Fossil Fuels? The Potential for Renewable Energy to Supply to World’s Energy Needs by the Year 2100
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The Number of International Environmental Treaties Since 1921: Protecting the Global Commons?
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Toward Sustainability? Local solutions
• California state laws• EPA• An Inconvenient Truth
• Change a light bulb.• Recycle more.• Use less hot water.• Drive less.• Conserve electricity.
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Measuring National Commitments to Environmental Sustainability
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