introduction to oscola referencing 2016

Introduction to OSCOLA referencingJackie Hanes, Learning & Teaching Services Librarian

Intended learning outcomes

• Find the OSCOLA referencing guides;

• Understand a footnote referencing style;

• Reference primary and secondary legal sources:– Books, journal articles and webpages– UK legislation and case law– For both footnotes and bibliography

• Reference pages numbers for direct quotations

• Use short forms and ibids for subsequent citations

• Create a bibliography and table of authorities

OSCOLA

Oxford UniversityStandard for theCitation OfLegalAuthorities

https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola

Golden rules of OSCOLA

•OSCOLA does not purport to be comprehensive, but gives rules and examples for the main UK legal primary sources, and for many types of secondary sources;

•When citing materials not mentioned in OSCOLA, use the general principles … as a guide, and try to maintain consistency.

Footnote referencing style

•References are indicated by a superscript number (1, 2, 3) within the text, normally at the end of the sentence.1

•The references are given in a corresponding footnote at the bottom (foot) of the page.2

1. Superscript numbers are smaller and set above the normal text.

2. Compare to endnotes: references given at the end of a document.

How to insert footnotes in Word

• Insert superscript numbers (1, 2, 3) into your text– Word > References tab > Insert Footnote.

•Add your reference to the footnote.

•Close your footnote with a full stop.

Quotations

•Short quotations (up to three lines of text), should be incorporated into the text, within 'single quotation marks‘;

•Longer quotations (over three lines of text), should be presented in an indented paragraph, without quotation marks.

Page numbers

•Page or paragraph numbers should be included at the end of the footnote, for both direct (quotations) or indirect (paraphrasing) quotations;

•Page numbers should not be included in the table of authorities or bibliography.

Order of author’s name

Footnote•Firstname | Surname

– Richard Pears

Bibliography•Surname | Initials

– Pears R

More than one author

Up to 3 authors•Cite all authors

– Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3

More than 3 authors•First author and others

– Author 1 and others

Books

Author, | Title of the Book | (Edition, | Publisher | Year)

Footnote:• Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013).

Footnote with page number:• Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013) 25.

Bibliography:• Webley L, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013)

Book chapters

Author, | ‘Title of Chapter’ | in | Editor (ed), | Title of the Book | (Edition, | Publisher | Year)

Footnote:• Philip Handler, ‘Legal History’ in Dawn Watkins and

Mandy Burton (eds), Research Methods in Law (Routledge 2013).

Bibliography:• Handler P, ‘Legal History’ in Dawn Watkins and Mandy

Burton (eds), Research Methods in Law (Routledge 2013)

eBooks

• If the ebook provides the same page numbers as in the printed publication, cite the ebook as if it was the printed book;

• If the ebook has no page numbers, follow the normal book (or edited book) citation form, including the ebook type/edition before the publisher:

Example• Author, | Title of the Book | (Edition | eBook edn |

Publisher | Year);

Journal articles

Author, | ‘Title of Article’ | [(Year)] | Volume | Abbreviation | First Page

Footnote:• Graham Virgo, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal

Information’ (2011) 11 LIM 221.

Bibliography:• Virgo G, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal

Information’ (2011) 11 LIM 221

Abbreviations

•Where possible abbreviate the journal title;

•Find abbreviations with The Cardiff Index:– http://www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/

•Do not use punctuation in abbreviation;

• If no abbreviation, then use the full journal title.

Websites

Author, | ‘Title of Webpage’ | (Title of Website, | Date) | < URL > | accessed Date

Footnote:

• Liz Fisher, ‘Gov.UK?’ (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 9 May 2013) < http://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2013/05/09/liz-fisher-gov-uk/ > accessed 1 May 2015.

Bibliography:

• Fisher L, ‘Gov.UK?’ (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 9 May 2013) < http://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2013/05/09/liz-fisher-gov-uk/ > accessed 1 May 2015

Secondary referencing

• Citing a book or article that you have read about, but not read the original work;

• Best academic practice is to obtain the original material and cite it directly, otherwise:

• Secondary reference | (as cited in | primary reference)– Bernard Hibbitts, ‘The Technology of Law’ (2010) 102 Law

Libr J 101 (as cited in Graham Virgo, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal Information’ (2011) 11 LIM 221, 225)

UK Cases

•Cases after 2001– Neutral citation, Report citation

•Cases before 2001– Report citation (Court)

•Cases before 1865– Nominate report citation, English Report citation

Case citations

Neutral Citations• [Year]•Court•Number

Law Report Citations• [(Year)]•Volume• Law Report•First Page

Guide to neutral citations

Abbreviations

•Courts and law reports should be abbreviated;

•Find abbreviations with The Cardiff Index:– http://www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/

•Do not use punctuation in abbreviation.

Citation of legal authorities

ICLR

• The Law Reports• Appeal Cases, Chancery, Family,

Queens Bench

WLR • Weekly Law Reports

All ER • All England Law Reports

Law Reports • Other law reports

• Transcript of judgments

Cases after 2001 (neutral citation)

• Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Report Citation– Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208

• Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Report Citation, | Page– Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208,

210-12

• Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Report Citation, | [Para]– Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208 [8]

Cases before 2001

• Case Name | Report Citation (Court)– Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks & Spencer Plc

[2001] Ch 257 (CA)

• Case Name | Report Citation (Court), | Page– Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks & Spencer Plc

[2001] Ch 257 (CA), 260

Common court abbreviations

House of Lords HLCourt of Appeal CA

High Court (Queen’s Bench) QBHigh Court (King’s Bench) KB

High Court (Chancery) ChHigh Court (Family) F

Cases before 1865

• Case Name | Nominate Report, | English Report– Cumberland v Copeland (1862) 1 Hurl & C 194, 158 ER

856

• Case Name | Nominate Report, | English Report, | Page– Cumberland v Copeland (1862) 1 Hurl & C 194, 158 ER

856, 858

Note on footnotes

• If the full case name (e.g. Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth)1 is given in the text of the essay, then the footnote need only include the citation: 1. [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208

•Remember to include the full reference in the Table of Authorities at the end of your work.

UK Statutes (Acts)

•Short Title | Year– Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

•Short Title | Year, | Section– Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s 163

UK Statutory Instruments (SIs)

•Title | Year, | SI | Year/Number– Copyright and Rights in Performances (Research,

Education, Libraries and Archives) Regulations 2014, SI 2014/1372

•Title | Year, | SI | Year/Number, | Section– Copyright and Rights in Performances (Research,

Education, Libraries and Archives) Regulations 2014, SI 2014/1372, reg 3

Common legislation abbreviations

Section/s s/ssSubsection/s sub-s/sub-ss

Part/s pt/ptsSchedule/s sch/schs

Regulation/s reg/regsRule/s r/rr

Article/s art/arts

Note on footnotes

• If the full details of the legislation (Title | Year | Section) are provided in the body of your essay; you do not need to repeat the reference in your footnotes;

•Remember to include the full reference in the Table of Authorities at the end of your work.

Subsequent citations

•Always reference material in full in the first citation;

•Subsequent citations can be shortened, and cross-referenced to the first (full) footnote;

•Commonly known as short forms and ibids.

Example of short forms and ibid

1. Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right: the Essential Referencing Guide (9th edn, Palgrave Macmillan 2013).

2. Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013).

3. ibid 25.

4. Pears and Shields (n 1) 98.

Short forms (secondary sources)

For books and articles, shorten to the author’s surname, and a cross-reference (n #) to the full footnote:

First citation• 1 Emily Finch and Stefan Fafinski, Legal Skills (4th edn,

OUP 2013).

Short form• Finch and Fafinski (n 1).

Short form with page number• Finch and Fafinski (n 1) 123.

Short forms (case law)

For case law, shorten to the first party name, and cross-reference (n #) to the full footnote:

First citation• 2 Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208.

Short form• Lucasfilm (n 2).

Short form with page number• Lucasfilm (n 2) 210-12.

Short forms (legislation)

For legislation, give a short form or abbreviation of the legislation in brackets at the end of the full footnote:

First citation• 3 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988).

Short form• CDPA 1988.

Short form with section• CDPA 1998, s 163.

ibid

• An abbreviation for ibidem, meaning ‘in the same place’;

• Repeat citation in immediately preceding footnote.

First citation

• 4 Emily Finch and Stefan Fafinski, Legal Skills (4th edn, OUP 2013).

Short form

• 5 ibid.

Short form with page number

• 5 ibid 123.

Bibliography

Tables of Authorities•Cases•Statutes•Statutory Instruments

Bibliography•Books•Official publications•Book chapters• Journal articles•Other print sources• Internet sources

All sources arranged alphabetically

Speed referencing exercise

• You have 90 seconds to reference the item before you;

• Write your answer on the worksheet provided;

• After 90 seconds another item will display on screen;

• There are 6 items to be referenced in total;

• Answers will be provided at the end of the exercise.

Questions and contacts

• Jackie Hanes•Subject Librarian• librarians@le.ac.uk• 0116 252 2055•Book a Librarian