Section 3

Plagiarism and Referencing

Introduction

This section in your Study Skills Manual is going to cover two different, but inter-

related areas: plagiarism and referencing. When you come to University, one of the

tasks that you often perform is reading. You will use the reading you do to inform

your own opinion and to build arguments that you will write in your essays and

exams. Section 4 of this manual will give advice on effective reading techniques.

However it is absolutely essential to learn how to reference all of the reading that you

have done in your own work, otherwise you could be accused of plagiarism.

Furthermore, if you have not referenced the reading and your notes properly then you

will not be able to use it in your work – which is not a good use of the time that you

have spent doing the reading in the first place!

Part 1: Plagiarism

University of Bristol Guidelines

Plagiarism is a term that is often used, and heard, in universities but is often not

understood. Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s ideas, concepts, words or

theories and either try to pass them off as your own, or do so inadvertently. This

includes using information you have obtained from the world wide web. Bristol

University’s guidelines define plagiarism as:

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University Definition of Plagiarism

"Plagiarism is the presentation of someone else's work as though it were your own" (JISC Plagiarism Advisory Service 2003)

“Passages quoted or closely paraphrased from other authors must be identified as quotations or paraphrases, and the sources of the quoted or paraphrased material must be acknowledged. Use of unacknowledged sources may be construed as plagiarism.” (Examination Regulations, 2002)

And from the Social Science Student Handbook…. Plagiarism is the presentation of someone else's work as though it were your own. However, it takes several forms, including: Obtaining an essay, eg from the Internet or another provider, and submitting it as your own work either in part or in full. This is completely unacceptable and will be treated with the utmost severity. Stealing another student’s work and submitting it as your own work either in colluding with another student to produce work together. While we expect you to work co-operatively in some of your seminars and classes, and we are always pleased when students enjoy discussing their work with each other, what you submit for assessment must be your own. In very particular circumstances, which will be clearly identified, you may be asked to submit group work, but even then you will be asked to identify your contribution. If we cannot distinguish your work from that of someone else, we cannot assess it and it is very likely to receive a mark of zero. Copying, or electronically cutting and pasting, sections (ie a whole sentence or more) of someone else’s work, without using quotation marks to clearly mark what is not yours. This includes material from the Internet. This is still plagiarism, even if you change a few words or leave out some of the sentences in a passage. Putting quotation marks round odd sentences and giving the full citation for those will not prevent any material outside the quotation marks from being assessed as plagiarism. When students are identified as doing this, they often say that they had made notes, or cut and pasted bits of sources into a notes file, and then forgot that these were verbatim rather than their own paraphrase or re-wording of the original. This is not an acceptable excuse. It is your responsibility to make sure that you keep track of your notes and material. You should always keep a record of where notes come from, including page numbers where relevant. This is part of the study skills we expect you to develop as an undergraduate at Bristol, and so you can expect us to treat such plagiarism more severely as you progress through your studies. Ultimately, if you do this in work submitted as part of your final assessment, you are very likely to receive a mark of zero for that unit, something which could affect your overall degree classification. If you are in any doubt about this, please talk to your personal tutor and unit

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convenors and get advice on good practice in note taking and the use of quotations. ‘Borrowing’ the structure of an argument from another writer and

following this too closely, presenting it as your own, without

acknowledgement. You may not actually copy verbatim sections from the

original, but you are still presenting someone else’s ideas and work as your

own. Depending on the extent to which you do this, it may make it

difficult to assess the work as your own, and result in a mark of zero for

the unit. Again, please ask for help and support if you are in any doubt

about this.

As you can see the ramifications of plagiarism are substantial: depending on the

extent, plagiarism can result in you not being awarded your degree. Therefore you

have to take care not to plagiarise, either deliberately or inadvertently.

In order to avoid plagiarism, you should:

1. Give a complete and accurate reference list of all books

or articles referred to or otherwise used. 2. Give references for all quotations, paraphrases or

mention of particular passages. 3. Never pretend that something is your own work when it

isn't!!!

Suspicion of plagiarism can be aroused through carelessness and is not always

deliberate. The University recommends that:

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when you make notes on books etc., you make it absolutely clear

in your notes what is quotation, what is paraphrase and what is

your own comment; you should then be able to avoid

unintentionally quoting or paraphrasing other people’s work

without acknowledgement.

JISC Plagiarism Detection Service JISC – the Joint Information Systems Committee – is a body which supports further

and higher education in the use of information and communications technology. One

of the services it provides is a plagiarism detection service. The University of Bristol

has signed up for this service as an institution, and in signing the University’s

registration form, which makes explicit reference to this service, all students are

automatically brought into the scheme. Essays will be checked for plagiarism using

this software.

The Plagiarism Detection Service searches the world wide web and extensive

databases of reference material and content submitted by other students to identify

any duplication of work. The software makes no decisions as to whether a student has

plagiarised, it simply highlights sections of text that have been found in other sources.

Part 2: Referencing

Different departments and different Universities use different systems for referencing

and each referencing system has a different name. Within the School for Policy

Studies, you are REQUIRED to use the Harvard Referencing System. The Harvard

system is the system which is used by the majority of social scientists so if, for

instance, you did further studies at different universities you would still use this

system.

Initially, it may seem confusing and you may be used to working with different

systems, but once you understand this system it will become more straightforward and

you will soon develop the habit of always referencing your sources in this way. One

of the things that can make it seem a bit confusing is that you will be referencing

different sources and types of material, including books and chapters in books, journal

articles, pamphlets, official government documents, and internet sources, to name but

a few. The Harvard system provides a consistent style that is used for each specific

type of material. If you do not reference properly, as well as risking accusations of

plagiarism, you will be deducted marks in your essays. Therefore in any work that

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you do, from essays to exams to presentations, from now on you are strongly advised

to use this system.

The more you apply this system the easier it will become so as well as explaining how

the system works there are a few practical examples at the end of this section for you

to ‘practice’ with.

When to Reference

In addition to referencing correctly in your reference list at the end of an essay, there

are also conventions that you must follow when you are referencing other people’s

work in the body of your own text. So before referencing at the end of your essay is

discussed, we will look at different examples of referencing within your text i.e. your

essays. Therefore this section will address:

Referencing Within Your Text

1. Referencing other people’s work: - Single authors - Multiple authors of the one text - Multiple publications by the same author

2. Reference quotations - Quotes of less than three lines long - Quotes of over three lines long

3. Shortening quotes 4. Emphasis in quotes 5. Endnotes and Footnotes 6. Errors 7. Reference list 8. Examples

- A Book - A chapter within an edited book - Journal articles - Internet sources - Newspapers - Unpublished documents (e.g. leaflets)

When you are writing an essay and you are discussing a theory or a piece of work or

an idea from someone else you have to reference the author’s name. This means that

it is not just direct quotations that you have to reference but that everything that it is

not your own work has to be acknowledged. Good academic essays will always

mention and discuss other people’s theories and ideas, but you will lose marks if you

do not reference them correctly.

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Single Author If you are using someone else’s theory you have to: write the name of the theory or

idea (sometimes you will put single quotation marks around it but not always) then

write, in brackets, the author’s surname and the date of when the publication was

written.

An example of this is in the field of male violence, where there is a theory developed

by Liz Kelly known as the ‘continuum of violence’. If you wanted to use this in your

essay you would write the words ‘continuum of violence’, put single quotation marks

around it and after this put the author’s surname, Kelly, followed by a comma and

then the date of the publication which is 1988. For example, ‘continuum of violence’

(Kelly, 1988). Alternatively if you want to use the authors name in the body of the

text, only the date is bracketed. For example, “. . . in a study by Anderson (1993)”.

To summarize, when you use someone else’s theory or idea in your

work:

1. Write the name of the theory or idea and put single quotation

marks around it, write the author’s name, and write the date

of publication. For example, ‘continuum of violence’ (Kelly,

1988).

2. Or use the author’s name in the body of your text and write

the author’s name and bracket the publication date after that.

For example, “….in a study by Kelly (1988)”.

Multiple Authors If you are referencing a theory that came from more than three authors, you only have

to write the first author’s name plus et al in your actual essay, instead of listing all of

the other authors, and then as before write the date of the book. Et al is an

abbreviation of et allii (and others) which indicates that there was more than one

author of the book or article, for example (Roberts et al, 2004). As before you can

use author names in the body of the text and date alone in brackets, for example

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“Community Mothers Programme undertaken by Johnson et al. (1993)” or “Bennet,

Wolin and Reiss (1988) highlight the possible protective value for children . . .”

When including multiple authors in the body of you text you may use et al., as in the

example above or you can write “Johnson and colleagues (1993)” either is acceptable.

When you write up the full list of references at the end of your essay you cannot write

et al but you have to write all of the authors’ names (this will be discussed more in the

bibliography section).

To summarise, when there are multiple authors in the theory or

idea/s you are quoting from in your work:

1. Write the first author’s name and add et al, and then the date

of the publication. For example (Roberts et al, 2004).

2. Or you can write in the body of your text the first author’s

name and add et al, and then write the date of the publication

in brackets. For example “Community Mothers Programme

undertaken by Johnson et al. (1993)”.

3. Or you can write in the body of your text the authors’

surnames and put the publication date in brackets. For example

“Bennet, Wolin and Reiss (1988) highlights…..”

4. In your full list of references at the end of your essay, you

must include all the names of the authors in the publication

used.

Multiple References When referencing more than one source at the same time work should be ordered by

date, earliest first for example (Canavan et al. 2000, Foley et al, 2001).

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If you are referencing two or more publications by the same author in the same year,

you have to differentiate between them by putting ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ and so on after the date,

in order that the reader can distinguish which book or article it is that you referring to,

for example, (Blackburn, 1993a; 1993b). This is so that the reader knows that there

was more than one publication in the same year and can identify the specific material

you are referring to. In order to identify which publication came first you list them

alphabetically according to the title of the article or book. The distinguishing letter

‘a’, ‘b’ or ‘c’ is also be used to identify the publications in the reference list at the end

of your writing.

To summarize -

When you reference from different authors who have written about

the same or a similar theory or idea:

1. Write the name of the author with the earliest publication date

first and then write the others. For example (Canavan et al.

2000, Foley et al, 2001).

When you are referencing an author’s work where he or she has

written about the theory or idea in more than one publication:

2. Write the name of the author and put the publication dates

starting with the earliest, separate them with a semi-colon,

and distinguish them using ‘a’, ‘b’ or ‘c’. For example,

(Blackburn, 1993a; 1993b). Remember to give a full description

of them in your list of references at the end of your essay.

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Quotations As you will have noticed from the above examples, because we were not referencing

particular quotations from the authors we did not include page numbers. When you

quote other authors you have to include the page number(s). Thus, you would still

have the author’s name and the date but in addition you also write the page number.

You would reference in exactly the same way if there was more than one author

following conventions according to the number of authors. However there are

different conventions about how you write quotations depending on their length.

Less Than Three Lines If the quotation is less than three lines long – and please note, this is three lines, and

not three sentences long - then it can stay within the body of the text and you would

just write it as part of your sentence. So you put ‘single quotation marks’ around the

quotation and then the author’s name, the date and the page number or numbers all in

brackets. When you are writing the page number some people write ‘p’ for page,

others use a colon after the date and then give the page number. There are not fixed

rules about this, but you must be consistent choosing one format and sticking to it.

Quotations Within the Text – Less Than Three Lines Long

- Single quotation mark - Name, Date, Page Numbers (in brackets)

Example

Integral to Kelly’s critique of sociology is that ‘it ignores feminist research in other areas’ (Kelly, 1988: 3).

Over Three Lines Long If the quotation is over three lines long it is written separately so that it stands on its

own. You have to indent it and italicise it; because you are italicising and indenting

the quotation you do not have to use quotation marks. As before, write the author’s

name, date and page number after the quotation.

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Shortening a Quotation

If you are quoting from an author and it is a long sentence but you only need part of it

then there is a technique to shorten it. You should include an ellipsis (three dots) in

the quotation to show that you have taken part of it out.

Quotations Over Three Lines Long - Indent - Italicise - Name, date, page number (in brackets)

Example Thus, integral to Kelly’s argument, is that the critique of sociology must be extended to acknowledge that it often disregards feminist work in other disciplines:

Being a feminist sociologist means that my own discussion of research practice refers directly to my own discipline but many of the points I want to make apply across disciplinary boundaries. Part of my criticism of the discussion within sociology is that it ignores feminist research in other areas. (Kelly, 1988: 3)

For example, the above quotation from Kelly can be shortened by removing the

middle section. However in order to let the reader know that we have shortened it we

insert an ellipsis in the section which we have removed.

To Shorten A Quotation Example

Being a feminist sociologist means that my own discussion of research practice refers directly to my own discipline … Part of my criticism of the discussion within sociology is that it ignores feminist research in other areas. (Kelly, 1988: 3)

Sometimes in removing part of longer section of text to shorten it you will need to

insert a new word to retain the sense of the quotation. Most often this is when you

remove a Noun and retain a pronoun. In this case the word you insert must be

enclosed in square brackets and should not be italicised. For example, ‘their’ has

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been replaced in the following sentence “For inclusion in [Durlak & Wells] meta-

analysis, studies had to have . . .”.

Emphasis

As you may be aware, you can use italicisation when you want to emphasise what you

are writing. It may be the case that you are using a quotation from an author in which

they have done this. If so, then you must also emphasise the words that the author

has. Thus, you copy the quotation exactly as it is written but after you write the

quotation and the author’s name, date and page number you must write, also within

the brackets: ‘emphasis in original’. This is so that the reader knows that it is not you

but the original author whom italicised and emphasised this.

Emphasis In Original Example

‘It is perhaps unsurprising that the women were happy to take only 75 per cent of the equivalent male wage’ (Smith, 2002: 84, emphasis in original).

However if you are quoting an author and you want to emphasise what they are saying

through italicising the quotation (or part of it), then you must write ‘emphasis added’

after you write the author’s name, date and page number.

Emphasis Added Example ‘It became evident that the most devoted workers were the women’ (Smith, 2002: 54, emphasis added).

Errors

If you are quoting someone but there is an error in the text, you should copy the

quotation exactly, even though you know that there is an error. What you can do,

however, is show the reader that you know it is an error by writing (sic) in brackets

after the word. ‘Sic’ is taken from Latin and means ‘like this’ or ‘thus’.

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This can also be done for political reasons such as when sexist or racist language is

used. For instance, if you were quoting from an author who referred to a group of

people as ‘he’ when in fact some of the group members may be female then you could

write (sic) after ‘he’ in the quotation.

Footnotes and Endnotes Footnotes and Endnotes are used by the author when they want to direct the reader to

an explanation or associated material that is not contained in the main body of

writing. They are used when you want to explain, expand or add something to what

you have written but which is not integral to the text. The main body of writing

should still read fluidly and make sense without the footnote/endnote. A footnote is

at the bottom of the page and endnote is at the end of the chapter or essay. The

Harvard System uses footnotes rather than endnotes. To insert a footnote in a

Word document, place the cursor where you want it to be positioned in the main body

of the text. Using the mouse, click on ‘insert’ on the main toolbar and click on

‘footnote’. This will give you the option of inserting a footnote.

References at End of the Essay Before we go on to referencing in the bibliography, there are a few explanatory details

in relation to how items are listed which have to be addressed. Never put numbers in

your reference list as you do not need them. Instead all references must be listed

alphabetically by the first author’s surname. If the author has more than one

publication, list the earliest publication first; if there is more than one publication by

an author written in the same year, list them alphabetically by the title of the article

and adding ‘a’, ‘b’ etc., as explained earlier. If some books are included by a sole

author, and others by the same first author writing with others list all the single author

books first, and the rest alphabetically. For example, Smith (1975) would come

before Smith (1976) and finally Smith & Jones (1975).

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How to Reference

Your reference list always goes at the end of your essay or article and as previously

mentioned you do not need to number items in it. You must always have a reference

list so that you can direct the reader to the sources you have used. However, there are

variations in how you reference according to the format of the text you have used.

This section is going to show you how to reference a book, a chapter within an edited

book, a journal article, a parliamentary acts, published reports and Internet sources.

The boxes below contain an explanation of how to apply the proper Harvard

formatting for each type of reference, including the correct punctuation. Where a

choice is presented (e.g. underline or italicised) either will be acceptable, but you

must apply a consistent style. Conventions exist for other types of references (e.g.

images, unpublished material) and you should research the correct referencing style

for each.

Book

Author Surname, then Initials.Co-author Surname, then Initials. (if applicable) Year of Publication (in brackets) Title of Book, (in italics or underlined) Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example:

Kelly, L. (1988) Surviving Sexual Violence, Cambridge: Polity Press.

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Chapters within Edited Books

Chapter Author Surname, then Initials. Year of Publication (in brackets) ‘Chapter Title’ (in inverted commas), in Book Editor Surname, then Initials, (Ed) or (Eds) (to indicate they were Editor/s) Book Title, (in italics or underlined) Place of Publication: Publisher, Page Numbers of Chapter.

Example:

Brittan, A. (2001) ‘Masculinities and Masculinism’ in Whitehead S. M. and Barrett F.J. (Eds.) The Masculinities Reader, Cambridge: Polity Press, 51-55.

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Journals

Author Surname, then Initials. Year of Publication (in brackets) Title of Paper, (in inverted commas) Name of Journal, (in italics or underlined) Journal Number and Issue Number, (if applicable note commas) Page Numbers of Article.

Example Russell, R. and Tyler, M. (2002) ‘Thank Heaven for Little Girls: ‘Girl Heaven’ and the Commercial Context of Feminine Childhood’, Sociology 36, 3, 619-637.

Parliamentary Act

Some authorities suggest country of publication should precede all other information. This is optional Name of the Act. (intalics or underlined) Year of Publication (in brackets) Parliamentary reference, this will vary according to year of publication (different form pre 1963) and will also vary in parliamentary papers other than acts Publisher (HMSO)

Example Children Act 1989 (c.41). London, HMSO

Or Great Britain (1989) Children Act. C.41. London, HMSO

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Report

Aim to give as much information as possible that will enable the reader to locate the report. Author Surname, then Initials if given or publisher if not. Year of Publication (in brackets) Title of Report (in italics or underlined) Report number, report series, or other identifier if given Place of publication Name of publisher Website address if applicable

Example Audit Commission (2002) Special Educational Needs: A mainstream issue. London, Audit Commission. www.audit-commission.gov.uk

Or Dickson, M (2003) Special Educational Needs in the early years. Highlight No. 200. London, National Children’s Bureau. www.ncb.org.uk

Using Internet Sources Type I when the source details are clear

Author Surname, then Initials. (NB: This may be an organisation or institution, rather than an individual) Year of Publication (in brackets) ‘Title of Article’, (in inverted commas or italicised) Name of Webpage/Website Web Address Date and Time you accessed the Webpage.

Example

Crook, F. (2000) ‘Howard League Welcomes Prison Service Action on Portland Allegations’, Howard League for Penal Reform, http://web.ukonline.co.uk/howard.league, 18.09.00, 14.15.

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Using Internet Sources Type II when the source details are not clear

Web source (no author)

Title of document Publication year and version number if it is stated in brackets Name and place of the sponsor of the source if it is stated Web address Date and time you accessed the Webpage

Example

Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational leadership by Columbia University 1993-2000(initial workshop draft) 1994, draft workshop report, Institute for Learning technologies, Columbia University <http://ariel.adgrp.com/~ghb/trips/940717_ICT/policy/ILT/EdPlan.html>. Accessed 2/8/2007: 14:00

Web source (no publication date)

Author (and write ‘date not specified’) Title of document and version number if it is stated Name and place of the sponsor of the source if stated Web address Date and time you accessed the Webpage

Example:

Sherman, C. (Date not specified) The invisible web, Free Pint Limited, UK, <http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/080600.htm#feature>. Accessed 2/8/2007, 14:00

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Referencing a web-site

Author (the person or organisation responsible for the website) Year of Publication in brackets (that the site was created or last revised) Name and place of the sponsor of the source Web-site address Date and time you accessed the web-site

Example:

School for Policy Studies or Webmaster Alison Leach, (Last revised 15.07.2005), University of Bristol, UK. http://www.bris.ac.uk/sps/index.htmlAccessed 2/8/2007, 14:00

Electronic books Author Year of Publication in brackets Title Name and place of the sponsor of the source (publisher & place) Web address Date and time accessed Example: e-library

Elephant (1764) A letter from the elephant to the people of England English Short Title Catalogue, Printed for E. Sumpter, London http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=univbri&d1=1288902500&srchtp=b&c=46&SU=0LRI&d2=3&docNum=CW3307987020&h2=1&l0=1764&vrsn=1.0&b1=KE&d6=3&ste=10&dc=tiPG&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6 Accessed 2/8/07, 14:00

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Electronic books continued… Example: free book or article

Loye, D (1998)The knowable future: The Psychology of forecasting and prophecy , Harvard University Press, New York.

http://books.iuniverse.com/viewgiftoc.asp?isbn=0966551451&page=1 Accessed 2/8/2007, 14:00 A Chapter in an electronic book.

Author, Year of Publication in brackets 'Chapter title', in book editor(s) (ed.), Book title, name and place of the sponsor of the source Web-address Date and time accessed

Example:

Anheier, H (2003) ‘Movement Development and Organizational Networks: The Role of ‘Single Members’ In the German Nazi Party, 1925–30’ in Mario Diani & Doug McAdam (eds.) Social movements and networks: relational approaches to collective action, Oxford University Press, New York, USA http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/9780199251780/p004.htmlAccessed 2/8/2007, 14:00

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Newspaper article on the WWW

Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title, Day Month, page number (if given), Web-site address, Date and time accessed.

Example:

Glancey, J (2007) ‘Think before you build’, The Guardian, Friday 27. July, http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/architecture/story/0,,2136154,00.html 2/8/2007, 14:00

Referencing from a voice-file (from a radio programme or talk) available on the WWW when and if you have quoted words from the voice-file in your text. Example:

When quoting in your text, for example ‘in a radio programme about the experiences of families caring for family members with a mental illness, one of the speakers mentions “I panicked and I did not know who to turn to….”(Caroline, 2006; Caring beyond Reason, BBC Radio 4)

In your reference list:

Person(s)/Author(s) speaking, Year in brackets, Title or description of radio programme or talk, Date, time and Place (where applicable), Source or Sponsor of the voice-file source, Website address, Date accessed.

Example:

Philip, Caroline et al. (2006) Caring beyond reason, Thursday 9 March, 8pm – 8.30pm, BBC Radio 4, http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/pip/c1oam/Accessed 2/8/2007, 14:00

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Practical Exercise All of these examples may appear to be a bit confusing so the best remedy for this is

to practice referencing different sources! The next box contains ten references that all

have something missing from them. This exercise involves recognising what type of

reference they are, i.e. a book or a journal article for example, and then identifying

where the missing information should go.

STOP! Hang On there! Before you look at the answers in the second box, make sure

you have carefully gone through and spotted the mistakes in all the references on the

list.

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Harvard Referencing System Practice Examples

1. Acker, J., Barry, K. and Esseveld, J. ‘Objectivity and Truth: Problems in

Doing Feminist Research’ Women’s Studies International Forum, 6, 4, 423-435.

2. Cook, J. A. and Fonow, M. M. (1990) ‘Knowledge and Women’s Interests:

Issues of Epistemology and Methodology in Feminist Sociological Research’ in McCarl Nielsen, J. (Ed.) Feminist Research Methods: Exemplary Readings in the Social Sciences, Boulder: Westview Press.

3. Cotterill, P. and Gayle, L. (1993) ‘Weaving Stories: Personal Auto-Biographies

in Feminist Research’, 27, 1, 67-79.

4. Owen, P. & agencies (2007) ‘Benn defends climate bill’ in The Guardian, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/green/story/0,,2141194,00.html

5. Finch, J. (1991) in Maclean, M. and Groves, D. (Eds.) Women’s Issues in Social

Policy, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 194-204.

6. Hanmer, J. (1990) ‘Men, Power and the Exploitation of Women’ Women’s Studies International Forum, 443-56.

7. Abd-Allah, UF, A Muslim in Victorian America.

http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/religion/9780195187281/toc.html

8. Kelly, L., Burton, S. and Regan, L. (1994) ‘ Researching Women’s Lives or

Studying Women’s Oppression? Reflections on What Constitutes Feminist Research’ in Maynard, M. and Purvis, J. (Eds.) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective, London, 27-48.

9. Winter, D (2006) ‘Changing Places’, Sustainable Housing, BBC Radio 4,

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/

10. Stanley, L. and Wise, S. (1983) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.

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Answers to the Harvard Referencing Practice Examples

1. Journal Article – Year of Publication.

2. Chapter in Book – Page Numbers.

3. Journal Article – Name of Journal.

4. Newspaper article on WWW – Date of Publication, Date accessed.

5. Chapter in Book – Name of Chapter.

6. Journal Article – Volume and Number.

7. E-Book – Year of Publication, Name of Source & Place, Date accessed.

8. Chapter in Book – Publishers.

9. Voice-file from WWW – Date and time of programme, Date accessed.

10. Book – Title of Book.

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