industrial revolution. “revolution” = “change” application of power-driven machinery to...
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Agricultural Revolution • Enclosures- sectioned off land w/ fences
or hedges
• Crop rotation- growing different crops in fields to preserve soil - wheat, turnips, oats, barley, clover
Farming Innovations• Jethro Tull- seed drill
• Robert Blackwell- selective breeding livestock
• John Deere -steel tip plow
• Eli Whitney- cotton gin
• Cyrus McCormick- reaper
More food- more people- urban growth
Transportation Improvements Fossil fuel revolution- COAL
-James Watt- the steam engine
-Robert Fulton- 1ST steam ship, the Claremont - on Hudson R. in NY
-George Stephenson- 1st railroad line (27 miles), “The Rocket”- steam locomotive, traveled 24 mph
-Ships/Trains- carry raw materials & manufactured goods quickly and cheaply.
-Road improvements- roads w/ drainage
Technological Change -Matthew Boulton- 1st factory
(1762), wood working factory w/ 600 workers, 2 water wheels and steam engine
-The Flying Shuttle (1733) piece of wood - ran yarn back & forth to make cloth, doubled production, invented by John Kay
-The Spinning Jenny (1778) spin multiple threads at once, invented by James Hargraves
Changes in Lifestyles • Urbanization- movement to the cities
• to find jobs in new factories, populations grew outrageously, some countries doubled population
Slumsa run-down area of a city - cities
could not handle growth, poor families moved to outskirts of cities
poor sanitation, disease (cholera)
overcrowded (40/room)
Working Conditions
• 14 hr. days
• 6 days/wk
• dangerous
• poor lighting
• coal mines most dangerous
• many children worked
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US
The Corporation- to raise money companies sold stock
Stockholders own part of corporation - share the profits- not responsible for debts.
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE USUS - good resources (coal,
iron ore)
good workers
good land and rivers
*1st factory- built by Samuel Slater
Moses Brown- textiles
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US*Francis Cabot Lowell-
textiles mill
Lowell, Mass. b./cm a booming mill town
“mill girls”- from farms, worked 12 hr. days - 6 days/wk.
*Shoes industry- New England
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US*Railroad- grew from 3,000 mi. of track to
200,000 mi. in 50 years
1869 Transcontinental Railroad met at Promontory Point, Utah
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US
*New inventions
Samuel Morse -telegraph
Thomas Edison- light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell- telephone
George Washington Carver- 300 uses for the peanut
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US
• Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie Steel
• John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil
• Cornelius Vanderbilt- Shipping & RR
Effects of the Industrial RevolutionLabor Unions - formed for
worker’s rights (better pay, hours, working conditions, & benefits)-Strike- refusal to work-Collective Bargaining- negotiations b/t workers and management
AFL- American Federation of Labor- several unions combined
Effects of the Industrial RevolutionChild Labor laws- limiting
hours (Ten Hours Act- 1847) & certain jobs- no mining
Women’s Rights- women’s unions
Jane Addams- est. Hull House, boarding house for working women in Chicago, spread to other cities
Effects of the Industrial RevolutionThe New Middle Class -Skilled
workers, govt. workers, doctors, lawyers, managers, merchants, factory owners
*Middle class now the dominant class.
Education reform- Horace Mann- free education all US children, children should be in school not in factory
Imperialism- countries took over a less powerful countries, new markets / raw materials
Industrialization in other Countries
Belgium- iron, coal & waterways- led to steam engines, machinery, trains
Germany- coal, iron, good rivers led to steel mills, machinery, textiles, RR lines, b/cm a large military threat
Italy- waterways, textiles, silks
“Have and Have-Not's”
Global economy developed through trade
Countries that failed to industrialize were left behind
ECONOMIC SYSTEMSNew economic systems & thought develop
*Adam Smith- professor U. of Glasgow, Scotland wrote Wealth of Nations.
Argued for a “free” economic system- “laissez faire”- w/o any govt. interference
Capitalism AKA - “Free-enterprise” system
-Based on private ownership, profit motive, competition, supply and demand.
-Loose govt. regulations (U. S.)
-Criticism- exploited poor class
Socialism Jeremy Bentham-
“Utilitarianism” govt. should act for the benefit of the greatest number of people
Thomas More- Utopia- ideal place w/ no poor
Socialists believe: means of production (factories, land, materials) owned by public and operate for public, govt. runs everything
Communism Karl Marx, German philosopher wrote “The Communist Manifesto”Friedrich Engels- friend & philosopher
Communism- an economic plan to help the proletariat- the working class
Marx predicted a workers’ revolution, govt. should control everything, everyone shares equally
Communist govt.Russia(1917-1989) China (1930’s- ) Cuba (1959- )
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