“if you woke up one morning and found that somebody had come to your house, and had declared that...

• “If you woke up one morning and found that somebody had come to your house, and had declared that the house belonged to him, you would naturally be surprised, and you would like to know by what arrangement”Jomo Kenyatta~Kenya

Africa in Transition

Chapter 5

African Nationalism

• After a century of European Imperialism Africans began fighting for their freedom

• Rival groups, within the political boundaries drawn by Europeans, had to unite for Nationalism to succeed

• A Pan-African Movement began

Pan African Movement

• Began early 1900’s

•“Africa for Africans”• African American leaders

supported the movement

Pan African Movement

• Leopold Sedar Senghor – European educated African; President of Senegal

• Negritude – a movement to encourage Africans to value their heritage

• It was a response to Imperialism and westernization

New Nations

• After WWII independence movements gained strength in Africa and Asia

• The two superpowers, USSR & USA condemned colonial efforts and supported some nationalist movements

• Only 4 free countries existed in 1950: Liberia, Ethiopia, Egypt, South Africa

Independence

• Most African nations gained independence around or right after 1960

• African nations fought many wars to win freedom

• Even with independence Africans did not gain freedoms; white settlers opposed giving rights to blacks

Effects of Independence

• Africans wanted modern technology and had high expectations

• Africans lacked strong democratic leaders, most leaders still had strong tribal ties

• Ethnic violence erupted because of arbitrary political boundaries

Homework

•Page 111

•3-6

Homework Check

• #3

• Boycott – a refusal to buy goods or services

• Guerrilla warfare – small bands of fighters stage hit-and-run attacks against a larger power

Homework Check

• #4 – To create a sense of unity among diverse groups in order to win independence from colonial powers

• #5 – World War II weakened the colonial empires & the Soviet Union and the United States condemned imperialism

Homework Check

• #6 – Colonial rule created a desire for modern technology and a European standard of living

• Europeans carved up Africa with no regard for traditional boundaries, which increased tensions among rival groups

• Positives include a modern transportation, communication network, modern education, and improved agricultural methods

Homework

•Draw a political cartoon about the political unrest in Africa at the time of independence

http://cartoonbox.slate.com/hottopic/?image=1&topicid=42

http://cartoonbox.slate.com/hottopic/?image=3&topicid=42

Nationalism and the Development of Nations

Leadership ChartLeader Country Achievements/Beliefs/Education

Kwame Nkurmah

Ghana

Jomo Kenyatta

Kenya

Julius Nyerere

Tanzania

Patrice Lumumba

Congo

Gen. Mobutu

Congo

Kwame Nkrumah• Born in Ghana; received

western education (Lincoln, U Penn)

• Fought for independence and against colonialism/imperialism

• Founded and became the first president of Ghana

Jomo Kenyatta

• The founding father of the Kenyan nation

• 1st PM & President of Kenya

• Received western education and was a Christian

• Initial leader of the Pan-African movement, along with Nkrumah

• Spent time in jail for Mau Mau Rebellion

Jomo Kenyattahttp://www.africaspeaks.com/kenya/20082006.html

• "When the Missionaries arrived, the Africans had the Land and the Missionaries had the Bible. They taught how to pray with our eyes closed. When we opened them, they had the land and we had the Bible".

Julius Nyerere

• Founding father and first president of Tanzania

• Western educated; trained as an educator

• Introduced socialist economy, community sharing, b/c it resembled traditional beliefs

Patrice Lumumba

• 1st Prime Minister of Dem. Rep. of the Congo

• Removed from power after ten weeks

• Assassinated

General Mobutu

• Seized power from Lumumba in the Congo

• President for 32 years

• Ruled by fear

• Overthrown in 1997

Atlantic Charter

• A vision for the world, Post WWII• Created by Churchill & Roosevelt, 1941

• One provision stated• African colonies would gain autonomy

(self-rule) after the war

• It led to independence movements

Steps towards development

• Africans looked towards a bright future at the time of their independence

• Stumbling blocks have made progress slow, yet nations remain determined

• “While the United States is trying to reach the moon, Tanzania is trying to reach its Villages” ~Julius Nyerere

Obstacles

Government

• Nations struggled to unify because village and family ties created stronger bonds

• Economic differences created hurdles as well– Good farms vs. poor farms– Rich in resources vs. poor in resources

• Differences created: Civil war, One-party rule, military rule

Civil Wars

• Congo

– Independence from Belgium in 1960

– More than 100 ethnic groups all with different economic and political interests

• Rwanda – 800,000 dead, ethnic massacres

• Ethiopia & Somalia – war led to famine

One Party Rule

• One political party would create national unity

• One party reflected tribal leadership– Many ideas discussed and solved as one– Choices within the one party

• Jules Nyerere created One Party rule in Tanzania

Military Rule

• Military leaders tried to eliminate corrupt leaders or calm unruly citizens

• People welcomed military rule, although it was sometimes harsh, because it brought stability and improved daily live

Government and Progress

• The independent nations who had stable governments improved economically

• Countries burdened by war struggle to improve economically

• A democratic trend began in Africa in the 1980s

Economic Systems

• Economic Systems implemented in Africa varied as much as the governments

• Socialist Economies – gov’t owns business

• Mixed Economies – private and gov’t owned business

Socialist Systems

• Created reliance on government for basic needs, food, home, & healthcare

• Socialism was supposed to end special privileges

• Corruption became rampant

• European markets controlled success of African Industry

Mixed Economies

• Goal is to create self sufficient economy & reduce dependence on world markets/foreign imports

• Multinational corporations have invested in mining and agricultural enterprises

• Problem: Most money flows back to home nation; not to Africa

• Continued Reliance on Foreign States

Economic Choices and Challenges

• In pairs, two, 2 Create a political cartoon

1. Depicting the relationship b/w low food prices, city workers, & farmers

2. Depicting the relationship b/w oil production, debt, & borrowing

3. Depicting the relationship b/w poor farming techniques, drought, & civil war

The Population Explosion

• “Each extra mouth comes with two extra hands” ~ West African Saying

• Large families have always been encouraged because of agricultural lifestyle

• Problems with large population– Young population need education, home,

clothes, healthcare– Older population need jobs, homes, healthcare– People cram into cities; farmland is poor/scarce

Changing Patterns of Life

The Growth of Cities

• Industry and the Population explosion have been the greatest contributors to rapid urbanization

• Examples of extreme urbanization– Cairo: 1960 – 3.7 mil 1995 – 11 mil– Dakar: 1990 – 1 mil 2000 – 5 mill– Nairobi: 1990 – 2 mil 2000 – 5 mil

Causes of urban migration

• Rural Poverty – From Drought, low food prices, war

• Hope for Better Life– Jobs, housing, education, healthcare– Greater activities: markets, discos, sports

Problems assoc. w/ rapid urbanization

• No jobs

• No real homes

• People see the ideal life on TV/billboards and cannot reach it

Effects of Urbanization

• Rise of Elite African class; a change from Elite European class from Imperialism– Elite separated by educational level, wealth, and

power

• Change to nuclear family living– Tribal and clan kinship deteriorates

• Change in family customs– Reduction of arranged marriages

Effects of Urbanization

• Westernization– Africans want the technology– Traditional African life values community;

western life values the individual– It creates a conflict b/w generations

• Religion– Northern Africa – Islamic, reject westernization– Sub-Saharan Africa – Christian/Traditional Mix

Rural Life - Farming

• Farming life has not changed much for those not migrating to the city

• Farmers use traditional tools and methods

• Farmers cannot afford modern tools or technology to upgrade their farms

• Not improving technology means farmers cannot increase output; farmers remain poor

Rural Life - Herding

• Farmers connect with traditional belief that herd size equals wealth

• Farmers refuse to sell animals for cash b/c of this belief

• Fishing output increases when motorboats and refrigeration are used

Women’s Lives

• Most lives have changed minimally

–Women produce goods in rural areas

–10-15 hour work day: feed children, weed the fields, chase animals that raid crops, collect wood for fuel, raise food, help husband grow cash crops, get water

Women’s Lives

• Changes to life• Women can own and inherit property

• Polygamy has been outlawed (Cote d’Ivoire)

• Increased focus on education & job training

• Creation of Political groups to improve lives

Education

• Governments realize education is necessary to develop future leaders

• Education used to build national pride/unity

• Schools have been built to increase literacy rates

• The number of universities has grown from 6, in 1960, to 100+, in 2000

Education – Literacy Rates

• Def. – Over 15 can read and write• Cameroon – 79%, M 85%, W 73%• Rwanda – 70%, M 76%, W 65%• Nigeria – 68%, M 76%, W 60%• Kenya – 85%, M 91%, 80%• The Gambia – 40%, M 48%, W 33%• Egypt – 57%, M 68%, W 47%• Liberia – 56%, M 73%, W 42%• www. https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html

Education - Problems

• School funding often gets cut by the government

• High dropout rates

• Few upper level classes

• Poor teacher : student ratio

Education - Future

• 15 nations currently use computers and the Internet to expand learning

• Students can connect with professors around the world

• More nations need to increase technology to improve education

Test Review• Why do people migrate from farms to cities? Describe the

problems associated with the rapid development of cities?• How has the population explosion hindered economic

development?• Explain the cyclical dilemma African farmers face concerning

increased production, technology, and debt.• Explain the developments in women’s lives after

Independence.• What role does/has education play in the development of

African nations?• How has European influence changed African governments?

Explain the benefits and drawbacks for Africa.• How has European influence changed African economies?

Explain the benefits and drawbacks for Africa.• Explain sources of instability for African Governments? Why

can stable governments better serve their people?• Explain two instances of international influence on the

development of Africa? What were they? What did they do?

Homework

• Page 115 – Map Questions

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