fats, oil and grease (fog) control james baginski, p.e. james baginski enterprises 731 kokomo place...

Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) Control

James Baginski, P.E.

James Baginski Enterprises

731 Kokomo Place

Honolulu, Hawaii 96825 (808) 358-9453email: jbe@hawaii.rr.com

AlohaAloha

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•Maintain a Pristine EnvironmentMaintain a Pristine Environment

•Comply with Federal Clean Water ActComply with Federal Clean Water Act

MISSION:

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One of the Major Problems - Sanitary Sewer Overflows

(SSOs)

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One of the Major Causes - Grease Blockages in Sewer Pipes

Inside view of sewer pipes

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Grease Blockage SourcesRestaurants & Food Processing Facilities

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Regulatory ControlPretreatment Program

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Method of Control Typical Grease Interceptor Design

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Honolulu Wastewater System

Number of Treatment Plants

Number of Pump Stations

Total Design Flow (mgd)

8 72 120

Collection System - approximately 2,000 miles of sewer lines

Honolulu population is about 800,000.

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Compliance Background

• 1982 Honolulu’s Pretreatment Program Approved by EPA

• 1990 EPA issues Findings of Violations to Honolulu (related to SSO’s)

• 1995 Honolulu enters into Consent Agreement with EPA

• 1999 GI retrofit program begins; 90 grease related SSO’s = 36% of total annual SSO’s.

• 2002 20% of facilities retrofitted; 46 grease related SSO’s = 23% of total annual SSO’s.

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Collection System Maintenance & Historical Data

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Collection System Maintenance

• Repair collection system conditions which promote grease blockages (e.g. line sag, surcharge conditions, pipe cracks/breaks, root intrusion).

• Modify collection system standards to accommodate grease (e.g. seamless pipe, increased slope, larger pipe).

• Conduct effective preventive maintenance program (i.e. identify and target “hot spots”).

• Report chronic FOG problem areas or dischargers to the Pretreatment Program for enforcement.

• Maintain detailed and accurate records of system condition.

Infrastructure Efforts to control FOG

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Collection System Historical Data

LOCATION

1999 2000 2001 2002% of GIs upgraded

% of records indicating heavy grease in line

KALAKAUA0% 12% 12% 12%67% 100% 100% 67%

KAPIOLANI4% 4% 4% 9%

92% 82% 100% 100%

AUAHI0% 0% 5% 11%

100% 100% 100% 100%

ALA MOANA0% 6% 6% 6%

100% 100% 100% 100%

Areas with Low Percentage of Retrofitted GIs

Approximately 20% of businesses requiring a GI have been retrofitted.

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Collection System Historical Data

LOCATION

1999 2000 2001 2002

% of GIs upgraded% of records indicating heavy grease in line

BERETANIA0% 0% 12% 21%

96% 100% 23% 22%

KAM HWY0% 10% 15% 20%

75% 50% 50% 0%

KALAKAUA0% 5% 10% 25%

100% 100% 75% 0%

KALAKAUA0% 8% 33% 33%

84% 80% 35% 14%

Areas with Higher Percentage of Retrofitted GIs

Approximately 20% of businesses requiring a GI have been retrofitted.

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Collection System Historical Data

Year Miles of Pipes

Cleaned

Number of Wastewater

Spills

Number of Grease Related

Spills *

Grease Spills as a Percentage of

Total Spills

1995 343 268 73 27%

1996 406 332 95 29%

1997 401 310 88 28%

1998 558 231 63 27 %

1999 ** 891 252 90 36 %

2000 658 263 86 33 %

2001 675 240 73 30%

2002 707 199 46 23%

* Grease was primary cause of spill

** Began GI retrofits in June 1999 (20% Complete)

Pipe Cleaning and Spill Records:

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Collection System Historical Data

Year Flow (mgd)

Influent O&G (mg/l)

Grease Spills

1995 75.935 44.2 73

1996 75.623 37.2 95

1997 77.047 27.7 88

1998 73.462 28.5 * 63

1999 73.917 22.5 90

2000 72.654 25.3 86

2001 70.664 24.5 73

2002 69.559 24.2 46

Reduction % 10% 45% 48%

Sand Island WWTP Data:

* O&G analytical method changed

from 413.1 to 1664A (freon to

hexane) in November 1998, as well as, new NPDES permit

required increased monitoring

frequency from 1/week to 3/week.

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Pretreatment Program

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Pretreatment Program

Many Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) Sources are Not Connected to a GI (Pre-rinse garbage disposals).

Existing Grease Interceptors (GI) are “Inadequate”.

How do you determine what is adequate?

Research Findings:

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Pretreatment Program

Consider…Stokes’ Law:

Vr = g/18ν [S.G.w – S.G.o] x D²

Where:Vr – rising velocity of the oil particle (cm/sec)

g – gravity constant (980 cm/sec²)

ν – viscosity of water in poises (0.01)

S.G.w – specific gravity or density of water (gm/cm³)

S.G.o – specific gravity or density of oil (gm/cm³)

D - diameter of the oil droplet (cm)

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Pretreatment Program

Factors Affecting FOG Separation:

1. Temperature – the less viscous the fluid (higher temp.), the faster the particle rise rate. However, too high temp. promotes emulsification.

2. Specific Gravity - The greater the differential specific gravity or density between the fluid and the particle, the faster the rise rate.

3. Diameter – The larger the particle diameter the faster the particle rise rate.

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Pretreatment ProgramOil Globule Rise Times for 3 inches @ 68 F:

Diameter

[microns]

Rise Time (S.G.=0.9) [hr:min:sec]

300 0:00:15

125 0:01:27

60 0:06:36

40 0:14:24

20 0:58:08

10 (colloidal) 3:52:33

1 387:35:49

Table info from American Petroleum Institute Publication 421. FOG S.G. range = 0.92-0.95

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Pretreatment Program

YEAH BABY, YEAH!!

Grease Interceptors must be sized to promote the adequate separation of FOG from wastewater. An important factor to consider is………..

Retention Time

Does Size Matter??

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Pretreatment ProgramGI Sizing Criteria

Minimum Grease Interceptor Volume (Vmin) isdetermined using Retention Time (R), StorageFactor (S) and Flow Rate (F).

or, V(min) = R x S x F

R = 30 Minutes

S = 1.25 (25% Allowance)

F = Maximum Flow Rate Entering the GI (gpm)

where,

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Pretreatment Program

GI Sizing Criteria

V (min) = 30 x 1.25 x F

F - Flow rate is determined based on Drainage Fixture Units (DFU)

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Pretreatment ProgramGI Sizing Criteria

DFU’s based on the Uniform Plumbing Code, 1997 edition, Table 7-3: Drainage Fixture Unit Values, Section 702.0 Maximum Trap Loading, or Table 7-4: Discharge Capacity (gpm) for Intermittent Flow Only.

* “Piping Handbook, 7th Edition”, Muhinder L. Nayyar, McGraw-Hill; Tables C13.3 & C13.4 on pages C.690 & C.691.

Flow Rate

No. of Drainage Fixture Units 40

* F = (0.7 x DFU)

No. of Drainage Fixture Units 40

* F = (0.2 x DFU) + 20

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Pretreatment ProgramPretreatment ProgramComparison of Grease Interceptor Sizing Criteria

UPC Appendix H

1999 Honolulu Criteria

(Denver Based) 2001 Honolulu Criteria

Type of FacilityCalculated

SizeTank

RequirementCalculated

SizeTank

RequirementCalculated

SizeTank

Requirement

Chinese Restaurant 6,000 2 x 3,000 1,125 1,500 885 1,000

Seafood Restaurant 6,000 2 x 3,000 2,088 3,000 1,080 1,500

Fine Dining 16,500 3 x 5,000 + 3,275 4,000 1,390 1,500

Hotel with Kitchen and Restaurant 3,500 4,000 1,688 2,000 1,050 1,500

Dinner Theatre (Luau) 7,500 2 x 4,000 2,500 3,000 919 1,000

Large Restaurant 10,320 2 x 5,000 + 3,225 4,000 2,520 3,000

Medium Restaurant 2,100 3,000 1,531 2,000 1,208 1,500

Small Restaurant 375 500 750 1,000 456 500

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Pretreatment ProgramHONOLULU SIZED GREASE INTERCEPTOR

SAMPLING RESULTS

Number of GIs sampled - 45

Number of samples taken - 90

Average Oil & Grease

Effluent Concentration (Avg) - 79 mg/l

pH - (min) 5 (avg) 5.8 (max) 7

Temp. (degrees F) - (min) 69º (avg) 86.6º (max) 105º

(Melting Point of Tallow (i.e. animal fat) - 108 degees F)

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Pretreatment ProgramGI Maintenance Requirements

• 25% RULE Storage factor used to

determine GI maintenance frequency consisting of surface FOG material and settled solids.

• PUMP-IN-FULL – Insure all solids are

removed.– Inspect the GI for corrosion

damage or cracks.– Enables “cradle-to-grave”

tracking of FOG waste.

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FOG Control Success Factors

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FOG Control Success Factors

Consistent Facility Compliance Evaluations Persistent/Consistent Enforcement Actions Plan Reviews to verify Compliance with GI Program Database Tracking and Follow-upProgram Implementation Strategy Economic ConsiderationsPublic Outreach and Education

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FOG Control Success Factors

Program Implementation Strategy!

1. Understand the Political Environment – Votes.

2. Understand the Media – Stay 2 steps ahead. Create a “No Story” situation.

3. Involve the Industry – Raise awareness by meeting with Stakeholders (Property Owners, Restaurant Owners, Area Organizations/ Committees, Trade and Business Associations, City and Elected Officials).

4. Think “Money” - Businesses focus is on $. Find a way to merge environment and regulations. Build partnerships with the “Big Dogs”.

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FOG Control Success Factors

• Project coordination & funding by property owners:– Property owners and tenants equally liable under most

Ordinances.– Owners finance improvements and renegotiate tenant leases.– Tenants pay only their fair share while they are there.

• Shared Grease Interceptors

• Mixed Waste (kitchen/domestic) Grease Interceptors. [Currently 2 operating in Hawaii with more proposed]

• Grant easements where space is limited.

• ADDITIVES - Biologicals Only…No Enzymes or Surfactants.

Economic Considerations:

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FOG Control Success FactorsPublic Outreach and Education

• Public Info Meetings, Community/Industry Events

• Brochures, Bus Posters

• Educational Videos/Public Service Anouncements (Show Video)

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Contact Information

James Baginski, P.E.

President

James Baginski Enterprises

731 Kokomo Place

Honolulu, Hawaii 96825

Tel: (808) 358-9453

Email: jbe@hawaii.rr.com

baginskij001@hawaii.rr.com

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Questions?

Aloha Aloha and and

MahalMahaloo