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SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
EOR as a Driver for CCS Projects in Mexico
Fernando Rodríguez de la Garza
Victor Arana Ortiz
CCS in Mexico: Policy Strategy Options for CCS. March 7-8, 2012
Outline
Introduction
Status of EOR in PEMEX
Incremental Oil by CO2 EOR: Expectations from first round
Final Thoughts
Outline
Introduction
Status of EOR in PEMEX
Incremental Oil by CO2 EOR: Expectations from first round
Final Thoughts
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
Production stages of an oil field
4
The production of an oil field
usually involves three main
stages: Primary, Secondary
and Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR).
25%
15% 10%
Primary Recovery
Secondary Recovery
EOR
Remaining Volume
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
5
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
EOR Oil production costs
are higher than primary or
secondary production
Oil produced by PEMEX
mostly comes from primary
production and some from
secondary recovery
methods
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2008, Oil & Gas Journal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
Pro
du
ctio
n C
ost
(U
SD
/ b
bl)
Volume (MMMBPCE)
Oil
Produced
Middle
East and
North
Conventi
onal oil
(others)
EO
R C
O2
All deep water
EO
R o
ther
s Art
ic
Heavy Oil
and
Bitumen
Oil
shale
Gas to
oil
Coal to
Oil
Resources available worldwide
6
EOR Oil Production Costs
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
Basics of CO2 EOR
7
PARAMETER UNIT AMOUNT
Depth ft <9,800 and >
2,000
Temperature °F <250, but not
critical
Pressure psia >1,200 to 1,500
Permeability mD > 1 to 5
Oil gravity °API >27 to 30
Viscosity cp <10 to 12
Residual oil
saturation >0.25 to 0.30
Source: NETL, march 2010.
CO2 has two main characteristics
when used as EOR fluid:
• It is miscible, or partially miscible,
with the oil
• Less expensive than other
miscible gases
Screening criteria for CO2 candidates
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
CO2 EOR: Benefits and Challenges
8
Solubility of CO2 in the oil
produces oil viscosity reduction
and swelling.
Interfacial tension reduction
between oil and CO2.
Lower miscibility pressure
requirement for CO2, compared to
other gases.
CO2 has water-like injectivity
Standard injection facilities.
× Large volumes of water and CO2
produced.
× In heavy oil the Minimum Miscibility
Pressure (MMP) is difficult to reach.
× Higher levels of corrosion.
× Gravity Segregation in the reservoir.
× Viscous fingering in the reservoir.
× Application in the Mexican naturally
fractured reservoirs.
Major benefits: Technical Challenges:
Source: GEOGREEN, 2010.
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
Recovery Factors : Fields from Canada and USA
9
Field Oil Gravity
(°API)
Oil
Viscosity
(cP)
Amount
Injected
(%HCPV)
RF, Incremental
Recovery Factor
(% OOIP)
Total Factor
(Mcf/STB)
Net Factor
(Mcf/STB) Start
Dollarhide 40 0.4 30 14 2.4 1985
East Vacuum 38 1.0 30 8 11.1 6.3 1985
Ford Gerldine 40 1.4 30 17 9 5 1981
Means 29 6.0 55 7.1 15.2 11 1983
North Cross 44 0.4 40 22 18 7.8 1972
Northeast Purdy 35 1.5 30 7.5 6.5 4.6 1982
Rangely 32 1.6 30 7.5 9.2 5 1986
SACROC (17
pattern) 41 0.4 30 7.5 9.7 6.5 1972
SACROC (4
pattern) 41 0.4 30 9.8 9.5 3.2 1981
South Welch 34 2.3 25 7.6 -- -- --
Twofreds 36 1.4 40 15.6 15.6 8 1974
Wertz 35 1.3 60 13 13 10 1986
Source: Brock, W.R. and Bryan, L.A., «Summary Results of CO2 EOR Tests, 1972-1987» Tulsa, OK, April 22-25.
Outline
Introduction
Status of EOR in PEMEX
Incremental Oil by CO2 EOR: Expectations from first round
Final Thoughts
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
EOR Experience in PEMEX - E&P T
her
mal
Met
ho
ds
Imm
isci
ble
gas
dri
ve
Ch
emic
al
Met
ho
ds
Steam / Hot
Water
Electrical
Heating
In Situ
Combustion
Hydrocarbon
Gas
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Polymer /
surfactant
Microbial
PEMEX EOR experience
is mostly limited to lab
and simulation studies:
yet conducted CO2 pilots
in Chicontepec fields and
steam injection in
Samaria Terciario field
More than 350 EOR
projects implemented
worldwide: 2.2% share of
the world oil production
Very limited worldwide
experience on EOR in
Naturally Fractured
Reservoirs. 92% of
PEMEX oil production
comes from NFR
Development/
Production Pilot Test
Research and
Development
* Nitrogen injection processes applied as secondary recovery, not enhanced.
Source: OGJ 2008, Websites of the companies mentioned
1
1
The EOR strategy of PEMEX is focused on the 19
biggest fields
EOR implementation on
the 19 biggest fields of
Mexico will have a
potential impact on 60%
of the total OOIP of all
fields
These 19 fields involve
onshore and offshore
fields as well as non
fractured clastic and
fractured carbonate
reservoirs
Source: Producción y Reservas por campo – Pemex 2008
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
220,000
240,000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
90% impacted
volume– 73
biggest fields
80% impacted
volume– 41
biggest fields
60% impacted
volume– 19
biggest fields
OOIP
MM barrels
Number of Fields
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
13
Cantarell
Jujo-Tecominoacan
Ku-Maloob-Zaap
Poza Rica
Cacalilao
AJB Complex
Abkatun-Pol-Chuc
ATG North (6) Miquetla, Coyol,
Humuapa, Remolino, Corralillo y Soledad
Ebano
Akal KL, Chac
Maloob
Chuc
Cardenas
Poza Rica
Cunduacan
Samaria
Terciario
Coyotes
19 P
rio
rity
Fie
lds
Foamed Surfactant injection in the
invaded zone by gas in Akal KL
Solution surfactant in the invaded zone by
water in Chac
CO2 injection in Coyotes
CO2 injection in Maloob
Foamed Surfactant injection in the
Antonio J. Bermudez Complex
Hydrocarbon gas in Chuc
Ain injection in Cardenas
Surfactant injection in Poza Rica
Air injection in Soledad
CO2 injection in Ogarrio
Panuco
Field Field Test
(Analogous) Pilot
Will start with 11 pilot
tests covering most
of the EOR
technologies
Results from pilots
will extend to other
analogous reservoirs
The air injection in
NFR pilot is strategic
since 50% of
Mexico´s oil reserves
come from NFR
reservoirs. Soledad
Steam injection in Samaria Terciario
A
B
I
C
D
E
F
J
K
H
G
ATG South (4) Agua Fria, Tajin;
Coapechaca, P. Alemán Agua fria
EOR Strategy in PEMEX E&P
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
CO2 EOR: Road Map
2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Pilot Test in the Coyotes
Fields
Pilot Test in the Field Poza Rica.
Pilot Test in the Field Maloob.
Pilot Test in the Field Altamira.
Design in the Field Ayatsil-Tekel-Kayab
Design in the Field Ogarrio
EOR Strategy in PEP
CO2 Supply Status (Geological)
CO2
Supply Strategy Geologic study Secondary
Recovery Strategy of PEP
IMP Study. Analysis of CO2 available in Petrochemical
Cosaleaque (Ammonia Production)
Pilot Plant Operation of 2.5 MW for CO2
capture1 Pilot Plant Operation of 250 MW for CO2
capture2
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
Location of CO2 Pilot Tests
15
Maloob
Ogarrio
Coyotes
Poza Rica
Altamira
Carmito
Petrochemical
Quebrache
CFE Tuxpan
CO2
Anthropogenic
Sources of CO2
Natural Sources of
CO2
Atasta: N2 Plant
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
Location of main sources of CO2
16
Q
C
H V
M T
R
T
Madero, Tamps.,
Refinery
MMPCSD: 120
Miguel Hidalgo
Refinery
MMPCSD: 159
C
C
AHMSA
MMPCSD: 762
A
Las Truchas
MMPCSD: 132
R
Cadereyta, NL,
Refinery
MMPCSD: 107
R
Carmito
MMPCSD: 50
Quebrache
MMPCSD: 260
CEMEX Puebla
MMPCSD: 101
Guanajuato
Refinery
MMPCSD: 251
CEMEX Hidalgo
MMPCSD:
CFE Tuxpan,
Veracruz
MMPCSD: 390
Mittal Steel
MMPCSD: 263
Burgos
MMPCSD: ~100
A
Cangrejera
Complex
MMPCSD:790
M
CFE Tula, Hidalgo
MMPCSD: 623
CFE, Valle de
Mexico
MMPCSD: 126
CFE, San Luis
Potosí
MMPCSD: 114
S
B
Refineries
CEMEX
Reservoir
Steel
CFE
Outline
Introduction
Status of EOR in PEMEX
Incremental Oil by CO2 EOR: Expectations from first round
Final Thoughts
35,163 Cantarell
Abkatun Pol Chuc
10,782
Maloob
9,770
5,950
Antonio J. Bermudez
3,782
Ogarrio 1,006
Ebano Chapacao
3,649
San Andres 1,422
ATG* 13,594
3,216
Panuco
Cacalilao
11 out of the 19 priority fields are candidates
for CO2 EOR
Soruce: Production and Reserves by field- Pemex 2008
OOIP
Million barrels
CO2 EOR could be first
implemented in fields that
add up to 22 MMMB of
OOIP (first round)
Would represent 9% of the
OOIP in all fields and 16%
of the OOIP in the fields
considered in the EOR
strategic program
Remaining Volume
Np
CO2
* Fields: Coyotes, Soledad and Humapa
Potential Incremental Oil from first round CO2 Floods
Assuming an incremental
oil recovery ranging from 3
to 8 %, oil attributable to
CO2 flooding will range
from 600 to 1700 MMB for
fields considered in the first
round fields.
INCREMENTAL OIL POTENTIAL BY ENHANCED RECOVERY
Million barrels
476
1,088
1,758
80114
Ogarrio
30
Maloob
179
San Andres
11
Total ATG
408
628
FR 8% FR 3%
* Coyotes, Soledad and Humapa
19
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
Volume of CO2 Required
20 (1) 20 years of Time horizont analyzed
(2) SEMARNAT. CO2 source emision 2007 (3) Utility factor of 10,000 CF/B of oil
Considering a Utilization Factor of 10,000 SCF/Bl of incremental oil, a trivial analysis gives the CO2 requirements
Fields considered: Maloob, ATG Fields, Ogarrio and San Andres.
CO2 Volume by source2
MMPCD
888
964
944
927
610
2777
350
628 MMB =>
0.314 TSCF/year
1,758 MMB =>
0.88 TSCF/year
Production3 Cement Total PEP CFE Petrochemical Refinery
1272
Steel Res.1
High requirement (FR 8%)
Lower requirement (FR 3%)
8,732 = 3.2 TCF/year
* Fields: Coyotes, Soledad and Humapa
Outline
Introduction
Status of EOR in PEMEX
Opportunity to increase oil recovery
Final Thoughts
Final Thoughts
CO2 EOR is playing, and will play, an important role in the
exploitation of oil reservoirs, and therefore, it could contribute in the
near future with the development of CCS Projets.
After successful CO2 pilot testing, CO2 EOR could be an effective
driver for strategic-large scale CCS projects.
CO2 recycling has to be considered when deploying CO2 EOR field-
scale projects
Reduction in CO2 capture costs will impact possitively the EOR
projects of PEMEX.
22
SUBDIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DE EXPLOTACIÓN
EOR as a Driver for CCS Projects
in Mexico.
CCS in Mexico: Policy Strategy Options for CCS. March 7-8, 2012
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