earth history. leq how do strong observations and prior experiences lead to strong inferences?
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Earth History
LEQ• How do strong observations
and prior experiences lead to strong inferences?
Envelopes
• Vocabulary• Observation: information gathered
directly by using one or more of the five senses-seeing, touching, hearing, tasting, smelling
• Inference: a logical conclusion based on observations, past experience and prior knowledge.
Envelopes Procedures• 1. With your group, look at the envelope
you were given. Write the envelope # in your composition book.
• 2. Come up with 5 observations. List them in your composition book.
• 3. Come up with 5 inferences. List them in your composition book
• (Did you make a heading and number your work?)
Envelopes practice on your own
• Number and copy each statement from the Observation or Inference? Sheet.
• Write O for observation. Write I for inference after each statement.
• Now write two of your own observations and inferences.
LEQ• Can you answer the LEQ
now?
Elevation of DE
Concept
•Sedimentary Rocks
Rock Samples
• LEQ: • How do weathering, erosion, and
deposition change the surface of Earth over time?
• What specific forces cause the weathering, erosion and deposition of rock material?
Journal• Why do the walls of the Grand
Canyon appear to have lines?
• The walls of the Grand Canyon appear to have lines for the following reasons.
Background
• John Wesley Powell collected samples along the Grand Canyon and described those samples.
• We will use a similar technique.
Background Con’t*
•Color, fizz, texture, and grain size are some examples of properties you might use to sort rocks into groups.
Background con’t*
•When the acid reacts with calcite, a gas, carbon dioxide is given off. Hence the fizzing.
•Limestone, sandstone, and shale are three types of rocks commonly found in the Grand Canyon layers.
•Flat deposits of rock are called layers. They can be thick or thin but always cover a large area.
•Correlate means to find a relationship or connection between rock layers from two or more locations.
•The top layer in a rock column is exposed at the surface somewhere
•A plateau is a large nearly level area that has been uplifted or elevated above the surrounding area.
• A formation is a rock layer composed of more than one kind of rock, but the kinds and order of rocks can be recognized from one place to another.
• Differential erosion occurs where a mountain or plateau is made out of both soft, weak rocks and harder, more resistant rocks. The weaker rocks wear away faster, leaving behind knobs and cliffs of more resistant rocks.
• A model is a representation of an object or system. It is used for something:
• too small/ large,• too remote in time/space,• that happens too fast/slow, • too dangerous, too costly
• Sandstone is made from sand from mountain streams, dunes and beaches.
• Shale is made from silt and clay deposited by slow moving water.
•The principle of original horizontality describes how layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal (or nearly horizontal) position.
shalesandstone
limestone
•Using observations of processes happening today can help geologists infer what happened in the past. This is uniformitarianism.
•The principle of superposition states that the first layer deposited is on the bottom and layers get younger as you go up in sequence.
Guess the word
•Basin•correlation
• Observation• Sandstone• Mountain sand• Calcite• Principle of original horizontality
• Inference•Shale•Dune sand•Floodplain•Principle of super position
Forces That Shape the Earth’s Surface
• LEQ
• 1. How does weathering shape rock particles?
• 2. How can we use weathering and erosion to make inferences about the environment in which sedimentary rocks were formed?
Forces that Shape the Surface of the Earth.
• Vocabulary• weathering: the wearing down of earth
material (clue: weather : wear down)• Erosion: the moving of earth material
(clue: erode move: I rode down the road)• Deposition: the depositing or putting
down of earth material (clue: deposit: down)
Guess That Word!
• Quiz 2
Round 1• Erosion• Running water• slopes• Root pry• Differential Erosion
Round 2• Weathering• Glaciers• Cliffs• Heavy sediments• Frost wedging
Concept 3
Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle
• LEQ
• 1. How does the way a rock forms determine the rock type? (Sedimentary, Igneous, or Metamorphic)
• 2. How can one rock transform into another type of rock?
How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed
• Read for what you can understand. Don’t worry so much about what you don’t get yet.
• Review the information that is old stuff (erosion, soils)
• Read for the answers to the three questions on the back.
How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed
• Copy and answer the three questions on the back page in your composition book.
How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed
• 1. Minerals are the same throughout no matter how broken apart the sample is. Rocks are made from 2 or more minerals.
How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed
• 2. Cycles repeat and the process of creating rocks never ends. There are always rocks being weathered into sediments to become new sedimentary rocks. Volcanoes erupt to form new igneous rocks. Constant heat and pressure below the earth’s surface create metamorphic rocks.
How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed
3. Fossils are imprints or parts of once living things preserved in rock. Since igneous rock is either melted rock below or above the earth’s surface, no living things can survive or will burn up with contact. The intense heat and pressure of metamorphic rock will destroy any existing fossils.
Rock Cycle• Vocabulary
• Sedimentary: rocks formed from sediments which are smaller pieces of rocks, shells, or even plants
• Igneous: rocks formed from melted rock, or magma, that has cooled and hardened
Rock Cycle• Vocab con’t
• Magma: melted or molten rock below the surface of the earth
• Lava: melted rock above the earth’s surface
Rock Cycle
• Vocab con’t
Intrusive: igneous rock formed and cooled below the surface of the earth. The long cooling time made the crystals large.Extrusive: igneous rock formed and cooled above the surface of the earth. The fast cooling time made the crystals small.
Rock Cycle
• Metamorphic: rocks that have been changed from one type to another through heat and pressure.
Rock Cycle• With your group, use the rock
cycle pieces to create a diagram that shows how one rock changes into another rock.
Guess that Word
Guess that Word
• Extrusive• Metamorphic• Pumice• Limestone• shale
Guess that Word
• Igneous• Obsidian• Slate• Intrusive• Sandstone
Continental Drift
Continental Drift
• LEQ• 1. What evidence supports the
continents are in constant motion?• 2. How is the energy for moving the
large land masses that make up Earth created?
Continental Drift• Vocabulary• Continental drift: describes the drifting
and sliding motion of the large pieces of Earth
• Pangaea: name of a former supercontinent
Continental Drift
• Vocabulary continued• Plate tectonics: the science of how
the large pieces of the crust of Earth move
Video on continental drift
• Watch the video and answers the questions on the worksheet.
Continental Drift
• There are four types of plate boundaries:
• Divergent boundaries -- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other.
• Convergent boundaries -- where crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another.
Continental Drift
• Transform boundaries -- where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other.
• Just in case you really really want to know.• Plate boundary zones -- broad belts in
which boundaries are not well defined and the effects of plate interaction are unclear.
Fossils and Geologic Time
Fossils and Geologic Time
• LEQ
• 1. What can fossils teach us about the events in the earth’s past?
• Based on current evidence, what is the sequence of major events in Earth’s past?
Fossils and Geologic Time
• Read the article
Time and Change/Mud Fossils• Try the One Pager.
Fossils and Geologic Time
• Vocabulary:• Fossils: naturally preserved remains
or traces of ancient life that lived in the geologic past. (see more)
• Index fossils: a particular fossil from something that lived only a short time but in many areas used to compare time
• Geologic Time: the time scale used to describe and compare the history of the Earth (see more)
Fossils and Geologic Time
• Index fossil activity: use the index fossils to correlate the canyons
Fossils and Geologic TimeDinosaurs appear
Dinosaurs become extinct
Jellyfish appear
Protozoa appear(single celled animals)
Bees appear
Flowering plants appear
Trilobites appear
Fish with backbones appear
Fossils and Geologic Time• Ideas about geologic time:• You have to be living before you
can be extinct• Single cell comes before multi-
celled• Food appears before the eater of
the food• Simple comes before complex
Fossils and Geologic Time
Background• Timelines are evenly spaced out.• Sequence is important• Geologic timelines start NOW and
go back in time.
Fossils and Geologic Time
• Geologic Time viewing
Interactive
• Rock cycle• Dynamic Earth
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