descriptive grammar of english part 1: phonetics and phonology

Descriptive GrammarDescriptive Grammarof Englishof English

Part 1:Part 1:PhoneticsPhonetics

and Phonologyand Phonology

dr dr Iwona KokorniakIwona Kokorniak

(with contribution from dr (with contribution from dr Jarosław WeckwerthJarosław Weckwerth))

25th25th SeptemberSeptember 200 20088

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English nasalsEnglish nasals:: Voicing Voicing

All voiced!All voiced!

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The nasalsThe nasals

/m/ voiced bilabial nasal/m/ voiced bilabial nasal

/n/ voiced alveolar nasal/n/ voiced alveolar nasal

/ŋ/ voiced velar nasal/ŋ/ voiced velar nasal

44

The velar nasal in EnglishThe velar nasal in English

babanknk /bæ/bæŋkŋk//sisinknk /sɪ/sɪŋkŋk//

bang /bæŋ/

sing /sɪŋ/

but

no /k/ or /g/at the end!!!

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Oral and nasal stopsOral and nasal stops

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Velic vs. velar closureVelic vs. velar closure

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Approximants:Approximants: Articulation Articulation

The active articulator approaches The active articulator approaches the passive articthe passive articulator...ulator...

...but t...but the opening is he opening is quite wide...quite wide...

...and no ...and no friction resultsfriction results

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The approximantsThe approximants

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English English approximantsapproximants

//ll rr w jw j//wwaitait / /wweɪt/eɪt/

yyeses / /jjes/es/

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The approximantsThe approximants

/j//j/ voiced palatal approximant voiced palatal approximant

/w//w/ voiced labio-velar approximant voiced labio-velar approximant

/r//r/ voiced retroflex approximant voiced retroflex approximant

/l//l/ voiced alveolar approximant voiced alveolar approximant

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Eng. approximantsEng. approximants – Voicing – Voicing

All voiced!All voiced!

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The lateralThe lateral

/l//l/Full contact between the Full contact between the tongue tip and the alveolar tongue tip and the alveolar ridgeridge

But air escapes along the sides But air escapes along the sides of the tongueof the tongue

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The lateral stop/approximant?The lateral stop/approximant?

Full contact: stopFull contact: stop

Sides of the tongue approach Sides of the tongue approach the palate: approximantthe palate: approximant

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The rhoticThe rhotic

/r//r/Post-alveolar approximantPost-alveolar approximant

Standard IPA symbol:Standard IPA symbol:

[ɹ][ɹ]

1515

Retroflex /r/Retroflex /r/In some varieties of English, esp. In some varieties of English, esp. AmEngAmEngThe tip of the tongue may be The tip of the tongue may be curled upcurled upCalled Called retroflexretroflex /r//r/

[ ɻ ][ ɻ ]

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Retroflex /r/Retroflex /r/

[ɹ] [ ɻ ]

1717

RhoticityRhoticity

Standard British English, Standard British English, Australian, New Zealand etc.Australian, New Zealand etc.are are non-rhoticnon-rhotic

/r/ /r/ pronouncedpronounced

only before a vowelonly before a vowel

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All varietiesAll varieties

rightright //rraaɪɪt/t/pridepride /p/prraaɪɪd/d/burybury //''beberri/i/

1919

Non-rhotic varietiesNon-rhotic varieties

carcar /kɑː//kɑː/

storedstored /stɔːd//stɔːd/

wordword /wɜːd//wɜːd/

2020

Rhotic varietiesRhotic varieties

Standard American, Canadian, Standard American, Canadian, Scottish, Irish, etc. are Scottish, Irish, etc. are rhoticrhotic

/r/ /r/ pronouncedpronouncedwherever it’s spelledwherever it’s spelled

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SemivowelsSemivowels

/j w//j w/Artic. very similar to Artic. very similar to /i: u://i: u:/But only used before vowelsBut only used before vowels

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Where /j/ is transcribedWhere /j/ is transcribed

yyoungoung /jʌŋ//jʌŋ/bebeyyond ond /b/bɪˈɪˈjjɒnd/ɒnd/AmEng AmEng /b/bɪˈɪˈjjɑ:nd/ɑ:nd/

2323

Where /w/ is transcribedWhere /w/ is transcribed

oone / ne / wwonon //wwʌn/ʌn/

rerewwind ind /r/rɪˈɪˈwwaaɪɪnd/nd/

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But not after vowelsBut not after vowels

mmyy /ma/maɪɪ/ / NOTNOT /maj/ /maj/

hhowow /haʊ/ /haʊ/ NOTNOT /haw//haw/

2525

Polish vs. English consonantsPolish vs. English consonants

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Polish affricatesPolish affricates:: ZZillionsillions!!

ccechech //tstsex/ex/

wowodzdzaa // ˈ̍vɔvɔdzdza/a/cicieećć //tɕtɕeetɕtɕ//

dzidzieeccii // ˈ̍dʑdʑeetɕtɕi/i/

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Why is it good to know?Why is it good to know?

EnglishEnglish /h//h/ glottalglottal

Polish Polish /x//x/ velarvelar

chchataata //''xxata/ata/Different!!!Different!!!

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More Polish fricativesMore Polish fricatives

Alveolo-palatalAlveolo-palatal

mimiśś /mi/miɕɕ/ / mamaźź /ma/maɕɕ//

ziziele ele /ˈ/ˈʑʑele/ele/

2929

The velar nasal in PolishThe velar nasal in Polish

rękaręka //''rereŋŋka/ka/gęgaćgęgać //''gegeŋŋgatɕ/gatɕ/

bąkbąk /bɔ/bɔŋŋk/k/

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Additional Polish nasalAdditional Polish nasal

PalatalPalatal

niniaaninia a //''ɲɲaaɲɲa/a/

kokońń /kɔ/kɔɲɲ//

3131

Compare!Compare!

VelarVelar PalatalPalatal

Eng, PolEng, Pol Pol onlyPol only

ŋŋ ɲɲ

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Polish vs. English consonants - Polish vs. English consonants - examplesexamples