descriptive grammar of english part 1: phonetics and phonology
DESCRIPTION
Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology. dr Iwona Kokorniak (with contribution from dr Jarosław Weckwerth ) 25th September 200 8. English nasals : Voicing. All voiced!. The nasals. /m/ voiced bilabial nasal /n/ voiced alveolar nasal /ŋ/ voiced velar nasal. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Descriptive GrammarDescriptive Grammarof Englishof English
Part 1:Part 1:PhoneticsPhonetics
and Phonologyand Phonology
dr dr Iwona KokorniakIwona Kokorniak
(with contribution from dr (with contribution from dr Jarosław WeckwerthJarosław Weckwerth))
25th25th SeptemberSeptember 200 20088
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English nasalsEnglish nasals:: Voicing Voicing
All voiced!All voiced!
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The nasalsThe nasals
/m/ voiced bilabial nasal/m/ voiced bilabial nasal
/n/ voiced alveolar nasal/n/ voiced alveolar nasal
/ŋ/ voiced velar nasal/ŋ/ voiced velar nasal
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The velar nasal in EnglishThe velar nasal in English
babanknk /bæ/bæŋkŋk//sisinknk /sɪ/sɪŋkŋk//
bang /bæŋ/
sing /sɪŋ/
but
no /k/ or /g/at the end!!!
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Oral and nasal stopsOral and nasal stops
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Velic vs. velar closureVelic vs. velar closure
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Approximants:Approximants: Articulation Articulation
The active articulator approaches The active articulator approaches the passive articthe passive articulator...ulator...
...but t...but the opening is he opening is quite wide...quite wide...
...and no ...and no friction resultsfriction results
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The approximantsThe approximants
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English English approximantsapproximants
//ll rr w jw j//wwaitait / /wweɪt/eɪt/
yyeses / /jjes/es/
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The approximantsThe approximants
/j//j/ voiced palatal approximant voiced palatal approximant
/w//w/ voiced labio-velar approximant voiced labio-velar approximant
/r//r/ voiced retroflex approximant voiced retroflex approximant
/l//l/ voiced alveolar approximant voiced alveolar approximant
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Eng. approximantsEng. approximants – Voicing – Voicing
All voiced!All voiced!
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The lateralThe lateral
/l//l/Full contact between the Full contact between the tongue tip and the alveolar tongue tip and the alveolar ridgeridge
But air escapes along the sides But air escapes along the sides of the tongueof the tongue
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The lateral stop/approximant?The lateral stop/approximant?
Full contact: stopFull contact: stop
Sides of the tongue approach Sides of the tongue approach the palate: approximantthe palate: approximant
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The rhoticThe rhotic
/r//r/Post-alveolar approximantPost-alveolar approximant
Standard IPA symbol:Standard IPA symbol:
[ɹ][ɹ]
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Retroflex /r/Retroflex /r/In some varieties of English, esp. In some varieties of English, esp. AmEngAmEngThe tip of the tongue may be The tip of the tongue may be curled upcurled upCalled Called retroflexretroflex /r//r/
[ ɻ ][ ɻ ]
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Retroflex /r/Retroflex /r/
[ɹ] [ ɻ ]
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RhoticityRhoticity
Standard British English, Standard British English, Australian, New Zealand etc.Australian, New Zealand etc.are are non-rhoticnon-rhotic
/r/ /r/ pronouncedpronounced
only before a vowelonly before a vowel
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All varietiesAll varieties
rightright //rraaɪɪt/t/pridepride /p/prraaɪɪd/d/burybury //''beberri/i/
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Non-rhotic varietiesNon-rhotic varieties
carcar /kɑː//kɑː/
storedstored /stɔːd//stɔːd/
wordword /wɜːd//wɜːd/
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Rhotic varietiesRhotic varieties
Standard American, Canadian, Standard American, Canadian, Scottish, Irish, etc. are Scottish, Irish, etc. are rhoticrhotic
/r/ /r/ pronouncedpronouncedwherever it’s spelledwherever it’s spelled
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SemivowelsSemivowels
/j w//j w/Artic. very similar to Artic. very similar to /i: u://i: u:/But only used before vowelsBut only used before vowels
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Where /j/ is transcribedWhere /j/ is transcribed
yyoungoung /jʌŋ//jʌŋ/bebeyyond ond /b/bɪˈɪˈjjɒnd/ɒnd/AmEng AmEng /b/bɪˈɪˈjjɑ:nd/ɑ:nd/
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Where /w/ is transcribedWhere /w/ is transcribed
oone / ne / wwonon //wwʌn/ʌn/
rerewwind ind /r/rɪˈɪˈwwaaɪɪnd/nd/
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But not after vowelsBut not after vowels
mmyy /ma/maɪɪ/ / NOTNOT /maj/ /maj/
hhowow /haʊ/ /haʊ/ NOTNOT /haw//haw/
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Polish vs. English consonantsPolish vs. English consonants
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Polish affricatesPolish affricates:: ZZillionsillions!!
ccechech //tstsex/ex/
wowodzdzaa // ˈ̍vɔvɔdzdza/a/cicieećć //tɕtɕeetɕtɕ//
dzidzieeccii // ˈ̍dʑdʑeetɕtɕi/i/
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Why is it good to know?Why is it good to know?
EnglishEnglish /h//h/ glottalglottal
Polish Polish /x//x/ velarvelar
chchataata //''xxata/ata/Different!!!Different!!!
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More Polish fricativesMore Polish fricatives
Alveolo-palatalAlveolo-palatal
mimiśś /mi/miɕɕ/ / mamaźź /ma/maɕɕ//
ziziele ele /ˈ/ˈʑʑele/ele/
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The velar nasal in PolishThe velar nasal in Polish
rękaręka //''rereŋŋka/ka/gęgaćgęgać //''gegeŋŋgatɕ/gatɕ/
bąkbąk /bɔ/bɔŋŋk/k/
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Additional Polish nasalAdditional Polish nasal
PalatalPalatal
niniaaninia a //''ɲɲaaɲɲa/a/
kokońń /kɔ/kɔɲɲ//
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Compare!Compare!
VelarVelar PalatalPalatal
Eng, PolEng, Pol Pol onlyPol only
ŋŋ ɲɲ
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Polish vs. English consonants - Polish vs. English consonants - examplesexamples