demography environmental science. basic vocabulary demography : -study of human populations -study...
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DEMOGRAPHY
Environmental Science
Basic VocabularyDemography : - study of human populations- study of factors that affect population growth
Migration: Movement of individuals
- Emigration – individuals moved out of the area- Immigration – individuals moved into the area
Life expectancy - the average number of years a person is expected to live
Fertility Rate - number of babies born each year per 1,000 women
Birth Rate – same as fertility rate
Death Rate – number of deaths each year per 1,000 people
Developed vs. Developing Countries DEVELOPED COUNTRIES typically have:
• High average incomes • Slow population growth • Diverse industrial economies • Social support systems - i.e.
social security , LINK cards• Low death rate• Low infant mortality • High life expectancy (i.e. 60+)
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES typically have:
• Low incomes• Simply, farm-based economies • Rapid population growth (high
birthrate)• No social support systems• High death rate• High infant mortality• Low life expectancy (i.e. age
35)
School children in DEVELOPING nation
Classroom in a DEVELOPED nation
5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT A COUNTRY’S BIRTHRATE
1. SOCIAL /EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF WOMEN ** more education, less time for reproduction
2. GENERAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF COUNTRY** For example Roman Catholics, Muslims do not believe in using contraceptives or
abortion
3. IMPORTANCE OF CHILD LABOR ** If children are needed for farming or other work, people will tend to have more children
4. AVAILABILITY OF BIRTH CONTROL** People will be able to use it if it is readily available.
5. SOCIAL SECURITY OR RETIREMENT PLANS ** If there is no social supports available for people as they age, they will have to depend
on their children for support = more children (higher birthrate)
What is happening to life expectancy worldwide?
Why is the world’s death rate presently declining?
• Improved medical care
• Increased infant mortality
• Adequate food supply (due to advances in agriculture)
• Access to clean water
• Improved sewage removal
• Access to vaccines
Infant Mortality Figures Among Developed and Developing Countries
Demographic Transition Model
What is the Demographic Transition Model?
• The demographic transition model explains the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
• In developed countries this transition began in the eighteenth century and continues today.
• Less developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model
Demographic Transition Explained
• STAGE 1: Pre-Industrial- Birth Rate and Death Rate HIGH - Population is stable
• STAGE 2: TransitionalDeath Rates decline as conditions improve- Better hygiene
- Improved nutrition - Improved education
- Population is increasing
Demographic Transition Model
Demographic Transition Continued…
STAGE 3: Industrial - Birth rate begins to decrease
- Population growth slows down - Population is much larger in this stage (due to high birth rate and decreasing death rate in Stage 2)
STAGE 4: Post-Industrial - Birth rate decreases below death rate - Population shows decline due to this happening
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