dacota_blue: science breakthrough i

Science Breakthrough I

The Development of Science from Ancient to Modern

Imagine a world without science?

• Imagine a world without system.

• Imagine a world without collection of knowledge

• Imagine a man who knows nothing….

Imagine a world without science?

Imagine a world without science?

Imagine a world without science?

Imagine a world without science?

Imagine a world without science?

Imagine a world without science?

The Scientific Revolution

•  The period roughly between 1500 and 1700 during which the foundations of modern science were laid down in Western Europe. Before this period, nothing like science in the modern sense.

The Myth Vs. Science

 MYTHS• The world is flat.• The center of the universe is Earth.• Dragons are monsters.• The race of man came from Eve and

Adam.

The Myth Vs. Science

FACTS• The world is round.• The center of the Solar System is the

Sun.• Dragons are reptiles and they are

not big.• Man came from apes.

Superstitious Vs. Facts

 Superstitious BeliefTraditional belief, rituals, and customs that is being followed or applied without any scientific bases.

 FactsAny information gathered from scientific experimentation, result of any observed phenomenon or event.

The Scientific Revolution

• Aristotle Aristotle, one of the greatest ancient Greek philosophers, was the first to provide a systematic exposition of biology, psychology, physics, and literary theory. Aristotle emphasized the importance of reason and logic.

The Scientific Revolution

• Aristotle “mixed sciences”

It tried to combine the principles of one science, geometry, with those of

another, physics, in order to explain the behavior of heavenly bodies or rays of

light. But the results, according to Aristotle,

could not properly explain anything.

The Scientific Revolution

• Galen Galen, a Greek physician who lived during the 2nd century AD, believed that mental disorders resulted from an imbalance of the four bodily humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm. His studies dominated European medical theory and practice for 1400

The Scientific Revolution

• Galen The arts and medical faculties tended to follow suit, with the result that study focused not on the natural world itself, nor on the techniques of practical healing, but instead on the writings of Aristotle and Galen, who was the equivalent medical authority in ancient times. Concentration on the study of texts meant that there was little or no practical study or experimentation within the university curricula.

The Scientific Revolution

• Pedanius Dioscorides

He more localized and uses practical knowledge to lay experts in herbal lore outside the university system.

Pedanius Dioscorides (40?-90? AD), Greek physician,

born in Anazarbus, in Cilicia (now in Turkey). He served in

the Roman armies of Nero and studied plants for their

medicinal properties. He wrote De Materia Medica (On

Medical Matters), the first authoritative and

superstition-free text on botany and pharmacology.

The Scientific Revolution

• The alchemy Alchemy, ancient art practiced especially in

the Middle Ages, devoted chiefly to discovering a substance that would transmute the more

common metals into gold or silver and to finding a

means of indefinitely prolonging human life. Although its purposes and techniques were

dubious and often illusory, alchemy was in

many ways the predecessor of modern science, especially the science of chemistry.

The Scientific Revolution

• The stand of Roman Catholic Church

“queen of the sciences,”

The Church considered Aristotelian natural philosophy to provide support to religious doctrines, but other naturalist pursuits were considered to be subversive.

Development of Experimentation

• The Renaissance was the period when the experimental method, still characteristic of science today, began to be developed and came increasingly to be used for understanding all aspects of the physical world.

Development of Experimentation

William Gilbert (1544-1603), English physicist and physician, known primarily for his original experiments in the nature of electricity and magnetism.

Development of Experimentation

Belgian anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius helped establish the foundations of modern anatomy in the 16th century by dissecting human cadavers and publishing his results.

Andreas Vesalius

Development of Experimentation

Belgian anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius helped establish the foundations of modern anatomy in the 16th century by dissecting human cadavers and publishing his results.

Andreas Vesalius

Development of Experimentation

De Magnete (1600; Of Magnets, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet of the Earth, 1890), were first

developed by Petrus Peregrinus, a renowned medieval magus (magician).

Religious Opposition

Religious opposition to magic had less force after the discovery of various writings allegedly written by Hermes Trismegistus, Zoroaster, Orpheus, and other mythical or legendary characters.

New Focus On Experimentation And Observation

The invention of new observational instruments…

Italian physicist and astronomer

Galileo maintained that the earth revolved around the sun, disputing the belief held by the Roman Catholic church that the earth was the center of the universe.

New Focus On Experimentation And Observation

The invention of new observational instruments…

Mathematization of Nature

The scientific revolution has also been characterized as the period of the

“mathematization of the world picture”

Quantitative information and mathematical analysis of the physical world began to be seen to offer more reliable knowledge than the more qualitative and philosophical

analyses that had been typical of traditional natural philosophy. The mathematical sciences had their own long history, but thanks to Aristotle's strictures they had always

been kept separate from natural philosophy and regarded as inferior to it.

Mathematization of Nature

• Nicolaus Copernicus

Mathematization of Nature

Johannes KeplerHe dramatically increased scientists’ understanding of planetary motion;

Mathematization of Nature

Isaac Newton. Most notably, Newton derived the law of universal gravitation, invented the branch of mathematics called calculus

Practical Uses of Scientific Knowledge

• Experimentalism and mathematization were both stimulated by an increasing concern that knowledge of nature should be practically useful, bringing distinct benefits to its practitioners, its patrons, or even to people in general. Apart from supporting dubious medical ideas, the only use to which natural philosophy had been put throughout the Middle Ages was for bolstering religion.

Modern Science

• Albert Einstein is considered one of the greatest and most popular scientists of all time.

Modern Science

• Albert Einstein is considered one of the greatest and most popular scientists of all time.

1. Albert Einstein invented the microscope. 2. Science is always based on facts.3. It is a bad luck for us to keep a turtle as

a pet. 4. The Earth is the center of the Solar

System. 5. Charles Darwin formulates the Theory of

Evolution.6. Science is a systematized body of

knowledge.7. Mathematics is a Science.

True or False: Write (T) if the statement is based on facts or true and write (F) is the statement is a superstition or false.

8. Superstations were based on facts. 9. It is not necessary to continue

walking if a black cat cross your way.10. Isaac Newton is a well know Greek

Philosopher.

True or False: Write (T) if the statement is based on facts or true and write (F) is the statement is a superstition or false.