copyright 2003 by mosby, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 6 foundation skills
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Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 6
FOUNDATION SKILLS
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Health Assessment
• Interview and examination– Interview may include the medical
history, nature of the current complaint, and medication record
– Examination determines functional, cultural, spiritual, and physical characteristics
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Vital Signs
• Values used to measure changes in body function, general health, and response to treatment
• Include blood pressure (BP) and temperature, pulse, and respiration (TPR)
• Affected by many factors: age, activity, nutrition, emotion, fitness, medication, and illness
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Assessing Vital Signs
• Once a day (qd)• Twice a day (bid)• Three times a day (tid)• Four times a day (qid)• Every 4 hours (q4h)• Every 15 minutes (q15min)
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Blood Pressure
• Measurement of the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries as it circulates through the body
• Maximum pressure at which the pulse can be heard is systolic
• Minimum pressure at which it is audible is diastolic
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Instruments for Taking Blood Pressure
• Stethoscope amplifies the sound • Sphygmomanometer is an
inflatable cuff that measures pressure using air (aneroid) or mercury
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6-1 Sphygmomanometer and
Stethoscope
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Temperature
• The measurement of the balance between the heat produced and lost by the body
• Four methods commonly used to measure temperature– Mouth (oral)– Armpit (axillary)– Rectum (rectal)– Ear (temporal)
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Table 6-1 Temperature
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Types of Thermometers
• Glass with an expandable mercury filling– Expandable mercury filling– Oral– Rectal
• Electronic • Disposable chemical thermometers
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Pulse
• Pulse is the heartbeat that can be felt, or palpated, on surface arteries as the artery walls expand
• The pulse is usually assessed using the radial artery near the wrist
• Normal adult pulse rate can range between 60 and 100 beats per minute
• The pulse of an infant is significantly faster than that of an adult
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Table 6-2 Pulse Ranges by Age Group
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Respiration
• One respiration includes the inspiration and expiration of a breath
• The rhythm and character of respiration are important observations
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Box 6-2 Respiration in Adults
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Height and Weight
• Insurance companies determine at which weight for a specific height an individual is predicted to live the longest
• American Heart Association recommends desired weight be considered in relation to other risk factors of heart disease such as blood pressure and cholesterol levels
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Assessment
• Inspection is done by using visual and auditory observation
• Auscultation means listening to sounds, often with a stethoscope
• Palpation is using the hands to observe structures by touch
• Percussion is striking the body to assess the sound made
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Information Exchange
• Basic math– For medication dosages– Measure time– Temperature– Distance– Capacity (volume)– Mass
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Military Time
• A 24-hour system used to measure time
• Hours are numbered from 0 to 24, with noon being 1200
• No need to use the morning (a.m.) and evening (p.m.) designation because there are no times with the same number
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Graphing
• Used to interpret data visually• Commonly used to chart vital signs • Four types of graphs include:
– Bar graph– Pie graph– Pictograph– Line graph
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Figure 6-11 Types of Graphs
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Figure 6-11 Types of Graphs
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6-11 Types of Graphs
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 6-11 Types of Graphs
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer Literacy
• Electronic equipment that stores, manipulates, and retrieves information according to a program
• Components of a computer system– Working space– Hardware– Keyboard– Central processing unit (CPU)– Viewing screen (monitor)– Disk drive– Disks
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Medical Terminology
• The vocabulary is based on Latin and Greek roots for common words
• Each word can be divided into parts that are reused to form new terms
• Abbreviations and symbols are used • Physician’s orders
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Emergency First Aid
• Immediate care given to the victim of injury or sudden illness
• Certification in first aid is awarded by several accredited agencies– American Red Cross (ARC) – American Heart Association (AHA)
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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