concept mapping and course outcomes day 2 – march 16, 2011
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CONCEPT MAPPING AND COURSE OUTCOMESDAY 2 – MARCH 16, 2011Getting Started with Instructional Design: A Hands-on Approach
Outcomes for Day 2 Determine the content (subject matter)
of your module, workshop, or course describe how to develop a learning
outcome create clear and appropriate learning
outcomes for the course content that you have identified
Overview of Day 2 Learning Environments Concept Mapping Course Outcomes Next Steps
Learning OutcomeAssessment
StrategyContext
Content
TLS, McGill Univeresity
LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
Learning Environment Continuum
F2FBlended / Hybri
d
Online
Blended / Hybrid Courses
“A course which includes both face-to-face meetings and online components” (Ko & Rossen,
2010, p.11)
F2F class time replaced with online activities Blended / Hybrid courses deliver 30-79 % of
content online Not to be confused with courses that are
‘technology-enhanced’
Why Blend?
Serves a broader spectrum of learning styles than either classroom or online alone
Allows classroom time to be spent on different types of activities
Accommodates the independent and the social learner
Increases access (space and time independence)
Uses the best of multiple environments to increase learning
Maximizing Contact Time
A different use of class time – review of difficult concepts, rather than coverage of content
Time for active learning techniques, critical thinking, discussion, group work
Moves the role of the professor toward that of facilitator
Laurier Example (CH202)
Pre-Class
• Students write quiz “cold” (ungraded)• Access to videos (created with screen capture
software)• Students retake quiz (graded)
In Class
• Pre-class material summarized in mini-lecture• Quiz results presented• Application activities (clicker questions, group
work, discussion)
Post-Class
• Summary video produced on any unfinished business
• Optional practice problems posted
CONCEPT MAPPINGGetting Started
What Constitutes Content?Understanding of the subject matter
Decisions about teaching and learning
Beginning the process: Intensive Writing (5 minutes)
Write about the content of the course you will design during the workshop What is the content of the course? What is the course about? Brainstorm the full range of possibilities!
What is concept mapping? a “diagrammatic representation of
meaningful relationships b/w concepts [i.e., key elements of your course]”
a “visual ‘road map’ of the key ideas [concepts, topics, etc.]”
an ongoing process...
Source: Watson, 1998, p. 265
What is concept mapping?• a graphical way of organizing your thoughts
(understanding) and showing how concepts are related or differentiated
• a diagrammed series of "nodes" consisting of linked topics (core concepts) and subtopics
• connections (lines between nodes) are labelled with linking words/phrases denoting how concepts are related thereby forming propositions
What is a Concept? ... from a Concept Mapping PerspectiveJoseph D. Novak & Alberto J. Cañas , Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, http://cmap.ihmc.us/docs/Concept.html
Design ConsiderationsContext begin with a clear “focus question”; map should answer question
Lines use thicker, thinner, d-o-t-t-e-d lines to show nature of connections label lines between nodes with a linking word or phrase
Nodes draw small to LARGE shapes to indicate importance of map elements use different shapes or colours to differentiate various
elements/domains
Other include images/pictures (can be added with via C-map) hierarchal – tends to read progressing from the top down
Content Considerations• centrally important to subject/focus of course• meets program / accrediting / professional needs• meaningful and relevant to learner / participant• based on or related to research• situated within the domain of study
(discipline/field)• stimulates search for meaning/further
investigation• transmittable/accessible via planned educational
experience
Sequencing Considerations• chronological – moving from past to present• topic by topic – no set relationship b/w topics• problem-centred – problems, questions, cases set
organization of material• spiral – topics/concepts revisited throughout course
with new info layered on • cumulative – each topic/concept builds on previous
oneSource: Centre for Teaching Excellence, University of Waterloo, Course Content Selection and Organizationhttp://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_resources/tips/course_content_selection_and_organization.html
Denise’s Concept Map Process
Other Mapping Options
Venn Diagram
Euler Diagram
Ishikawa (fishbone) Diagram
Ellis, D. (2009)
Examples of Maps
Properties of Materials Electronic structure
of atoms
Molecularshapes &dipole moments
Intermolecular forces
Reactivity - organic functional groups
Ionic, covalent and metallicbonding
Mapping YOUR Course• From your intensive writing circle ‘core’
items and record on sticky notes• arrange (rank) sticky notes; begin to identify
relationships b/w concepts • prepare draft concept map with labelled
nodes (concepts/domains) and lines• critique draft map – individual – refer to
worksheets• share map with peer for feedback• revise map to share with group for feedback
Getting Started with instructional Design: A hands-on approach
GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND OUTCOMES –
‘Cheshire Puss,’ she began, rather timidly, ... ’Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?’‘That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,’ said the Cat.‘I don’t much care where …’ said Alice.‘Then it doesn’t matter which way you go,’ said the Cat.‘…so long as I get somewhere,’ Alice added as an explanation.‘Oh, you’re sure to do that,’ said the Cat, ‘if you only walk long enough.’
Food for thought….
Alice in Wonderland
Learning Objectives/Outcomes
“Students can better master their own learning when they know what the expectations are for that learning.”
Parkes, Fix & Harris, 2003, p. 76
Goals/objectives and outcomes are to a course what a foundation is to a house.
Prégent, 1994
Benefits of Stating Objectives/Outcomes
communicates your intentions clearly to students and to colleagues
provides a framework for selecting and organizing course content, appropriate teaching and learning activities
guides you in decisions about assessment and evaluation methods
gives students information for directing their learning efforts and monitoring their own progress
Terminology
• object of a person’s/course’s ambition, effort; aim, target
• course focusedGoal
• something sought or aimed at• instructor focused
Objective
• a visible result• student/learning focused
Outcome
Goals
Can be more general or vague
Not held up to same evaluative standards as objectives or outcomes
Example: “The goal of this course is to introduce students to the foundational theories of literary criticism.”
Objectives
should be fairly short
begin with a verb
reflect the instructor’s point of view
Example: “investigate influential literary theories from the 19th century to present day”
Outcomes
should tell students what they will have learned
clarify what they will be able to do with the new knowledge/skills/value
identify level of learning/application (analysis, synthesis, evaluation)
Example: “be able to apply two or more literary theories to a new text”
Outcomes
should be short
formulated from the student’s point of view
begin with an action verb such as: describe, explain, analyse, evaluate
Should begin: “After studying X, Y and Z (context), students (you) will be able to recognize, describe,…”
SMACable Learning Outcomes
Specific
Measureable
Attainable
Clearly Stated
Taxonomies of Learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Fink’s Taxonomy of Significant Learning Fostaty Young’s ICE Taxonomy
Benefits of Adopting a Taxonomy
Taxonomies provide: a common language for communicating
about learning
a framework to enhance curricular coherence
students with a meta-cognitive tool to help plan for their learning
Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956)(Revised 2005)
One of the earliest taxonomies
Learning is
understood to be hierarchical and domain specific
Taxonomic Levels/Domains
CARINGDeveloping new
Feelings Interests Values
LEARNING HOW TO LEARN
Becoming a better student Inquiring about a subject Self-directing learners
HUMAN DIMENSION Learning about:
Oneself Others
INTEGRATIONConnecting:
Ideas People Realms of life
FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGEUnderstanding and remembering:
Information Ideas
APPLICATION Skills* Thinking:
Critical, creative, & practical thinking
Managing projects
Fink’s, 2003 Taxonomy of Significant Learning
ICE
IDEAS CONNECTIONS EXTENSIONS• Basic Facts• Elemental concepts
• Within the content• To life experiences
• Applying learning to new situations• The “so now what?” of learningFostaty Young & Wilson (2000)
ICE
Ideas are the basic building blocks of learning. They are the fundamentals of new learning; the steps in a process; the vocabulary of a subject area; definitions; the material that students collect from their notes and textbooks.
ICE
Connections occur when learners are able to articulate relationships among the isolated bits of information and Ideas within the content or when they are able to make personal meaning of their new learning.
ICE
Extensions are the final stage of learning growth. They are often demonstrated when learners able to extrapolate or use their new learning in novel ways, perhaps by being able to use their new knowledge in ways quite removed from the original learning context.
Using Taxonomies for Scaffolding
Before we can understand a concept we have to remember it
Before we can apply the concept we must understand it
Before we analyse it we must be able to apply it Before we can evaluate its impact we must have
analysed it Before we can create we must have remembered,
understood, applied, analysed, and evaluatedSource:
http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/Bloom's+Digital+Taxonomy
References Carroll, L. (1971). Alice in Wonderland. (1st edition). New York: W. W. Norton. Churches, A. (2010). Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy. Retrieved from
http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/Bloom%27s+Digital+Taxonomy [2010, August 13] Course Content Selection and Organization, Waterloo, Ontario: Centre for Teaching Excellence, University of
Waterloo. Retrieved from http://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_resources/tips/course_content_selection_and_organization.html [2011, March 16].
Ellis, D. (2009). Using Visual Models to Capture Change Management Situations. Paper presented at annual Educational Developers Conference, February.
Fostaty Young, S. & Wilson, R.J. (2000) Assessment and Learning: The ICE Approach. Fink, D. L. (2003). Creating Significant Learning Experiences. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Ko, S. & Rossen, S. (2010). Teaching Online: A Practical Guide (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. Novak, J.D., & Canas, A.J. (2008). The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use Them,
Technical Report IHMC CmapTools Retrieved from http://cmap.ihmc.us/Publications/Research Papers/TheoryUnderlyingConceptMaps.pdf [2011, March 5]
Parkes, J., Fix, T., & Harris, M. (2003). What syllabi communicate about assessment in college classrooms. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 14(1), 61–83.
Prégent, R. (1994). Charting your course: How to prepare to teach more effectively. Madison, WI: Magna Publications Inc.
Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education. London: Routledge. Svinicki, S. (1991). Practical implications of cognitive theories. In College Teaching: From Theory to Practice.
San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Teaching and Learning Services, McGill University.
Next Steps Learning Log Feedback Sheets Homework:
Review wiki resources Browse learning and instructional design
materials Read:
Designing Learning as Well as Teaching (McAlpine, 2004)
Day 3: Facilitation Methods and Assessment
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