community research on thermal comfort, lighting conditions

Community Research on Thermal Comfort, Lighting Conditions and Related Energy Use at Low-Income Resettlement Site in San Isidro, Iloilo, Philippines

Emmanoelle V. Garalde

Supported by the Homeless Peoples Federation of the Philippines Inc. (HPFPI)

ESCAP Knowledge Dissemination Workshop on Sustainable Energy Options

24 – 26 June 2014, Bangkok

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Objective

• To compare the thermal comfort levels and energy use in different low-cost housing projects in San Isidro, Jaro, Iloilo City

San Isidro Resettlement Area

Background Information

Location San Isidro, Jaro, Iloilo City

Number of Households 1,473

San Isidro Resettlement Area

Gawad Kalinga – Don Delfin

Beneficiaries 59 HouseholdsTyphoon Frank affected families

Implementing Agencies

Gawad Kalinga, National Housing Authority (NHA), Iloilo City Government

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) –Core Shelter Assistance Project

Beneficiaries 500 HouseholdsTyphoon Frank affected families

Implementing Agencies

DSWD, Habitat for Humanity

San Isidro Resettlement Area

Italian Government Housing Project

Beneficiaries 80 HouseholdsTyphoon Frank affected families

Implementing Agencies

Italian Government, Iloilo City Government

Community-led Infrastructure Finance Facility (CLIFF) Housing Project

Beneficiaries 149 HouseholdsIloilo Flood Control Project affected families

Implementing Agencies

Homeless Peoples Federation of the Philippines Inc. (HPFPI)

Modalities of the Research

• Household survey• Total surveyed: 80 households (20 for each

housing type• Covers subjective thermal comfort and energy

use• Technical Measurements of the different

housing types• Temperature/ Relative Humidity• Air velocity• Noise• Light intensity• Surface temperature

Site Plan

Gawad Kalinga(Don Delfin)

HPFPI/ CLIFF

Habitat for Humanity/Core Shelter

Italian Housing

Housing Types

Bamboo with PlasterConcrete Hollow Block

with GI Sheet

Steel Frame with Mortar InfillConcrete Hollow Block (Low

Ceiling)

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

RESULTS OF TECHNICAL MEASUREMENTS

Ali Korkmazer (CAN) and Ruel Arcajada (TAMPEI)

Technical Measurements

Technical Test Modalities

Test Houses Analysed

Comparison of Indoor-Outdoor Temperature:

Steel Frame vs. Bamboo Houses

14 – 15 June 2014: Measurement 10am – 4am 18 – 19 June 2014: Measurement 10am – 4am

Comparison of Indoor-Outdoor Temperature:

Concrete Prefab vs. Soil Cement Houses

13 – 14 June 2014: 10am – 4am 17 – 18 June 2014: 10 am – 4am

Temperature Difference: Indoor vs. Outdoor

Heat Index: Steel Frame Houses

Heat Index: Bamboo House

Interpretation of Data:Lighting and Cross Ventilation

• Air exchange rate and light inside houses depends on the design and the surrounding environment, not the building material.

• Openings positioned at effective locations (cross ventilation below the roof, windows, ventilation blocks) were measured in many test houses.

• In bamboo, soil cement blocks and selected home lots, the cross ventilation rates were high but still comfortable

• In most concrete houses and the steel frame, designs were not sufficient.

Interpretation of Data:Heat Storage of Walls

• For small houses in tropical countries thermal mass has no positive effect, as it has in temperate climates. Fast night time cooling is wanted, while temperature drop will never reach uncomfortable degrees. Heavy construction delays this cool-down. During day time, mass is soon heated up again, as it did not reduce much in the night time.

• More comfortable concept: lighter construction with good cross ventilation

Lighting Conditions

Ventilation

Roof Radiation

Passive Cooling

Incremental Changes

Initial Observations

• Temperature

• Concrete and steel frame houses – temperature was between 32°C - 40°C during daytime

• Only the ground floor of two-story houses stayed below 32°C

• Measurement in bamboo and soil cement houses sustained temperature of less than 32°C

• Heat radiation coming from walls and roof accounts for 40% of indoor temperature

• Radiation of roof sheets is a key factor in discomfort

Initial Observations

• Ventilation accounts for 60% of indoor temperature

• Heat Index

• Natural lighting – 5 houses of the 12 failed in this test

INITIAL RESULTS OF HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

Emmanoelle V. Garalde (HPFPI)

Household Survey

Households SurveyedHouse Type Number of

Households

Italian House 20

Habitat for Humanity 20

Gawad Kalinga 20

HPFPI 20

TOTAL 80

Households per Housing Category

Single detached

Duplex

Row House - Corner

Row House - Middle

Profile of HouseholdsAverage number of household members

Monthly IncomeMean (In PhP)

Housing Project 1 (Concrete/LowCeiling)

5 13,538.30

Housing Project 2 (Steel Frame with Mortar Infill)

6 10,081.50

Housing Project 3 (Concrete/GiSheet)

5 11,507.00

Housing Project 4 (Bamboo/Plaster)

5 23,784.50

Total 5 14,727.83

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Less than5,000

5,001-10,000 10,001 -15,000

15,001-20,000 20,001 -25,000

25,001 -30,000

Over 30,000

No

. o

f H

ou

se

ho

lds

Monthly Income Levels

Lowest: P2,480Highest: P50,00041%

5%

24% 10%6%

4%

10%

Access to Electricity

Type of House

What type of electrical connection do you have?Individual

meterSub-meter with

neighborInformal sub-

connectionCommunal

meter

Housing 1 17 2 1 0

Housing 2 14 4 0 1

Housing 3 18 1 1 0

Housing 4 19 0 1 0

85% of households have an individual meter

Problems with paying electricity bills

No. of households

Paid late 13

Disconnected 7

Electricity Use – Household Appliance

0

20

40

60

80

Electric Fans Television Refrigerator Rice Cooker Flat Iron

Lighting

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Incandescentlamps

Fluorescentlamps

CFL LED Lights Kerosene

79% use CFL28% still use kerosene lamps

Lighting Conditions Per Housing Type

10 14 15 17

9

6 42

0

5

10

15

20

25

Housing 1 Housing 2 Housing 3 Housing 4

Yes No

• Do you think there is enough light in your house?

Cooking Appliance

72

14

- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Traditionalcookstove

Improvedcook stove

LPG Stove/Range

Microwaveoven

Oventoaster

Rice cooker

Cooking Appliance

Problems with cooking appliance No. of Households

Smoke 46

Increases temperature of the kitchen/house 22

Lack of available fuel 1

Accidents 1

LPG Stove

85%

Electric stove

9%

Microwave

oven

3%

Others

3%

If you have more money, would you like to shift to any of the following cooking appliance?

Subjective Thermal Comfort

Type of House

Comfortable (1) 2 3 4 Too Hot (5)

Housing 1 0 0 5 8 7

Housing 2 0 0 5 2 13

Housing 3 2 0 1 4 13

Housing 4 8 2 9 1 0

Are you comfortable in terms of temperature in your current home?

Subjective Thermal Comfort

Housing CategoryComfortable

(1) 2 3 4Too Hot

(5)

Single detached/ attached 1 0 1 0 0

Duplex 7 2 8 1 0

Row house -corner

0 0 4 7 10

Row house -middle

2 0 7 7 23

Are you comfortable in terms of temperature in your current home?

Subjective Thermal Comfort

• Do you find surfaces get very warm or very hot?

29

77

6

0

20

40

60

80

100

Walls Roof / Ceiling Floors

No

. of

Ho

use

ho

lds

Satisfaction of Housing Materials

Type of House

Not Satisfied

(1) 2 3 4

Very Satisfied

(5)

Housing 14 5 5 5 1

Housing 2 5 3 9 2 1

Housing 3 2 1 12 3 2

Housing 40 0 2 3 15

How satisfied are you with the materials of your house?

Research Team with Community Leaders