community research on thermal comfort, lighting conditions
TRANSCRIPT
Community Research on Thermal Comfort, Lighting Conditions and Related Energy Use at Low-Income Resettlement Site in San Isidro, Iloilo, Philippines
Emmanoelle V. Garalde
Supported by the Homeless Peoples Federation of the Philippines Inc. (HPFPI)
ESCAP Knowledge Dissemination Workshop on Sustainable Energy Options
24 – 26 June 2014, Bangkok
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Objective
• To compare the thermal comfort levels and energy use in different low-cost housing projects in San Isidro, Jaro, Iloilo City
San Isidro Resettlement Area
Background Information
Location San Isidro, Jaro, Iloilo City
Number of Households 1,473
San Isidro Resettlement Area
Gawad Kalinga – Don Delfin
Beneficiaries 59 HouseholdsTyphoon Frank affected families
Implementing Agencies
Gawad Kalinga, National Housing Authority (NHA), Iloilo City Government
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) –Core Shelter Assistance Project
Beneficiaries 500 HouseholdsTyphoon Frank affected families
Implementing Agencies
DSWD, Habitat for Humanity
San Isidro Resettlement Area
Italian Government Housing Project
Beneficiaries 80 HouseholdsTyphoon Frank affected families
Implementing Agencies
Italian Government, Iloilo City Government
Community-led Infrastructure Finance Facility (CLIFF) Housing Project
Beneficiaries 149 HouseholdsIloilo Flood Control Project affected families
Implementing Agencies
Homeless Peoples Federation of the Philippines Inc. (HPFPI)
Modalities of the Research
• Household survey• Total surveyed: 80 households (20 for each
housing type• Covers subjective thermal comfort and energy
use• Technical Measurements of the different
housing types• Temperature/ Relative Humidity• Air velocity• Noise• Light intensity• Surface temperature
Site Plan
Gawad Kalinga(Don Delfin)
HPFPI/ CLIFF
Habitat for Humanity/Core Shelter
Italian Housing
Housing Types
Bamboo with PlasterConcrete Hollow Block
with GI Sheet
Steel Frame with Mortar InfillConcrete Hollow Block (Low
Ceiling)
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
RESULTS OF TECHNICAL MEASUREMENTS
Ali Korkmazer (CAN) and Ruel Arcajada (TAMPEI)
Technical Measurements
Technical Test Modalities
Test Houses Analysed
Comparison of Indoor-Outdoor Temperature:
Steel Frame vs. Bamboo Houses
14 – 15 June 2014: Measurement 10am – 4am 18 – 19 June 2014: Measurement 10am – 4am
Comparison of Indoor-Outdoor Temperature:
Concrete Prefab vs. Soil Cement Houses
13 – 14 June 2014: 10am – 4am 17 – 18 June 2014: 10 am – 4am
Temperature Difference: Indoor vs. Outdoor
Heat Index: Steel Frame Houses
Heat Index: Bamboo House
Interpretation of Data:Lighting and Cross Ventilation
• Air exchange rate and light inside houses depends on the design and the surrounding environment, not the building material.
• Openings positioned at effective locations (cross ventilation below the roof, windows, ventilation blocks) were measured in many test houses.
• In bamboo, soil cement blocks and selected home lots, the cross ventilation rates were high but still comfortable
• In most concrete houses and the steel frame, designs were not sufficient.
Interpretation of Data:Heat Storage of Walls
• For small houses in tropical countries thermal mass has no positive effect, as it has in temperate climates. Fast night time cooling is wanted, while temperature drop will never reach uncomfortable degrees. Heavy construction delays this cool-down. During day time, mass is soon heated up again, as it did not reduce much in the night time.
• More comfortable concept: lighter construction with good cross ventilation
Lighting Conditions
Ventilation
Roof Radiation
Passive Cooling
Incremental Changes
Initial Observations
• Temperature
• Concrete and steel frame houses – temperature was between 32°C - 40°C during daytime
• Only the ground floor of two-story houses stayed below 32°C
• Measurement in bamboo and soil cement houses sustained temperature of less than 32°C
• Heat radiation coming from walls and roof accounts for 40% of indoor temperature
• Radiation of roof sheets is a key factor in discomfort
Initial Observations
• Ventilation accounts for 60% of indoor temperature
• Heat Index
• Natural lighting – 5 houses of the 12 failed in this test
INITIAL RESULTS OF HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
Emmanoelle V. Garalde (HPFPI)
Household Survey
Households SurveyedHouse Type Number of
Households
Italian House 20
Habitat for Humanity 20
Gawad Kalinga 20
HPFPI 20
TOTAL 80
Households per Housing Category
Single detached
Duplex
Row House - Corner
Row House - Middle
Profile of HouseholdsAverage number of household members
Monthly IncomeMean (In PhP)
Housing Project 1 (Concrete/LowCeiling)
5 13,538.30
Housing Project 2 (Steel Frame with Mortar Infill)
6 10,081.50
Housing Project 3 (Concrete/GiSheet)
5 11,507.00
Housing Project 4 (Bamboo/Plaster)
5 23,784.50
Total 5 14,727.83
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Less than5,000
5,001-10,000 10,001 -15,000
15,001-20,000 20,001 -25,000
25,001 -30,000
Over 30,000
No
. o
f H
ou
se
ho
lds
Monthly Income Levels
Lowest: P2,480Highest: P50,00041%
5%
24% 10%6%
4%
10%
Access to Electricity
Type of House
What type of electrical connection do you have?Individual
meterSub-meter with
neighborInformal sub-
connectionCommunal
meter
Housing 1 17 2 1 0
Housing 2 14 4 0 1
Housing 3 18 1 1 0
Housing 4 19 0 1 0
85% of households have an individual meter
Problems with paying electricity bills
No. of households
Paid late 13
Disconnected 7
Electricity Use – Household Appliance
0
20
40
60
80
Electric Fans Television Refrigerator Rice Cooker Flat Iron
Lighting
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Incandescentlamps
Fluorescentlamps
CFL LED Lights Kerosene
79% use CFL28% still use kerosene lamps
Lighting Conditions Per Housing Type
10 14 15 17
9
6 42
0
5
10
15
20
25
Housing 1 Housing 2 Housing 3 Housing 4
Yes No
• Do you think there is enough light in your house?
Cooking Appliance
72
14
- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Traditionalcookstove
Improvedcook stove
LPG Stove/Range
Microwaveoven
Oventoaster
Rice cooker
Cooking Appliance
Problems with cooking appliance No. of Households
Smoke 46
Increases temperature of the kitchen/house 22
Lack of available fuel 1
Accidents 1
LPG Stove
85%
Electric stove
9%
Microwave
oven
3%
Others
3%
If you have more money, would you like to shift to any of the following cooking appliance?
Subjective Thermal Comfort
Type of House
Comfortable (1) 2 3 4 Too Hot (5)
Housing 1 0 0 5 8 7
Housing 2 0 0 5 2 13
Housing 3 2 0 1 4 13
Housing 4 8 2 9 1 0
Are you comfortable in terms of temperature in your current home?
Subjective Thermal Comfort
Housing CategoryComfortable
(1) 2 3 4Too Hot
(5)
Single detached/ attached 1 0 1 0 0
Duplex 7 2 8 1 0
Row house -corner
0 0 4 7 10
Row house -middle
2 0 7 7 23
Are you comfortable in terms of temperature in your current home?
Subjective Thermal Comfort
• Do you find surfaces get very warm or very hot?
29
77
6
0
20
40
60
80
100
Walls Roof / Ceiling Floors
No
. of
Ho
use
ho
lds
Satisfaction of Housing Materials
Type of House
Not Satisfied
(1) 2 3 4
Very Satisfied
(5)
Housing 14 5 5 5 1
Housing 2 5 3 9 2 1
Housing 3 2 1 12 3 2
Housing 40 0 2 3 15
How satisfied are you with the materials of your house?
Research Team with Community Leaders