community resiliencemass awareness campaign preposition drugs & rutf incentives for volunteers...
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Community
Resilience:
Learning
and
Operationalsing
connell foleyIIEA, Dublin, Nov 17, 2014
Global Food System
Regional Food Systems
National Food & Nutrition Security
District Food and Nutrition Security
Community Food and Nutrition Security
Household Food and Nutrition Security
Individual Food and Nutrition Security
Stress Testing and Risk Proofing at different levels
Concern focus
Concern’s Definition of Community Resilience
“the ability of a country, community,
household or individual
to anticipate, respond to, cope with,
and recover from the effects of
shocks, and to adapt to stresses in a
timely and efficient manner without
compromising their long-term
prospects of moving out of poverty.”
Presentation to xxxx
Learning from IFPRI-2020, Addis Ababa, May 2014
Concept and definition largely agreed.
Measurement and operationalisation the biggest challenges
Political-economy analysis required for investment decisions
BUT…. ‘future discount’ – costly investments for long-term change
when politicians want short-term wins…
Multi-sectoral collaborations – a crowded space – we need to be
smart to build on critical ones, e.g. agriculture – nutrition.
Learning from Psychology
Natural phenomenon of “Steeling Effect” (positive adaptation) – 30%??
Resilient individuals usually have one or more of the following:
Perception of self-efficacy
Ability to use proxy efficacy
Belief in ‘collective efficacy’
Helping individuals and communities to acquire alternative methods of coping
– helping them to be and feel effective in situations of adversity. (More anon.)
Rutter, Michael (2006); Luthar, S.S. (2006)
The intent behind resilience
Source: Gubbels (2012), modified from Conway et al. 2010
Develo
pm
en
t
Time
Stress / Shock
Resilience
Interventions
Emergency
Interventions
Shock
Shock
GAM & SAM Trends Northern Kenya
2010 and 2011
Global acute malnutrition Severe acute malnutrition
District 2010 rate
(%)
2011 rate
(%)
%
change
2010 rate
(%)
2011 rate
(%)
% change
Marsabit 13.4 27.1 102 1.3 5.0 285
Wajir
North
19.8 27.9 41 1.4 6.8 386
Moyale 12.3 13.7 11 3.0 1.5 -50
Lessons from Niger, Kenya, Ethiopia:
Strengthen resilience at community level via asset building, contextually appropriate,
multi-sectoral interventions.
• Use existing institutions’ coordination to promote a sense of ownership.
• Address the environmental drivers of risk and use DRR technologies and practices for
sustainable food production (e.g. watershed management).
• Address gender issues that are critical to achieving resilience.
• Support local governments with early warning systems and Early scaling up of high
impact interventions
• Create a contingency plan Strengthen government capacity to respond to a nutritional
emergency (“surge capacity model”)
Chad: Community Resilience to Acute Malnutrition (CRAM) Linking Humanitarian and Development Programming
Text
Community Resilience to Acute Malnutrition (CRAM)
In an Integrated Programme
Challenges of Programme to-date
Despite Policy Roundtable, lack of interest from government centrally.
Getting government departments into the centre of the programme.
Integration of components.
Sustainability issues (health salaries, drug stock-outs…).
Staff turnover and delays in livelihoods activities.
Lack of key institutions focused on DRM/DRR – no formal risk analysis.
Operationalising CR: Make things happen, show effectiveness at
District level and below and promote learning and continued
experimentation. Local effectiveness and empowerment.
Government Implementation Capacity
Michael Woolcock (World Bank & Harvard): (Pritchett et al, 2013)
Systemic isomorphic mimicry – outward forms of functional forms, but
persistent lack of function
Premature load bearing: unrealistic expectations undermining
indigenous learning, key local political constituencies…
Classic tension between ‘global better practice’ and context!
Classic dilemma for NGOs and finding mechanisms to scale up pilots,
e.g. Concern/IFPRI RAIN prog. in Zambia.
IFPRI2020 – “We need to get people access to success stories and be
able to scale these up”.
Text
Text
Delivery Ward, Karo Health Centre, Dar Sila, Chad, Dec 2013
Improve
patient flow
Nutrition Surge Capacity Model
emergency
serious
alert
Time
Exhaustive house-to-house MUAC screening incl. coverage
information
Clinic to revise
protocols
Ambulance for
SC referrals
Height on
admission &
monthly visit only
Mass
awareness
campaign
Preposition
drugs & RUTF
Incentives for
volunteers for
increased
work
Increase #
volunteers helping
out at HF
Increase
supervision &
OJT
Increase frequency of
district coordination
meetings
Revise OTP
schedule (daily
vs. weekly)
Outreach/
mobile clinicsIncrease #
paid comm.
Mob.
Store RUTF in
communities
Increase
defaulter
follow up
Introduce SMS
fast track supply
order system for
drugs/RUTFIncrease
# of sites
Increase H&N
community sessions
Increase #
nurses/ HW
Increase # of
volunteers
Train
add. staff
Compile data weekly
instead of monthly
Conduct emergency
coordination meetings
Additional
supervision
(fuel &
allowances
Deliver
emergency
stocks to HFs
Simplify HF
reporting
Monthly HF
review
meetings
Weekly
monitoring of
admissions
Ensure min.
buffer stock of
drugs/ RUTF
baselineCapacity of
government
health
system
External
support
to gov.
Move from
weekly to daily
OTP services
Change to
MUAC only
admission
Caseload
Normal
nutritional
operating
environmen
t
Expected
seasonal
spike
Bi-weekly OTP
follow up visit
Refresher trainings
HF/ DHMT capacity
assessment Review
meetingSMART
survey
MoU with surge
component (DHMT, HF)
Measurement Issues
Lots of discussion at IFPRI-2020
Food & Nutrition Security Resilience
Measurement Technical Working
Group (FSIN-TWG) – Constas,
Hoddinett, Maxwell, Scott et al…
Concern Community Resilience
Indexing System (CRIS)
Expected SAM Outcomes between Treatment and Control AreasW
k 1
Wk 2
Wk 3
Wk 4
Wk 5
Wk 6
Wk 7
Wk 8
Wk 9
Wk 1
0
Wk 1
1
Wk 1
2
Wk 1
3
Wk 1
4
Wk 1
5
Wk 1
6
Wk 1
7
Wk 1
8
Wk 1
9
Wk 2
0
Wk 2
1
Wk 2
2
Wk 2
3
Wk 2
4
Wk 2
5
Wk 2
6
Wk 2
7
Wk 2
8
Wk 2
9
Wk 3
0
Wk 3
1
Wk 3
2
Wk 3
3
Wk 3
4
Wk 3
5
Wk 3
6
Wk 3
7
Wk 3
8
Wk 3
9
Wk 4
0
Wk 4
1
Wk 4
2
Wk 4
3
Wk 4
4
Wk 4
5
Wk 4
6
Wk 4
7
Wk 4
8
Wk 4
9
Wk 5
0
Wk 5
1
Wk 5
2
Treatment Area Control Area Response Threshold Normal Year
Concern CRIS:
Capacity Self-Assessment Tool or Wider Measure?
Risk Planning improves capacity and score
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Score for DRRgovernance
Score forequality of DRR
governance
Score for socialequality
Score forcommunity
volunteerism
Score for riskanalysis
Score for riskinformedplanning
Score for earlywarning
Score forenvironmentalmanagement
Score for health
Score foreducation
Score for povertyrates
Tcharow "Before" scores
Community category…
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
Score for DRRgovernance
Score forequality of DRR
governance
Score for socialequality
Score forcommunity
volunteerism
Score for riskanalysis
Score for riskinformedplanning
Score for earlywarning
Score forenvironmentalmanagement
Score for health
Score foreducation
Score forpoverty rates
Tcharow “After” scores
Community category…
CRI: 1.958 CRI:2.207
To be experts in CR in ‘fragile states’
We need context-based and risk specific learning and evidence
(strong focus of DFID’s BRACED funding)
Governance expertise
“Conflict Risk Reduction” expertise (cf. ACLED: Armed Conflict
Location and Event Data, University of Sussex)
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