Community

Resilience:

Learning

and

Operationalsing

connell foleyIIEA, Dublin, Nov 17, 2014

Global Food System

Regional Food Systems

National Food & Nutrition Security

District Food and Nutrition Security

Community Food and Nutrition Security

Household Food and Nutrition Security

Individual Food and Nutrition Security

Stress Testing and Risk Proofing at different levels

Concern focus

Concern’s Definition of Community Resilience

“the ability of a country, community,

household or individual

to anticipate, respond to, cope with,

and recover from the effects of

shocks, and to adapt to stresses in a

timely and efficient manner without

compromising their long-term

prospects of moving out of poverty.”

Presentation to xxxx

Learning from IFPRI-2020, Addis Ababa, May 2014

Concept and definition largely agreed.

Measurement and operationalisation the biggest challenges

Political-economy analysis required for investment decisions

BUT…. ‘future discount’ – costly investments for long-term change

when politicians want short-term wins…

Multi-sectoral collaborations – a crowded space – we need to be

smart to build on critical ones, e.g. agriculture – nutrition.

Learning from Psychology

Natural phenomenon of “Steeling Effect” (positive adaptation) – 30%??

Resilient individuals usually have one or more of the following:

Perception of self-efficacy

Ability to use proxy efficacy

Belief in ‘collective efficacy’

Helping individuals and communities to acquire alternative methods of coping

– helping them to be and feel effective in situations of adversity. (More anon.)

Rutter, Michael (2006); Luthar, S.S. (2006)

The intent behind resilience

Source: Gubbels (2012), modified from Conway et al. 2010

Develo

pm

en

t

Time

Stress / Shock

Resilience

Interventions

Emergency

Interventions

Shock

Shock

GAM & SAM Trends Northern Kenya

2010 and 2011

Global acute malnutrition Severe acute malnutrition

District 2010 rate

(%)

2011 rate

(%)

%

change

2010 rate

(%)

2011 rate

(%)

% change

Marsabit 13.4 27.1 102 1.3 5.0 285

Wajir

North

19.8 27.9 41 1.4 6.8 386

Moyale 12.3 13.7 11 3.0 1.5 -50

Lessons from Niger, Kenya, Ethiopia:

Strengthen resilience at community level via asset building, contextually appropriate,

multi-sectoral interventions.

• Use existing institutions’ coordination to promote a sense of ownership.

• Address the environmental drivers of risk and use DRR technologies and practices for

sustainable food production (e.g. watershed management).

• Address gender issues that are critical to achieving resilience.

• Support local governments with early warning systems and Early scaling up of high

impact interventions

• Create a contingency plan Strengthen government capacity to respond to a nutritional

emergency (“surge capacity model”)

Chad: Community Resilience to Acute Malnutrition (CRAM) Linking Humanitarian and Development Programming

Text

Community Resilience to Acute Malnutrition (CRAM)

In an Integrated Programme

Challenges of Programme to-date

Despite Policy Roundtable, lack of interest from government centrally.

Getting government departments into the centre of the programme.

Integration of components.

Sustainability issues (health salaries, drug stock-outs…).

Staff turnover and delays in livelihoods activities.

Lack of key institutions focused on DRM/DRR – no formal risk analysis.

Operationalising CR: Make things happen, show effectiveness at

District level and below and promote learning and continued

experimentation. Local effectiveness and empowerment.

Government Implementation Capacity

Michael Woolcock (World Bank & Harvard): (Pritchett et al, 2013)

Systemic isomorphic mimicry – outward forms of functional forms, but

persistent lack of function

Premature load bearing: unrealistic expectations undermining

indigenous learning, key local political constituencies…

Classic tension between ‘global better practice’ and context!

Classic dilemma for NGOs and finding mechanisms to scale up pilots,

e.g. Concern/IFPRI RAIN prog. in Zambia.

IFPRI2020 – “We need to get people access to success stories and be

able to scale these up”.

Text

Text

Delivery Ward, Karo Health Centre, Dar Sila, Chad, Dec 2013

Improve

patient flow

Nutrition Surge Capacity Model

emergency

serious

alert

Time

Exhaustive house-to-house MUAC screening incl. coverage

information

Clinic to revise

protocols

Ambulance for

SC referrals

Height on

admission &

monthly visit only

Mass

awareness

campaign

Preposition

drugs & RUTF

Incentives for

volunteers for

increased

work

Increase #

volunteers helping

out at HF

Increase

supervision &

OJT

Increase frequency of

district coordination

meetings

Revise OTP

schedule (daily

vs. weekly)

Outreach/

mobile clinicsIncrease #

paid comm.

Mob.

Store RUTF in

communities

Increase

defaulter

follow up

Introduce SMS

fast track supply

order system for

drugs/RUTFIncrease

# of sites

Increase H&N

community sessions

Increase #

nurses/ HW

Increase # of

volunteers

Train

add. staff

Compile data weekly

instead of monthly

Conduct emergency

coordination meetings

Additional

supervision

(fuel &

allowances

Deliver

emergency

stocks to HFs

Simplify HF

reporting

Monthly HF

review

meetings

Weekly

monitoring of

admissions

Ensure min.

buffer stock of

drugs/ RUTF

baselineCapacity of

government

health

system

External

support

to gov.

Move from

weekly to daily

OTP services

Change to

MUAC only

admission

Caseload

Normal

nutritional

operating

environmen

t

Expected

seasonal

spike

Bi-weekly OTP

follow up visit

Refresher trainings

HF/ DHMT capacity

assessment Review

meetingSMART

survey

MoU with surge

component (DHMT, HF)

Measurement Issues

Lots of discussion at IFPRI-2020

Food & Nutrition Security Resilience

Measurement Technical Working

Group (FSIN-TWG) – Constas,

Hoddinett, Maxwell, Scott et al…

Concern Community Resilience

Indexing System (CRIS)

Expected SAM Outcomes between Treatment and Control AreasW

k 1

Wk 2

Wk 3

Wk 4

Wk 5

Wk 6

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Wk 8

Wk 9

Wk 1

0

Wk 1

1

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2

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3

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4

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5

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6

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7

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8

Wk 1

9

Wk 2

0

Wk 2

1

Wk 2

2

Wk 2

3

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4

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5

Wk 2

6

Wk 2

7

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8

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9

Wk 3

0

Wk 3

1

Wk 3

2

Wk 3

3

Wk 3

4

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5

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6

Wk 3

7

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8

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9

Wk 4

0

Wk 4

1

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2

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3

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4

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5

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6

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7

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8

Wk 4

9

Wk 5

0

Wk 5

1

Wk 5

2

Treatment Area Control Area Response Threshold Normal Year

Concern CRIS:

Capacity Self-Assessment Tool or Wider Measure?

Risk Planning improves capacity and score

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Score for DRRgovernance

Score forequality of DRR

governance

Score for socialequality

Score forcommunity

volunteerism

Score for riskanalysis

Score for riskinformedplanning

Score for earlywarning

Score forenvironmentalmanagement

Score for health

Score foreducation

Score for povertyrates

Tcharow "Before" scores

Community category…

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

Score for DRRgovernance

Score forequality of DRR

governance

Score for socialequality

Score forcommunity

volunteerism

Score for riskanalysis

Score for riskinformedplanning

Score for earlywarning

Score forenvironmentalmanagement

Score for health

Score foreducation

Score forpoverty rates

Tcharow “After” scores

Community category…

CRI: 1.958 CRI:2.207

To be experts in CR in ‘fragile states’

We need context-based and risk specific learning and evidence

(strong focus of DFID’s BRACED funding)

Governance expertise

“Conflict Risk Reduction” expertise (cf. ACLED: Armed Conflict

Location and Event Data, University of Sussex)